This was a stunningly sophisticated science kit that cost $50 new. $430 adjusted for inflation.
There was nothing phony about our Atomic Energy laboratory. It was genuine, and it was also safe. We used radioactive materials in the set, but none that might conceivably prove dangerous. There was a Geiger-Mueller Counter. It was accurate; a carefully designed and manufactured instrument that could actually be used in prospecting for radioactive materials. The Atomic Energy lab also contained a cloud chamber in which the paths of alpha particles traveling at 12,000 miles a second could be seen; a spinthariscope showing the results of radioactive disintegration on a fluorescent screen; an electroscope that measured the radioactivity of different substances.
---- quoted from A. C. Gilbert's autobiography: ''The Man Who Lives In Paradise'' Rinehard & Company 1954.
Does the Slashdot poster read to the end the stories he cites?
The expected appeal will be interesting because the same senate of the BPatG had previously invalidated it but the BGH then reversed that decision. A reversal may happen again. Despite my longstanding opposition to software patents I have to say, just to be realistic, that this patent is far from finished. Counsel for Microsoft argued today that a finding of nullity for a lack of technicity by the BPatG would be inconsistent with the aforementioned April 2010 ruling by the BGH, paragraphs 31 and 32 of which stated that the patented invention met the technicity criteria under Article 52 of the European Patent Convention, the article in European patent law that prohibits patents on computer programs "as such".
In the extreme example of felony murder you can be convicted of murder if you are part of a criminal conspiracy that ends in the death of the victim.
The general rule has always been that participants in a conspiracy are personally and collectively responsible any and all damages caused by the conspiracy.
It sucks to be the small fish who gets caught and fried ---
but why do you think your partners in crime recruited a minnow?
Personally, I am perfectly ok with setting the precedent that if you put something that looks like a service out in public with no control over it whatsoever, you are giving them implicit license to use it.
In our state, access to a public or private school is legally restricted.
You must have a legitimate reason for being on the grounds. You will not be allowed to roam about freely. You will not be allowed access to students, staff, facilities or services without explict permission.
From the article: "Eric J. Rosol, 38, is said to have admitted that on Feb. 28, 2011, he took part in a denial of service attack for about a minute on a Web page of Koch Industries..."
You are headed into court and things are looking pretty bleak.
The government is willing to accept a deal on the lesser --- misdemeanor charge --- ending in probation and a fine you won't soon forget and can't be discharged in bankruptcy.
But in return you must admit to the core elements of the offense, which will come back to haunt you later should you ever choose to repeat it.
We only have the driver's word that he been drawing power from the outlet for a bare twenty minutes.
In North America and Japan using a standard household outlet (120-volt, 15 amp breaker, 12 amp maximum allowable draw, 1.4 kW) and the 7.5-meter (25 ft) cable included by Nissan, the Leaf will regain approximately 5 miles of range per hour. This type of charging is ideal for the commuter that can plug into standard outlets at home and at work during the typical 21 hours a day that the typical North American car is parked. It is also useful for emergency charging from any ubiquitous 120-volt outlet just about anywhere in North America.
It puzzles me how anyone not on staff could have found an accessible outlet within cord length.
I think it is within bounds for the officer to ask whether as staff or guest of the school you have permission to draw down 12 amps from an unmarked and unsecured 15 amp line --- which may be in use elsewhere.
Theft of services is a crime.
But the greater crime may be to assume that any random electrical outlet you come across can safely charge your car.
The observations suggest that male brains are structured to facilitate connectivity between perception and coordinated action, whereas female brains are designed to facilitate communication between analytical and intuitive processing modes.
To there?
Yes, so can we please stop pretending that it is a travesty that few women are interested in IT?
There's a time and a place for everything, but a lot of manufacturers these days are eliminating the choice.
The muscle cars of the 1960s disappeared when auto insurance rates priced them out of reach of their target audience.
You can engineer a car for performance on the track or you can engineer a car for safety and economy on the public roads. The hybrid racer-roadster is as deeply compromised physically as the flying car and will most likely meet the same end.
