Yeah, I did some larger relay boxes for a mobile unit substation that was bound for Ontario - they wanted a range of -40C to 45C. We insulated the hell out of it, with the idea that 2 in of rigid high R insulation would allow the electronics to keep themselves warmish (probably below freezing but above -15C) but we also put a thermostatic heat strip in there too just in case. Painted it white, and had a radiator on the bottom coupled to the electronics box (that was from a power systems supplier called SEL and was ruggedized to milspec). Double gasketed doors, and we put a metal heat shield on top with an air gap. The idea is direct summer sun will have a high declination and winter sun won't bother you much. Keep it sealed for bugs... Beebopper is the lineman's friend. Make all penetrations through the bottom with liquidtite or better. Your app sounds like it could be battery based, but we've done stuff like this with solar and li ion batteries too, it'll just be more fragile especially given Texas and target practice.
It shouldn't be. It'll depend on the chemistry and charging method, but a Chevy Volt is rated for at least 3500 charge cycles per warrantee with assumption being that it'll be more like 6000, and very large li ion batteries we're using for power storage (20MWh) have a 8000 cycle rating to 80% of original charge density. There's also basically no stress on these batteries - a Bolt battery can go from +100kw output to -50kw regen on a 60kWh nominal capacity as you crest a hill over the course of seconds. So these $200 headphones have terrible batteries from a charging POV. Maybe they chose something really stable and safe like lithium titanate and gave up cycles... I'll be charitable here.
That's true... did the same with a $100 lifeproof case for my Samsung phone (with that headphone jack.) Because I have toddlers I managed to have it go through a wash cycle... and was really astonished when it restarted. So there you go, waterproof with a headphone jack. Of course main battery replacement on the Samsung isn't any better... that's when you're getting a heating pad and a specialized kit with replacement double sided tape to disassemble it.
LiCoO2 is also much cheaper. I was part of a project for a battery company to attempt a 1MWh renewables storage system on a trailer and the company in question decided to use cobat... and the person supervising me at the university's incubator said "so we're building a bomb!"
I'm a former plant engineer for Blenheim Gilboa (the largest pump hydro in New York and the black start for NYC). That facility is 1.2GW with a storage of 16GWh. The average round trip efficiency for BG was about 70%; that's with a plant LEM and runner redesign in 2006. It can't compete with lithium ion batteries with a 15 year lifespan (say 4500 charge cycles) once they hit $0.07-0.08/kWh. Since the place relicensed in 2016 it's probably going to struggle through for the next 10 years, and since it's owned by NYPA economics don't necessarily determine anything, but it isn't looking good for them... I don't know of anywhere in the country now where the land could be acquired and even earthen dams constructed to make another.
If you've dropped a bunch of trees you find you can land them wherever you want - provided you preset them with a pulley and come-alongs and use wedges. Doing it a few times, getting a course on it, and finding people who know what they're doing quickly get you to the right equipment, which is not just an axe. I've fit a tree between two others in a space where I had about 30 degrees to work with and not gotten hung up. But this goes back to all of the prepper gadgetry in the world is useless for someone who has no practice doing the tasks...
I don't use an axe, I use a woodsman's maul (I partially heat my house with wood in upstate NY). But I'd say (at 45) that the person who's suddenly trying to process their own 3 or 5 cords at age 50 is going to be disappointed when they take out their shoulder for a few weeks...
And yet, there are plenty of working currencies where this is not the case. In fact, I worked in Brazil in the mid-90's right after the transition from the cruzeiro to the real. Before that, the cruzeiro lost value at a regular rate, to the point where gas stations agreed to hold post dated checks for say 20, 30 or 50 days as a form of price discount (I was doing market research for Texaco). At one point the rate of inflation was well over 80% a month. The economy continued to function, and this rate of decline was simply built into everything. So the rate of change isn't even an insurmountable problem as long as that rate of change is fairly certain.
This seems part of a larger campaign by Forbes against QE and Abenomics in Japan... QE is meant to cause mild inflation to prevent deflation. Abenomics is a more aggressive form of that where the Japanese have outright said that they will print enough cash to hit a minimum inflation target.
Their modularity was set up to fail. I actually worked on a project for Boeing two years ago that was not Dreamliner related - ITAR protected so all I can vaguely say is it was a novel motor design for a crucial component that my former research adviser at RPI was the lead on. We were backfitting our new design into an existing motor compartment. As we got past the basic design, they then wanted an actual prototype to fit in a specific cavity, with some very specific power, speed, heat dissipation requirements and so on. We needed to match things like the mating spline, and we also needed our motor to lock into the existing space perfectly. Boeing did not own the original design, did not have access to the actual dimensions of the original motor - and the vendor in question didn't want to give the dimensions and was largely successful at saying no on this because it was their IP. Now granted we were academics working on something non-critical to their immediate success, but that tells you how far this process has gone for them in the wrong direction...