You know, some of us remember driving cars that didn't have airbags, antilock brakes, traction control, rear view cameras, auto felch, auto transmission, etc. Neither then nor now were those cars ''too dangerous.''
In 1972 there were 54,589 traffic deaths in the U.S., population 201 million.
In 2012, 34,080 traffic deaths, population 314 million.
In 1972, 4 deaths per 100 million miles travelled.
You can restore cell service in matter of hours with a mobile cell site.
What is the range of the mobile repeater?
How many does your local Telco need to keep in reserve to provide full coverage in a disaster? What are the logistical requirements: transport, fuel, staffing and so on?
The first concern is that whatever you have engineered, it is self-reproducing and could potentially take over a niche in a whole ecosystem, displacing other species or naturually adapted varieties, and you in general could not stop this if it happened. So eco-systems then become fully the responsibility of human biology tweakers.
As they have been for the past 10,000 years or so.
The Olmec and Mayans cultivated maize in numerous varieties throughout Mesoamerica. Beginning about 2500 BC, the crop spread through much of the Americas. The region developed a trade network based on surplus and varieties of maize crops. After European contact with the Americas in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, explorers and traders carried maize back to Europe and introduced it to other countries. Maize spread to the rest of the world because of its ability to grow in diverse climates.
When does ambition or the will to believe begin to look more like fraud?
The biggest criticism from both reviews is that Seralini and his team used only ten rats of each sex in their treatment groups. That is a similar number of rats per group to that used in most previous toxicity tests of GM foods, including Missouri-based Monsanto's own tests of NK603 maize. Such regulatory tests monitor rats for 90 days, and guidelines from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) state that ten rats of each sex per group over that time span is sufficient because the rats are relatively young. But Seralini's study was over two years --- almost a rat's lifespan --- and for tests of this duration, the OECD recommends at least 20 rats of each sex per group for chemical-toxicity studies, and at least 50 for carcinogenicity studies.
Moreover, the study used Sprague-Dawley rats, which both reviews note are prone to developing spontaneous tumors. Data provided to Nature by Harlan Laboratories, which supplied the rats in the study, show that only one-third of males, and less than one-half of females, live to 104 weeks. By comparison, its Han Wistar rats have greater than 70% survival at 104 weeks, and fewer tumors. OECD guidelines state that for two-year experiments, rats should have a survival rate of at least 50% at 104 weeks. If they do not, each treatment group should include even more animals --- 65 or more of each sex.
''There is a high probability that the findings in relation to the tumor incidence are due to chance, given the low number of animals and the spontaneous occurrence of tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats,'' concludes the EFSA report. In response to the EFSA's assessment, the European Federation of Biotechnology --- an umbrella body in Barcelona, Spain, that represents biotech researchers, institutes and companies across Europe --- called for the study to be retracted, describing its publication as a ''dangerous case of failure of the peer-review system.."
Yet Seralini has promoted the cancer results as the study's major finding, through a tightly orchestrated media offensive that began last month and included the release of a book and a film about the work. Only a select group of journalists (not including Nature) was given access to the embargoed paper, and each writer was required to sign a highly unusual confidentiality agreement, seen by Nature, which prevented them from discussing the paper with other scientists before the embargo expired.
This is a great example of where copyright helps to encourage authors to write more. The fact that this copy has been leaked, and pirated massively means that Salinger has no incentive to write any more! We need to punish the perpetrators thoroughly.
It is a disincentive to trust your unpublished manuscripts, papers and memoirs to Princeton --- it is easier to speak candidly if no one living will have to bear the consequences.
Many of the comments here seem to insinuate you have to be delusional to enjoy and desire 100% free software.
You don't have to be delusional to enjoy free software.
But a Maker Bot can be purchased off the shelf from Amazon.com. Windows 8.1 has a 3D printer API which supports it and an entry level 3D Builder app which supports STL, OBJ, and Windows 3MF files.
From the Giving Guide: "Project Gutenberg over Amazon". The problem with relying exclusively on Gutenberg is that you'll end up with an impression that nothing happened after 1922
The problem with Project Guttenberg is that its century old or older texts are too often no longer readable or trustworthy.
It is enough to make you appreciate the difficulties facing any editor or translator.
Maybe your non-techie family members are different than everyone else's, but in general those non-techie family members will never really figure out their Windows or Macintosh PC, or their iPhone, or Google services...
Stop. Right. There.
The geek's friends and family have made a big investment in hardware, software and services that meet their particular requirements ---not yhis.
The geek's friends and family may struggle now and again with a particular problem.
But in their millions and hundreds of millions they have somehow managed to get through most of the year without him.
How quickly the geek forgets that successful changes in core systems, software and procedures in any environment demands a massive, long term commitment from technical support! You enlist for the duration or you have no business getting involved at all.
Male elementary school teachers may be scarcer than we thought. Who gives a shit?
As a man, Wiederspan is a rarity in U.S. elementary-school education. And experts say that as boys continue to lag behind girls academically, schools could use more male teachers.
"Having male teachers, boys have a model that it's OK to be male and be in the classroom, he said. "School isn't just a female enterprise. That's what the presence of a man says to kids."
when they complain about lack of female loggers and roofers, and farmers and fishermen and taxi drivers and construction workers and miners and linesmen and welders then "feminists" might have a point,
Women working in the skilled trades make two to three times more than women in traditional careers.
Male elementary school teachers may be scarcer than we thought.
Who gives a shit?
Men and women are different. One or more of those differences may account for the disparity in software engineers. For example women tend to be more social creatures. Maybe they tend to choose jobs that are more sociable than coding?
Computer work requires accountability and taking responsibility, and dealing with reality something that very few women are capable of doing.
So the jury get to hear about prior convictions before deciding on the accused person's guilt. Neat!
The prior felony conviction for trafficking is what makes possession of the secret compartment a crime.
Is it necessary in a felon in possession of a firearm case that the jury know that the defendant is a felon?
Other jurisdictions seem to think so. Six federal circuits and several states have concluded that the jury must be apprised of all elements of the offense, even status elements. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit noted that if jurors are left in the dark about a key element of the crime, then jurors might question whether the elements submitted to them should constitute a crime at all. Jurors might question why a defendant is being charged with merely possessing a firearm when, under ordinary circumstances, possessing a firearm is legal.
So a bunch of un-elected bureaucrats decided whether same un-elected bureaucrats had the power to regulate a product or service?
Science based legislation is enforced through science based administrative law and procedures.
The history of the FDA can be traced to the latter part of the 19th century and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Division of Chemistry. Under Harvey Washington Wiley, appointed chief chemist in 1883, the Division began conducting research into the adulteration and misbranding of food and drugs on the American market. Wiley's advocacy came at a time when the public had become aroused to hazards in the marketplace by muckraking journalists like Upton Sinclair, and became part of a general trend for increased federal regulations in matters pertinent to public safety during the Progressive Era.
The 1902 Biologics Control Act was put in place after diphtheria antitoxin was collected from a horse named Jim who contracted tetanus, resulting in several deaths.
In June 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the Food and Drug Act, also known as the "Wiley Act" after its chief advocate.] The Act prohibited, under penalty of seizure of goods, the interstate transport of food that had been "adulterated". The act applied similar penalties to the interstate marketing of "adulterated" drugs, in which the "standard of strength, quality, or purity" of the active ingredient was not either stated clearly on the label or listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia or the National Formulary.
The responsibility for examining food and drugs for such "adulteration" or "misbranding" was given to Wiley's USDA Bureau of Chemistry. Wiley used these new regulatory powers to pursue an aggressive campaign against the manufacturers of foods with chemical additives, but the Chemistry Bureau's authority was soon checked by judicial decisions, which narrowly defined the bureau's powers and set high standards for proof of fraudulent intent.