Not during an earthquake (or even a flood - Christie turned off gas lines to towns on the NJ coast to prevent fires.) Diesel is also easier to transport by truck. Either solution can causes problems with fires. And yeah, yeah, I know that you can drop a match in diesel, but these are generators - so there's plenty of juice nearby. I did forensics after Irene on the failure of an emergency generator at a spillway at our plant, and in thinking about backup power we had to consider an electrical fire igniting the small tank near the generator and that then igniting the much larger tank isolated outside. The 500kW egen is going into a MCC which is connected to a transformer, which, in an emergency could be part of a fault, so in a disruptive emergency even a diesel tank could go up.
Probably a better solution if the space exists is solar with batteries... virtually no moving parts, and assuming it's well strapped down should be operational post disaster and will never need a refuel.
I was talking about the most efficient way to use a generator where you have to have a generator, and that would be off-grid or where UPS is needed.
On the 900MHz thing, it was a point to point tower. So they did not need to run fiber if they could get power. I think if they were running fiber there we'd have though of supplying power lines too.
On car inverters I am not talking about the _alternator_ or the regulator (which just rectifies the output from the variable frequency alternator, which is not 60/50Hz wall current, into DC at around 14V) - I was talking about cheap inverters that plug into the lighter socket on your car and provide 120V 60Hz (in the US) alternating current (AC) back for running crap like a laptop. Inverters are typically not built into cars.... I didn't think that would be unclear (since it was I'm not sure why I'm continuing to write the rest of this since you don't understand any of this stuff). The cheap inverters you buy having cheap switching components.
Lead acid batteries are not being considered in any serious way as an industrial storage mechanism. Pump hydro already exists, and we're trying out flow batteries (nasty chemicals but a close industrial loop), sodium sulfide cells (we've got a 6MWh storage system at a bus station in Long Island for time shifting), and even lithium ion if it can get an order of magnitude cheaper.
The reason power is cheap at night is because of technical limitations with our generation systems - Niagara runs because if it doesn't the water is gone. So for Niagara they build Lewiston pump hydro which allows that power to be load shifted to the next day. Most steam plants have a need to be started up and shut down gradually because of torsion on their shafts that go from multiple heat stages to the generator, so idling them entirely overnight is not practical. Nuke plants have the steam plant issues plus criticality requirements. All of these cause us to generate power at night which is what causes the cost differential. For generation that can be started or stopped quickly - gas fired turbines - this is not true. As more generation is made gas turbine the differential will disappear. This is actually an economic problem for the facility I work at. Anyway...
As for "safety"... I work in a 345kV power facility. I work with 500kW paralleling diesel e-gens for black start, in stators that run at 16.9 kV for 325MW power production, in a switchyard where 345kV lines are about 25 feet off the ground... I've also got solar at home. It is safer, if by safer you mean human safety... I don't have an arc flash distance of many feet on my 96VDC power. If you mean dependable or dispatchable I might go along with that.
You might be having a cognitive failure about what gives "redundancy". If you have a system that is 100% dispatched although you may have many many generators none of them is redundant. As it stands now on the grid (at least the part I know which is New York state) we have 18% excess capacity ready to go at any time, guessing what the power demand will be. However, the generation is all over the state, so there is the separate question of do we have excess transmission capacity, and at the moment that is usually barely enough for NYC metro. So a possible solution to the bottleneck is more local generation inside the NYC area. We're looking to do that with distributed generation (DG) - emergency generators at telecom central offices, other utilities, businesses with UPS, and yes, solar power. (There's also a plan for a 500kVDC cable from Albany to NYC under the Hudson... we currently run a 345kV underwater from one side of the Hudson to the other, and based on that I'd say the DG solution is... a tad less complex.)
As for "bad for the enviroment"... well, I'd say you really just don't want to know how the sausage is made... so you don't want to know about the underground PCB oil filled cables that still exist in many urban areas (because there is no viable alternative) or the SF6 gas breakers that we use, that can
Exactly. Also there are studies showing if you can integrate wind over a large enough area you basically get a flat 27% of nameplate capacity 99% of the time. Pump hydro (or another storage technology) just needs to be there on some scale to level the rest. And it's not like every gas turbine needs to be demo'd... we've typically got 18% spare capacity for dispatch in the US, I imagine it's the same in Europe (or more).
BG (Blenheim Gilboa) - the pump hydro I work at - does 16GWh. This is its pond ("landlocked" body of water on the right): http://goo.gl/maps/srKH2
As you can see, less than a square mile. If you look at the Walmart in nearby Cobleskill that takes up about 1/10 the land area (which serves probably a population of 10 or 20k, to think about whether this is a viable use of land). That's with about 1000 ft of head. But that's a lot. Here's Lewiston's: http://goo.gl/maps/HUhsx
If you streetview in the area from the bridge you can see this. They took an area that is basically flat and used a marginal hill, and turned it into a reservoir with earth berms. (Streetview: http://goo.gl/maps/0uddr)
You need say 4 more BG's or 8 more Lewistons to cover the NYC metro (about 1/30th of US population) at night assuming solar PV only. If you add a mix of wind (which generates variably but does generate at night) over wide geographic areas, and concentrating solar power towers that generate at night, that greatly reduces the amount of storage needed to maybe double what NY State has currently. But just assuming solar PV, we've got an upper limit of say about two square miles (given upper and lower reservoirs) of surface per million people if you pick areas with ~100 feet of head. I think we might have ruled out Delaware. That's about it. But they've got Maryland.
We're 125 mi from NYC. We're also its black start facility. I.e., at worst 125 miles is a reasonable distance for this storage on the bulk electric system (but in reality hundreds of miles is certainly viable.) So in physical terms, you're wrong. The reason we're not currently doing this more is that natural gas seems to be cheaper and newer gas plants are almost as responsive as we are (effectively making them swing generation). When gas isn't $2 mmBTU this will probably no longer be true.
Don't know where you think you got your information on where pump hydro can work; Lewiston is a pump hydro at Niagara Falls... if you've ever visited the Buffalo area that's where the midwest begins. It's flat. The topology needed could be found in probably every state in the country (about 200 feet of head). That reservoir is almost entirely a man made creation (earth berms).
Pump hydro needs 1.3 MWh for every 1 MWh returned to the grid later. That is true end to end efficiency. It's comparable to any battery in efficiency, but is several orders of magnitude cheaper than batteries. We just LEM'd (life extension and maintenance) our pump hydro plant (16GWh delivered at 1.2GW) after 40 years in service at a cost of $135M.
Probably this plant was say $1.3Bn one time cost to build in 2012 dollars (based on Bath County being 50% bigger at $1.7Bn); I know we were about ~$100M in 1970. That's a one time cost... since we pump and gen we don't develop silting issues. We cost $11M to run annually, because we're a bureaucracy. We could be run full auto or at a much lower staff. Still, that's 16GWh at >$.001/Wh annually. This is why global capacity of pump hydro is increasingly quickly in areas with lots of renewables (the EU is adding about 30% more capacity by 2020).
I've no idea where you come up with 1MWh/person. That's ludicrous. For a household, 20kWh is sufficient... I've got 10kWh in my off grid capable system - SLA batteries, and I can run continuously in April - Sept off of 3440W of solar (I did this in June during a blackout and forgot to switch back for 4 days). With the other 10kWh and another 2kW of solar I could run all winter (I've got a backup generator that gets used during heavy winter storms). This is for me and my girlfriend living on a farm, with a refrigerator, freezer, well pump, electric ignite oil furnace and water heater, and electric dryer. Sealed lead acid has a daily use life of 3-5 years. I'm going to upgrade in a year or so to some form of LiIon, which will go 6000 charge cycles, about the life of my panels. That 6000 charge cycle life, btw, is the cycles until the charge capacity goes down by 30% - which matters a great deal on an electric car, but for a house means you add more batteries. Anyway, if you're keeping track that's 10kWh/person.
Industrial and commercial facilities are going to have industrial solutions, like pump hydro or flow batteries. I work at a pump hydro plant in upstate NY, and we store 16GWh of power, which is enough to run NYC metro for two hours under normal load conditions. We've got 150 people working here... because we're a bureaucracy... but we could do this with 10. There are dozens of locations that could be built for this up here (my organization runs another pump hydro in the state but we originally were going to build 12). In other words, there are no technical reasons NY state could not be 100% renewables, right now... it would probably double the cost of our electricity in the short run. OTOH, eventually we'd need no fuel.