In 1927, the Bureau of Chemistry's regulatory powers were reorganized under a new USDA body, the Food, Drug, and Insecticide organization. This name was shortened to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) three years later.
By the 1930s, muckraking journalists, consumer protection organizations, and federal regulators began mounting a campaign for stronger regulatory authority by publicizing a list of injurious products that had been ruled permissible under the 1906 law, including radioactive beverages, the mascara Lash lure, which caused blindness, and worthless "cures" for diabetes and tuberculosis.
The resulting proposed law was unable to get through the Congress of the United States for five years, but was rapidly enacted into law following the public outcry over the 1937 Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy, in which over 100 people died after using a drug formulated with a toxic, untested solvent.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the new Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) into law on June 24, 1938. The new law significantly increased federal regulatory authority over drugs by mandating a pre-market review of the safety of all new drugs, as well as banning false therapeutic claims in drug labeling without requiring that the FDA prove fraudulent intent. Soon after passage of the 1938 Act, the FDA began to designate certain drugs as safe for use only under the supervision of a medical professional, and the category of "prescription-only" drugs was securely codified into law by the 1951 Durham-Humphrey Amendment.
Slashdot Mirror
Problem solved - just resume production of these:
Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Lab
This was a stunningly sophisticated science kit that cost $50 new. $430 adjusted for inflation.
There was nothing phony about our Atomic Energy laboratory. It was genuine, and it was also safe. We used radioactive materials in the set, but none that might conceivably prove dangerous. There was a Geiger-Mueller Counter. It was accurate; a carefully designed and manufactured instrument that could actually be used in prospecting for radioactive materials. The Atomic Energy lab also contained a cloud chamber in which the paths of alpha particles traveling at 12,000 miles a second could be seen; a spinthariscope showing the results of radioactive disintegration on a fluorescent screen; an electroscope that measured the radioactivity of different substances.
---- quoted from A. C. Gilbert's autobiography: ''The Man Who Lives In Paradise'' Rinehard & Company
1954.
A. C. Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Lab
The auction price on eBay in June for an incomplete set in fair condition: $4500. Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Lab, Original 1952
Chemistry sets were effectively banned a long time ago as a side effect of the war on drugs.
This fully funded Kickstarter project is an authentic recreation of an A C Gilbert chemistry set from the 1920s to 1940s.
Chemical List Arranged in the order originally published by the A.C. Gilbert Company along with their item number and the 1936 pricing)
Heirloom Chemistry Set
Forget the Slashdot editor.
Does the Slashdot poster read to the end the stories he cites?
The expected appeal will be interesting because the same senate of the BPatG had previously invalidated it but the BGH then reversed that decision. A reversal may happen again. Despite my longstanding opposition to software patents I have to say, just to be realistic, that this patent is far from finished. Counsel for Microsoft argued today that a finding of nullity for a lack of technicity by the BPatG would be inconsistent with the aforementioned April 2010 ruling by the BGH, paragraphs 31 and 32 of which stated that the patented invention met the technicity criteria under Article 52 of the European Patent Convention, the article in European patent law that prohibits patents on computer programs "as such".
In the extreme example of felony murder you can be convicted of murder if you are part of a criminal conspiracy that ends in the death of the victim.
The general rule has always been that participants in a conspiracy are personally and collectively responsible any and all damages caused by the conspiracy.
It sucks to be the small fish who gets caught and fried ---
but why do you think your partners in crime recruited a minnow?
Personally, I am perfectly ok with setting the precedent that if you put something that looks like a service out in public with no control over it whatsoever, you are giving them implicit license to use it.
In our state, access to a public or private school is legally restricted.
You must have a legitimate reason for being on the grounds. You will not be allowed to roam about freely. You will not be allowed access to students, staff, facilities or services without explict permission.
From the article: "Eric J. Rosol, 38, is said to have admitted that on Feb. 28, 2011, he took part in a denial of service attack for about a minute on a Web page of Koch Industries..."
You are headed into court and things are looking pretty bleak .