I remember reading about that... but when you think about it, once you've covered heat and electricity, you only need hydrogen for transportation. You'd be doing an electrolysis process of some kind to get it - but if I'm not mistaken a large percentage of people there live in metro Reykjavik, might as well just do electric cars directly for most of that.
Natural gas barely makes economic sense to transport as LNG (when you're all in for the tankers and other infrastructure); hydrogen is less energy dense than that and harder to deal with. If they were going to transport that energy content, aluminum is an excellent way to go. They also could in theory make natural gas/propane or another fuel like it with hydrogen to transport, but something solid like fertilizer is probably easier to do for the $. A high energy, value added export product is probably better than moving the energy to another location.
Spoken like you superficially know what you're talking about.
I've got solar panels with batteries. Modern inverters can support autostarting generators. However, since the batteries are the primary power source, I can now run a generator at its best set point - say 95% of nominal rating - instead of running the generator for hours at 30% load just to keep one or two things running. The only time I'll really need the generator is when I have a seasonal shortfall, say in Dec and its shoulder months when the days are shorter (otherwise I'd have to size for too much power in June). However, this country is near the equator, so that effect is nearly non-existent. It's also in the Pacific. They'll probably barely need a generator. If anyone decides to use a large load at night they can run the generator then (sudden interest in night welding?). The diesel consumed will be a tiny percentage of what it would have been even in that scenario.
In fact, in most off-grid locations solar is a tremendous cost savings over using generators alone, even in situations where a generator is required for regulatory reasons... I'm working on this now for antenna setups with a 900MHz last mile internet company in mountains in upstate NY. You'll note this isn't Florida... a lot of people ask about snow. Solar panels actually get hot through snow (about 10-20C warmer than ambient) - snow isn't a perfect block of solar energy and since panels are usually angled at latitude degrees (say 44 where I am at 44N) the snow tends to slide off. No idea what other maintenance you could think you were talking about unless the panels are flat mounted (this is done in urban areas, and involves hosing off dirt... mostly from air pollution... from dirtier forms of energy.)
As noted by others, current tech EROEI (energy returned on energy invested) is now down to as little as two years, and further tech advances could move this even shorter... panels are warranteed for 20 years, and may go considerably longer.
Excess power eh?... How is that supposed to happen exactly? Someone who couldn't do math in sizing? Reflections from snow? Increase in conductivity because it's so cold? Things things lead to voltage and current higher than original rating. I doubt any of this is the case there.
Currently replacing an inverter in my power plant that has been in service since 1972. Also, that was before modern power electronics. Shitty inverters you buy for your car have shitty components.
Yep. They had the same problem with the first atomic bomb... some estimates said we'd lose all of New Mexico. Luckily, it was just a city sized area. Obviously since they couldn't compute a blast radius with certainty, there was nothing to worry about. Huzzah. So in this case, let's let AGW play out, and then we'll know how bad the flooding is, and next time we can plan with certainty!
Wow, what a reading comprehension fail. Thing is, with the 1m projection out there, people could have decided "I don't believe it" or "I don't care" (maybe they'd be dead in 10 years). But the scientific prediction is what it is, and as others have mentioned this is always going to be +/-, and the +/- might be quite a lot... so far some things predicted have actually been quite a bit worse.
Anyway, what NC did was say that it can't be considered. Quite amazing, actually. So anywhere else, say NY or California or Texas, you can choose to say AGW is bullshit or even it's true but I don't believe it will get me, and someone will be quite happy to see a sucker coming and sell to you... there may be all kinds of waivers and special insurance and whatever. In NC, it's all out denial as a matter of policy. And it is a Republican policy.
Oh, and the current theory is that there isn't a reasonable estimate devoid of guesswork (they aren't deliberately adding the hyperbole.) That's the nature of pouring lots of heat into a heat engine... chaotic shit happens.
Anyway, as someone who works at a hydro plant uphill of a bunch of deniers who just got a massive 200 year flood, I say fuck it, build away man. I will enjoy watching Texas become an ever more perfect desert, and Florida build a true Atlantis. We're locked into to being fucked, but my area is less fucked than the south is, so if it can't be good I can at least enjoy the schadenfreude.
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There are lots of UV rated plastics... otherwise we'd never be able to do conduit on roofs for solar. It's an extra.
Yeah, I did some larger relay boxes for a mobile unit substation that was bound for Ontario - they wanted a range of -40C to 45C. We insulated the hell out of it, with the idea that 2 in of rigid high R insulation would allow the electronics to keep themselves warmish (probably below freezing but above -15C) but we also put a thermostatic heat strip in there too just in case. Painted it white, and had a radiator on the bottom coupled to the electronics box (that was from a power systems supplier called SEL and was ruggedized to milspec). Double gasketed doors, and we put a metal heat shield on top with an air gap. The idea is direct summer sun will have a high declination and winter sun won't bother you much. Keep it sealed for bugs... Beebopper is the lineman's friend. Make all penetrations through the bottom with liquidtite or better. Your app sounds like it could be battery based, but we've done stuff like this with solar and li ion batteries too, it'll just be more fragile especially given Texas and target practice.
It shouldn't be. It'll depend on the chemistry and charging method, but a Chevy Volt is rated for at least 3500 charge cycles per warrantee with assumption being that it'll be more like 6000, and very large li ion batteries we're using for power storage (20MWh) have a 8000 cycle rating to 80% of original charge density. There's also basically no stress on these batteries - a Bolt battery can go from +100kw output to -50kw regen on a 60kWh nominal capacity as you crest a hill over the course of seconds. So these $200 headphones have terrible batteries from a charging POV. Maybe they chose something really stable and safe like lithium titanate and gave up cycles... I'll be charitable here.
That's true... did the same with a $100 lifeproof case for my Samsung phone (with that headphone jack.) Because I have toddlers I managed to have it go through a wash cycle... and was really astonished when it restarted. So there you go, waterproof with a headphone jack. Of course main battery replacement on the Samsung isn't any better... that's when you're getting a heating pad and a specialized kit with replacement double sided tape to disassemble it.
LiCoO2 is also much cheaper. I was part of a project for a battery company to attempt a 1MWh renewables storage system on a trailer and the company in question decided to use cobat... and the person supervising me at the university's incubator said "so we're building a bomb!"
I'm a former plant engineer for Blenheim Gilboa (the largest pump hydro in New York and the black start for NYC). That facility is 1.2GW with a storage of 16GWh. The average round trip efficiency for BG was about 70%; that's with a plant LEM and runner redesign in 2006. It can't compete with lithium ion batteries with a 15 year lifespan (say 4500 charge cycles) once they hit $0.07-0.08/kWh. Since the place relicensed in 2016 it's probably going to struggle through for the next 10 years, and since it's owned by NYPA economics don't necessarily determine anything, but it isn't looking good for them... I don't know of anywhere in the country now where the land could be acquired and even earthen dams constructed to make another.
If you've dropped a bunch of trees you find you can land them wherever you want - provided you preset them with a pulley and come-alongs and use wedges. Doing it a few times, getting a course on it, and finding people who know what they're doing quickly get you to the right equipment, which is not just an axe. I've fit a tree between two others in a space where I had about 30 degrees to work with and not gotten hung up. But this goes back to all of the prepper gadgetry in the world is useless for someone who has no practice doing the tasks...
I don't use an axe, I use a woodsman's maul (I partially heat my house with wood in upstate NY). But I'd say (at 45) that the person who's suddenly trying to process their own 3 or 5 cords at age 50 is going to be disappointed when they take out their shoulder for a few weeks...
Food... intruders? Potato, pahtahdo...
We've developed 300 new words for rain!
And yet, there are plenty of working currencies where this is not the case. In fact, I worked in Brazil in the mid-90's right after the transition from the cruzeiro to the real. Before that, the cruzeiro lost value at a regular rate, to the point where gas stations agreed to hold post dated checks for say 20, 30 or 50 days as a form of price discount (I was doing market research for Texaco). At one point the rate of inflation was well over 80% a month. The economy continued to function, and this rate of decline was simply built into everything. So the rate of change isn't even an insurmountable problem as long as that rate of change is fairly certain.
This seems part of a larger campaign by Forbes against QE and Abenomics in Japan... QE is meant to cause mild inflation to prevent deflation. Abenomics is a more aggressive form of that where the Japanese have outright said that they will print enough cash to hit a minimum inflation target.
......because you can currently pay your US taxes with yen.
Their modularity was set up to fail. I actually worked on a project for Boeing two years ago that was not Dreamliner related - ITAR protected so all I can vaguely say is it was a novel motor design for a crucial component that my former research adviser at RPI was the lead on. We were backfitting our new design into an existing motor compartment. As we got past the basic design, they then wanted an actual prototype to fit in a specific cavity, with some very specific power, speed, heat dissipation requirements and so on. We needed to match things like the mating spline, and we also needed our motor to lock into the existing space perfectly. Boeing did not own the original design, did not have access to the actual dimensions of the original motor - and the vendor in question didn't want to give the dimensions and was largely successful at saying no on this because it was their IP. Now granted we were academics working on something non-critical to their immediate success, but that tells you how far this process has gone for them in the wrong direction...