The government is willing to accept a deal on the lesser --- misdemeanor charge --- ending in probation and a fine you won't soon forget and can't be discharged in bankruptcy.
But in return you must admit to the core elements of the offense, which will come back to haunt you later should you ever choose to repeat it.
We only have the driver's word that he been drawing power from the outlet for a bare twenty minutes.
In North America and Japan using a standard household outlet (120-volt, 15 amp breaker, 12 amp maximum allowable draw, 1.4 kW) and the 7.5-meter (25 ft) cable included by Nissan, the Leaf will regain approximately 5 miles of range per hour. This type of charging is ideal for the commuter that can plug into standard outlets at home and at work during the typical 21 hours a day that the typical North American car is parked. It is also useful for emergency charging from any ubiquitous 120-volt outlet just about anywhere in North America.
Nissan Leaf: Recharging
The Chamblee Middle School [Google Maps] has limited public parking
It puzzles me how anyone not on staff could have found an accessible outlet within cord length.
I think it is within bounds for the officer to ask whether as staff or guest of the school you have permission to draw down 12 amps from an unmarked and unsecured 15 amp line --- which may be in use elsewhere.
Theft of services is a crime.
But the greater crime may be to assume that any random electrical outlet you come across can safely charge your car.
The observations suggest that male brains are structured to facilitate connectivity between perception and coordinated action, whereas female brains are designed to facilitate communication between analytical and intuitive processing modes.
To there?
Yes, so can we please stop pretending that it is a travesty that few women are interested in IT?
There's a time and a place for everything, but a lot of manufacturers these days are eliminating the choice.
The muscle cars of the 1960s disappeared when auto insurance rates priced them out of reach of their target audience.
You can engineer a car for performance on the track or you can engineer a car for safety and economy on the public roads. The hybrid racer-roadster is as deeply compromised physically as the flying car and will most likely meet the same end.
You know, some of us remember driving cars that didn't have airbags, antilock brakes, traction control, rear view cameras, auto felch, auto transmission, etc. Neither then nor now were those cars ''too dangerous.''
In 1972 there were 54,589 traffic deaths in the U.S., population 201 million.
In 2012, 34,080 traffic deaths, population 314 million.
In 1972, 4 deaths per 100 million miles travelled.
In 2012, 1 death per 100 million miles travelled. List of motor vehicle deaths in U.S. by year
You can restore cell service in matter of hours with a mobile cell site.
What is the range of the mobile repeater?
How many does your local Telco need to keep in reserve to provide full coverage in a disaster? What are the logistical requirements: transport, fuel, staffing and so on?
The first concern is that whatever you have engineered, it is self-reproducing and could potentially take over a niche in a whole ecosystem, displacing other species or naturually adapted varieties, and you in general could not stop this if it happened. So eco-systems then become fully the responsibility of human biology tweakers.
As they have been for the past 10,000 years or so.
The Olmec and Mayans cultivated maize in numerous varieties throughout Mesoamerica. Beginning about 2500 BC, the crop spread through much of the Americas. The region developed a trade network based on surplus and varieties of maize crops. After European contact with the Americas in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, explorers and traders carried maize back to Europe and introduced it to other countries. Maize spread to the rest of the world because of its ability to grow in diverse climates.
Maize
When does ambition or the will to believe begin to look more like fraud?
The biggest criticism from both reviews is that Seralini and his team used only ten rats of each sex in their treatment groups. That is a similar number of rats per group to that used in most previous toxicity tests of GM foods, including Missouri-based Monsanto's own tests of NK603 maize. Such regulatory tests monitor rats for 90 days, and guidelines from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) state that ten rats of each sex per group over that time span is sufficient because the rats are relatively young. But Seralini's study was over two years --- almost a rat's lifespan --- and for tests of this duration, the OECD recommends at least 20 rats of each sex per group for chemical-toxicity studies, and at least 50 for carcinogenicity studies.