I want to see Money Python's frying carcass.
Not during an earthquake (or even a flood - Christie turned off gas lines to towns on the NJ coast to prevent fires.) Diesel is also easier to transport by truck. Either solution can causes problems with fires. And yeah, yeah, I know that you can drop a match in diesel, but these are generators - so there's plenty of juice nearby. I did forensics after Irene on the failure of an emergency generator at a spillway at our plant, and in thinking about backup power we had to consider an electrical fire igniting the small tank near the generator and that then igniting the much larger tank isolated outside. The 500kW egen is going into a MCC which is connected to a transformer, which, in an emergency could be part of a fault, so in a disruptive emergency even a diesel tank could go up.
Probably a better solution if the space exists is solar with batteries... virtually no moving parts, and assuming it's well strapped down should be operational post disaster and will never need a refuel.
I was talking about the most efficient way to use a generator where you have to have a generator, and that would be off-grid or where UPS is needed.
On the 900MHz thing, it was a point to point tower. So they did not need to run fiber if they could get power. I think if they were running fiber there we'd have though of supplying power lines too.
On car inverters I am not talking about the _alternator_ or the regulator (which just rectifies the output from the variable frequency alternator, which is not 60/50Hz wall current, into DC at around 14V) - I was talking about cheap inverters that plug into the lighter socket on your car and provide 120V 60Hz (in the US) alternating current (AC) back for running crap like a laptop. Inverters are typically not built into cars.... I didn't think that would be unclear (since it was I'm not sure why I'm continuing to write the rest of this since you don't understand any of this stuff). The cheap inverters you buy having cheap switching components.
Lead acid batteries are not being considered in any serious way as an industrial storage mechanism. Pump hydro already exists, and we're trying out flow batteries (nasty chemicals but a close industrial loop), sodium sulfide cells (we've got a 6MWh storage system at a bus station in Long Island for time shifting), and even lithium ion if it can get an order of magnitude cheaper.
The reason power is cheap at night is because of technical limitations with our generation systems - Niagara runs because if it doesn't the water is gone. So for Niagara they build Lewiston pump hydro which allows that power to be load shifted to the next day. Most steam plants have a need to be started up and shut down gradually because of torsion on their shafts that go from multiple heat stages to the generator, so idling them entirely overnight is not practical. Nuke plants have the steam plant issues plus criticality requirements. All of these cause us to generate power at night which is what causes the cost differential. For generation that can be started or stopped quickly - gas fired turbines - this is not true. As more generation is made gas turbine the differential will disappear. This is actually an economic problem for the facility I work at. Anyway...
As for "safety"... I work in a 345kV power facility. I work with 500kW paralleling diesel e-gens for black start, in stators that run at 16.9 kV for 325MW power production, in a switchyard where 345kV lines are about 25 feet off the ground... I've also got solar at home. It is safer, if by safer you mean human safety... I don't have an arc flash distance of many feet on my 96VDC power. If you mean dependable or dispatchable I might go along with that.
You might be having a cognitive failure about what gives "redundancy". If you have a system that is 100% dispatched although you may have many many generators none of them is redundant. As it stands now on the grid (at least the part I know which is New York state) we have 18% excess capacity ready to go at any time, guessing what the power demand will be. However, the generation is all over the state, so there is the separate question of do we have excess transmission capacity, and at the moment that is usually barely enough for NYC metro. So a possible solution to the bottleneck is more local generation inside the NYC area. We're looking to do that with distributed generation (DG) - emergency generators at telecom central offices, other utilities, businesses with UPS, and yes, solar power. (There's also a plan for a 500kVDC cable from Albany to NYC under the Hudson... we currently run a 345kV underwater from one side of the Hudson to the other, and based on that I'd say the DG solution is... a tad less complex.)
As for "bad for the enviroment"... well, I'd say you really just don't want to know how the sausage is made... so you don't want to know about the underground PCB oil filled cables that still exist in many urban areas (because there is no viable alternative) or the SF6 gas breakers that we use, that can
Exactly. Also there are studies showing if you can integrate wind over a large enough area you basically get a flat 27% of nameplate capacity 99% of the time. Pump hydro (or another storage technology) just needs to be there on some scale to level the rest. And it's not like every gas turbine needs to be demo'd... we've typically got 18% spare capacity for dispatch in the US, I imagine it's the same in Europe (or more).
You're claiming there's a shortage of mountains in Europe?