Moreover, the study used Sprague-Dawley rats, which both reviews note are prone to developing spontaneous tumors. Data provided to Nature by Harlan Laboratories, which supplied the rats in the study, show that only one-third of males, and less than one-half of females, live to 104 weeks. By comparison, its Han Wistar rats have greater than 70% survival at 104 weeks, and fewer tumors. OECD guidelines state that for two-year experiments, rats should have a survival rate of at least 50% at 104 weeks. If they do not, each treatment group should include even more animals --- 65 or more of each sex.
''There is a high probability that the findings in relation to the tumor incidence are due to chance, given the low number of animals and the spontaneous occurrence of tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats,'' concludes the EFSA report. In response to the EFSA's assessment, the European Federation of Biotechnology --- an umbrella body in Barcelona, Spain, that represents biotech researchers, institutes and companies across Europe --- called for the study to be retracted, describing its publication as a ''dangerous case of failure of the peer-review system.."
Yet Seralini has promoted the cancer results as the study's major finding, through a tightly orchestrated media offensive that began last month and included the release of a book and a film about the work. Only a select group of journalists (not including Nature) was given access to the embargoed paper, and each writer was required to sign a highly unusual confidentiality agreement, seen by Nature, which prevented them from discussing the paper with other scientists before the embargo expired.
Hyped GM maize study faces growing scrutiny [Oct 2012]
This is a great example of where copyright helps to encourage authors to write more. The fact that this copy has been leaked, and pirated massively means that Salinger has no incentive to write any more! We need to punish the perpetrators thoroughly.
It is a disincentive to trust your unpublished manuscripts, papers and memoirs to Princeton --- it is easier to speak candidly if no one living will have to bear the consequences.
Many of the comments here seem to insinuate you have to be delusional to enjoy and desire 100% free software.
You don't have to be delusional to enjoy free software.
But a Maker Bot can be purchased off the shelf from Amazon.com. Windows 8.1 has a 3D printer API which supports it and an entry level 3D Builder app which supports STL, OBJ, and Windows 3MF files.
From the Giving Guide: "Project Gutenberg over Amazon". The problem with relying exclusively on Gutenberg is that you'll end up with an impression that nothing happened after 1922
The problem with Project Guttenberg is that its century old or older texts are too often no longer readable or trustworthy.
It is enough to make you appreciate the difficulties facing any editor or translator.
Maybe your non-techie family members are different than everyone else's, but in general those non-techie family members will never really figure out their Windows or Macintosh PC, or their iPhone, or Google services...
Stop. Right. There.
The geek's friends and family have made a big investment in hardware, software and services that meet their particular requirements ---not yhis.
The geek's friends and family may struggle now and again with a particular problem.
But in their millions and hundreds of millions they have somehow managed to get through most of the year without him.
How quickly the geek forgets that successful changes in core systems, software and procedures in any environment demands a massive, long term commitment from technical support! You enlist for the duration or you have no business getting involved at all.
Male elementary school teachers may be scarcer than we thought.
Who gives a shit?
As a man, Wiederspan is a rarity in U.S. elementary-school education. And experts say that as boys continue to lag behind girls academically, schools could use more male teachers.
"Having male teachers, boys have a model that it's OK to be male and be in the classroom, he said. "School isn't just a female enterprise. That's what the presence of a man says to kids."
Why Men Don't Teach Elementary School
when they complain about lack of female loggers and roofers, and farmers and fishermen and taxi drivers and construction workers and miners and linesmen and welders then "feminists" might have a point,
Women working in the skilled trades make two to three times more than women in traditional careers.
Non Traditional Employment For Women
Male elementary school teachers may be scarcer than we thought.
Who gives a shit?
Men and women are different. One or more of those differences may account for the disparity in software engineers. For example women tend to be more social creatures. Maybe they tend to choose jobs that are more sociable than coding?
Computer work requires accountability and taking responsibility, and dealing with reality something that very few women are capable of doing.
So the jury get to hear about prior convictions before deciding on the accused person's guilt. Neat!