BG (Blenheim Gilboa) - the pump hydro I work at - does 16GWh.
This is its pond ("landlocked" body of water on the right):
http://goo.gl/maps/srKH2
As you can see, less than a square mile. If you look at the Walmart in nearby Cobleskill that takes up about 1/10 the land area (which serves probably a population of 10 or 20k, to think about whether this is a viable use of land). That's with about 1000 ft of head. But that's a lot. Here's Lewiston's:
http://goo.gl/maps/HUhsx
Not a lot bigger, but actually has 4 times the volume and stores half as much energy total, given its head of 70-120 feet.
http://www.wnypapers.com/news/article/current/2010/07/03/100238/nypa-to-upgrade-lewiston-pump-generating-plant
If you streetview in the area from the bridge you can see this. They took an area that is basically flat and used a marginal hill, and turned it into a reservoir with earth berms.
(Streetview: http://goo.gl/maps/0uddr)
You need say 4 more BG's or 8 more Lewistons to cover the NYC metro (about 1/30th of US population) at night assuming solar PV only. If you add a mix of wind (which generates variably but does generate at night) over wide geographic areas, and concentrating solar power towers that generate at night, that greatly reduces the amount of storage needed to maybe double what NY State has currently. But just assuming solar PV, we've got an upper limit of say about two square miles (given upper and lower reservoirs) of surface per million people if you pick areas with ~100 feet of head. I think we might have ruled out Delaware. That's about it. But they've got Maryland.
We're 125 mi from NYC. We're also its black start facility. I.e., at worst 125 miles is a reasonable distance for this storage on the bulk electric system (but in reality hundreds of miles is certainly viable.) So in physical terms, you're wrong. The reason we're not currently doing this more is that natural gas seems to be cheaper and newer gas plants are almost as responsive as we are (effectively making them swing generation). When gas isn't $2 mmBTU this will probably no longer be true.
Don't know where you think you got your information on where pump hydro can work; Lewiston is a pump hydro at Niagara Falls... if you've ever visited the Buffalo area that's where the midwest begins. It's flat. The topology needed could be found in probably every state in the country (about 200 feet of head). That reservoir is almost entirely a man made creation (earth berms).
Pump hydro needs 1.3 MWh for every 1 MWh returned to the grid later. That is true end to end efficiency. It's comparable to any battery in efficiency, but is several orders of magnitude cheaper than batteries. We just LEM'd (life extension and maintenance) our pump hydro plant (16GWh delivered at 1.2GW) after 40 years in service at a cost of $135M.
http://www.nypa.gov/press/2010/100610a.html
Probably this plant was say $1.3Bn one time cost to build in 2012 dollars (based on Bath County being 50% bigger at $1.7Bn); I know we were about ~$100M in 1970. That's a one time cost... since we pump and gen we don't develop silting issues. We cost $11M to run annually, because we're a bureaucracy. We could be run full auto or at a much lower staff. Still, that's 16GWh at >$.001/Wh annually. This is why global capacity of pump hydro is increasingly quickly in areas with lots of renewables (the EU is adding about 30% more capacity by 2020).
But anyway, there's also molten salt Stirling engine solar, which can't ramp (because of heat constraints), and in effect can run all night... eliminating the need for any external storage.
http://inhabitat.com/nevadas-new-molten-salt-solar-plant-will-produce-power-long-after-the-sun-sets/
I've no idea where you come up with 1MWh/person. That's ludicrous. For a household, 20kWh is sufficient... I've got 10kWh in my off grid capable system - SLA batteries, and I can run continuously in April - Sept off of 3440W of solar (I did this in June during a blackout and forgot to switch back for 4 days). With the other 10kWh and another 2kW of solar I could run all winter (I've got a backup generator that gets used during heavy winter storms). This is for me and my girlfriend living on a farm, with a refrigerator, freezer, well pump, electric ignite oil furnace and water heater, and electric dryer. Sealed lead acid has a daily use life of 3-5 years. I'm going to upgrade in a year or so to some form of LiIon, which will go 6000 charge cycles, about the life of my panels. That 6000 charge cycle life, btw, is the cycles until the charge capacity goes down by 30% - which matters a great deal on an electric car, but for a house means you add more batteries. Anyway, if you're keeping track that's 10kWh/person.