The prior felony conviction for trafficking is what makes possession of the secret compartment a crime.
Is it necessary in a felon in possession of a firearm case that the jury know that the defendant is a felon?
Other jurisdictions seem to think so. Six federal circuits and several states have concluded that the jury must be apprised of all elements of the offense, even status elements. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit noted that if jurors are left in the dark about a key element of the crime, then jurors might question whether the elements submitted to them should constitute a crime at all. Jurors might question why a defendant is being charged with merely possessing a firearm when, under ordinary circumstances, possessing a firearm is legal.
Prior Conviction as an Element of a Crime: The Effect of Stipulations After State v. Warbelton
So a bunch of un-elected bureaucrats decided whether same un-elected bureaucrats had the power to regulate a product or service?
Science based legislation is enforced through science based administrative law and procedures.
The history of the FDA can be traced to the latter part of the 19th century and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Division of Chemistry. Under Harvey Washington Wiley, appointed chief chemist in 1883, the Division began conducting research into the adulteration and misbranding of food and drugs on the American market. Wiley's advocacy came at a time when the public had become aroused to hazards in the marketplace by muckraking journalists like Upton Sinclair, and became part of a general trend for increased federal regulations in matters pertinent to public safety during the Progressive Era.
The 1902 Biologics Control Act was put in place after diphtheria antitoxin was collected from a horse named Jim who contracted tetanus, resulting in several deaths.
In June 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the Food and Drug Act, also known as the "Wiley Act" after its chief advocate.] The Act prohibited, under penalty of seizure of goods, the interstate transport of food that had been "adulterated". The act applied similar penalties to the interstate marketing of "adulterated" drugs, in which the "standard of strength, quality, or purity" of the active ingredient was not either stated clearly on the label or listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia or the National Formulary.
The responsibility for examining food and drugs for such "adulteration" or "misbranding" was given to Wiley's USDA Bureau of Chemistry. Wiley used these new regulatory powers to pursue an aggressive campaign against the manufacturers of foods with chemical additives, but the Chemistry Bureau's authority was soon checked by judicial decisions, which narrowly defined the bureau's powers and set high standards for proof of fraudulent intent.
In 1927, the Bureau of Chemistry's regulatory powers were reorganized under a new USDA body, the Food, Drug, and Insecticide organization. This name was shortened to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) three years later.
By the 1930s, muckraking journalists, consumer protection organizations, and federal regulators began mounting a campaign for stronger regulatory authority by publicizing a list of injurious products that had been ruled permissible under the 1906 law, including radioactive beverages, the mascara Lash lure, which caused blindness, and worthless "cures" for diabetes and tuberculosis.
The resulting proposed law was unable to get through the Congress of the United States for five years, but was rapidly enacted into law following the public outcry over the 1937 Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy, in which over 100 people died after using a drug formulated with a toxic, untested solvent.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the new Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) into law on June 24, 1938. The new law significantly increased federal regulatory authority over drugs by mandating a pre-market review of the safety of all new drugs, as well as banning false therapeutic claims in drug labeling without requiring that the FDA prove fraudulent intent. Soon after passage of the 1938 Act, the FDA began to designate certain drugs as safe for use only under the supervision of a medical professional, and the category of "prescription-only" drugs was securely codified into law by the 1951 Durham-Humphrey Amendment.
Food and Drug Administration
Most doctors in the US are psychopaths.
It would be worth studying why assertions like this get an instant mod-up from the geek without a single citation to support them.
Study the French Revolution.
To be followed by a study of Napoleon. The political follies and failures that continued on through the Second World War and beyond.
Swiss citizens vote on November 24 to consider capping executive pay at 12 times what the lowest-paid worker at a company makes in a referendum.
Senior executives then move to a less hostile environment and manage their Swiss investments through subsidiaries.
The resident Swiss manager loses prestige and power at home as it becomes clear that the important decisions will be made elsewhere.
The second-rate man stays on while talent and ambition moves on.
That doesn't promise well for the worker on the line.