Industrial and commercial facilities are going to have industrial solutions, like pump hydro or flow batteries. I work at a pump hydro plant in upstate NY, and we store 16GWh of power, which is enough to run NYC metro for two hours under normal load conditions. We've got 150 people working here... because we're a bureaucracy... but we could do this with 10. There are dozens of locations that could be built for this up here (my organization runs another pump hydro in the state but we originally were going to build 12). In other words, there are no technical reasons NY state could not be 100% renewables, right now... it would probably double the cost of our electricity in the short run. OTOH, eventually we'd need no fuel.
I remember reading about that... but when you think about it, once you've covered heat and electricity, you only need hydrogen for transportation. You'd be doing an electrolysis process of some kind to get it - but if I'm not mistaken a large percentage of people there live in metro Reykjavik, might as well just do electric cars directly for most of that.
Natural gas barely makes economic sense to transport as LNG (when you're all in for the tankers and other infrastructure); hydrogen is less energy dense than that and harder to deal with. If they were going to transport that energy content, aluminum is an excellent way to go. They also could in theory make natural gas/propane or another fuel like it with hydrogen to transport, but something solid like fertilizer is probably easier to do for the $. A high energy, value added export product is probably better than moving the energy to another location.
Spoken like you superficially know what you're talking about.
I've got solar panels with batteries. Modern inverters can support autostarting generators. However, since the batteries are the primary power source, I can now run a generator at its best set point - say 95% of nominal rating - instead of running the generator for hours at 30% load just to keep one or two things running. The only time I'll really need the generator is when I have a seasonal shortfall, say in Dec and its shoulder months when the days are shorter (otherwise I'd have to size for too much power in June). However, this country is near the equator, so that effect is nearly non-existent. It's also in the Pacific. They'll probably barely need a generator. If anyone decides to use a large load at night they can run the generator then (sudden interest in night welding?). The diesel consumed will be a tiny percentage of what it would have been even in that scenario.
In fact, in most off-grid locations solar is a tremendous cost savings over using generators alone, even in situations where a generator is required for regulatory reasons... I'm working on this now for antenna setups with a 900MHz last mile internet company in mountains in upstate NY. You'll note this isn't Florida... a lot of people ask about snow. Solar panels actually get hot through snow (about 10-20C warmer than ambient) - snow isn't a perfect block of solar energy and since panels are usually angled at latitude degrees (say 44 where I am at 44N) the snow tends to slide off. No idea what other maintenance you could think you were talking about unless the panels are flat mounted (this is done in urban areas, and involves hosing off dirt... mostly from air pollution... from dirtier forms of energy.)
As noted by others, current tech EROEI (energy returned on energy invested) is now down to as little as two years, and further tech advances could move this even shorter... panels are warranteed for 20 years, and may go considerably longer.
Excess power eh?... How is that supposed to happen exactly? Someone who couldn't do math in sizing? Reflections from snow? Increase in conductivity because it's so cold? Things things lead to voltage and current higher than original rating. I doubt any of this is the case there.
Currently replacing an inverter in my power plant that has been in service since 1972. Also, that was before modern power electronics. Shitty inverters you buy for your car have shitty components.
Yep. They had the same problem with the first atomic bomb... some estimates said we'd lose all of New Mexico. Luckily, it was just a city sized area. Obviously since they couldn't compute a blast radius with certainty, there was nothing to worry about. Huzzah. So in this case, let's let AGW play out, and then we'll know how bad the flooding is, and next time we can plan with certainty!
Wow, what a reading comprehension fail. Thing is, with the 1m projection out there, people could have decided "I don't believe it" or "I don't care" (maybe they'd be dead in 10 years). But the scientific prediction is what it is, and as others have mentioned this is always going to be +/-, and the +/- might be quite a lot... so far some things predicted have actually been quite a bit worse.
Anyway, what NC did was say that it can't be considered. Quite amazing, actually. So anywhere else, say NY or California or Texas, you can choose to say AGW is bullshit or even it's true but I don't believe it will get me, and someone will be quite happy to see a sucker coming and sell to you... there may be all kinds of waivers and special insurance and whatever. In NC, it's all out denial as a matter of policy. And it is a Republican policy.
Oh, and the current theory is that there isn't a reasonable estimate devoid of guesswork (they aren't deliberately adding the hyperbole.) That's the nature of pouring lots of heat into a heat engine... chaotic shit happens.
Anyway, as someone who works at a hydro plant uphill of a bunch of deniers who just got a massive 200 year flood, I say fuck it, build away man. I will enjoy watching Texas become an ever more perfect desert, and Florida build a true Atlantis. We're locked into to being fucked, but my area is less fucked than the south is, so if it can't be good I can at least enjoy the schadenfreude.
Yes, and I'd use it to build a waterpark with elephant and ark themes.