argh, I am so used to these numbers I don't pay attention to the units anymore.
That is 900-1500 nm.
Another few tidbits:
Ar plasma: white
Ar + H2 plasma: red
Ar + O2 plasma: purple-like
Ar + N2 plasma: greenish
Ar + too much current through the copper cathodes: priceless... (lots of copper sparks actually)
Full spectrum with an Ar plasma at 6000K ~= 0.5 eV?
Yes, you can get a lot of light out of it and it looks white, but I wouldn't call it a full spectrum. There are mostly peaks in the region 900-1500 (I don't have a spectra right in front of me right now, so from memory).
But I could be wrong of course.
The problem is materials
ITER will burn for half an hour or so. Peak power output that the walls have to withstand is 10MW per square meter. That is peak power, not constant. ELM's are the problem. These are violent instabilities that dumps huge amounts of energy and particles onto the wall. Controlling these bastards is essential. If their severity can be reduced (kept under 10MW/m2), even if you get more of them, it's probable going to be okay. To illustrate the 10MW per square meter: only the Arianne V rocket has a larger output, and only for a few seconds at liftoff.
The second thing is that the combination of materials in ITER have never been tried before. Beryllium for the first wall, Tungsten for the large part of the divertor, carbon for the strike points in the divertor. No one knows what will happen if you put them all together in one large reactor.
Of the wall facing materials the carbon will get the blunt of the energy dissipated to the wall. So the carbon will get eroded. Carbon has a lower z value (less protons, thus less electrons to strip off, thus less of energy loss) than tungsten. BUT, carbon will deposit on the walls, incorporating the tritium. This is a problem!. First of all, tritium is radioactive. Safety regulations only allow a limited inventory. Once reached, ITER has to close down for maintenance. No one knows yet when this level will be reached. After a few weeks of a few days? One is acceptable, the other is problematic to say the least. And second, tritium (T) is hard to come by. Commercial fusion reactors, as will iter, will have to breed their own supply (n from the fusion + lithium in the wall will give you tritium). In this sense T is behaving like a catalyst to convert deuterium (D) into helium. If you use one tritium to generate one neutron that will only a problem, because you can't lose anything. And even if you get a bit more out of it, 1.2 T per n, you still can't lose to much of it. Thus you need to clean the reactor walls and reclaim the tritium.
Please use solar power to replace fossil fuel based power plants. And after these have all been replaced, replace the fission plants.
We don't need to light the streets at night. Most street lights are badly designed, and most of the light goes up into the sky, being wasted for nothing. From the pictures of this one, it looks no different. Streetlights waste a light of light, thus energy and often illuminate the street badly. Right beneath it, you are basked in light so that you barely see what is happening a meter/3 feet to the side of you. It blocks out the stars, and in many cities you are already happy if the planets are visible.
All these lights are also bad for nature. Night animals need the dark, day animals too.
Our cities our drowning in light, offering no security, no health benefits, no starry nights, and only waste energy. Please, just turn them of.
18. Will know that fusion is still 20 years away, just like it was 20 years ago. Will know that at the beginning of the centery, the politicians (of the boomers generation) delayed funding for ITER by 10 years. Up to that point fusion technology was advancing faster that Moore's law. Now we have to play catch up.
2007: Starting ITER constructing. Finally.
2020: ITER constructed
2020-2040: running ITER experiments, with short-sighted and short-term memory polictians asking the scientists and engineers why it's taking so long. They will also ask if more money will solve it faster. (1)
2030-2050: designing and building DEMO, the first commercial Fusion prototype (actually several of them will be designed and build)
2050 -20??: DEMO testing over: Fusion technology achieved, after 100 years and several generations of engineers and scientists of which most will never see the endproduct.
(1) Sure it will, spend the extra money on a time machine, go back in time to 2000 and approve the ITER funding when you were supposed to. Oh, and at the same time, try to get more people into science.
Solution: double windows
No need, you just need to coat the window with the right material (I don't remember which one exactly, could be TiO2, could be something else).
These kind of coatings reflect more sunlight when the sun is high in the sky (summer) and let more light pass through when the sun is low in the sky (winter). So, during the summer the house doesn't heat up so much.
martin
It's a set of books you won't be able to put down. So If I were you, I would wait until a few weeks before the next one comes out in november before reading them. Nothing as worse as having to wait months or years before the next one.
I'd vote with my wallet
That's what I am doing. I only go when invited, because of the social setting. My dvd collection has expanded tremendously the last 2 years. There are also shops I don't go anymore because they treat me as a criminal. You know the routine, no backpacks allowed. Open your bags please. No, you can't take your 1200 euro laptop with you in the store. You have to leave it in the locker and no, we assume no responsibility if something happens with it.
Books are great. My book collection is bigger than my dvd collection. I recently read A song of Ice and Fire by George Martin. Wonderful books.
The lowest maximum is 20.
The large step size being x and the smallest 1, you get a function like this:
y = x + (floors/x)
Where floors is the number of floor (duh).
If you plot this (try gnuplot) you get a minimum at 20 for 100 floors.
Fill in and solve gives you this
x^2 - 20*x +100 =0
The answer to this particular problem is 10.
Is this a third world country you're talking about, or are theater operators outside the US actively attempting to kill their own business?
ha, that is funny.
Nope, it's Belgium (11th richest country in the world). Yes, I think they are trying to kill their own business. They certainly have run me away.
Ah, and in some theaters the floors are indeed sticky or not cleaned (well) after a bunch of bored teenagers have passed through.
Don't get me wrong. Most of the time it's agreeable, but sometimes the experience isn't. I am just tired of wondering what kind of evening it will be. How much the prices have gone up and what kind of audience I'll be with.
Complain or pick another theatre.
Ah, I wish.
The country I live in has a population equal to New York city.
We have one chain (one of the largest if not the largest in Europe) of theater. And at some point I lived near one of the largest theater complex in Europe.
So I can go to the chain, or to the alternative movie house (more cultural, not main stream) if there is one. And sometimes I just want to see hollywood main stream.
No, english is not my native language, so yes I have to suffer the subtitles.
Good luck finding an employee. And don't think they'll rewind because you had a complaint.
Also, why should I complain in the first place? Aren't decent seats, decent picture and sound quality assumed when this is why you go there in the first place? Isn't it common decency to be quiet so that others can enjoy the movie. Is it surprising your kid is scared when it sees something it shouldn't see at that age?
I go to the theater to enjoy the movie. Not to complain, not to get annoyed, not to tell employees how to do their jobs (during which I miss part of the movie, for which I paid dearly).
Or perhaps our perception and tolerance has changed. As kids we didn't care or did it ourself. As adults, who can't go everyday or to every move and who don't have two months of summer vacation, we just want to watch the movie and not be annoyed by bored kids.
People chatting instead of watching the movie. The entire length. (happend to me more than once)
Whining kids.
Doors not closing automatically when the movie starts, so either you try to ignore the outside glare (really great if the opening scene is quite dark) or you get up and close the door yourself. Which is usually reopened a few minutes later by late people who are looking for a seat. They do this either chatting, either blocking your field of view. Or even worse, they ask you to move from your seat which you have occupied for the last half hour because you were in time and wanted to have a decent position in the theater (relative to the screen) in a chair that is not falling apart.
One of the sound boxes fails half way, and keeps churning throughout the remainder.
They start playing the wrong movie.
Sound system is badly adjusted. Or it's so loud, your ears ring for hours afterwards.
The sound from the theater above,below,right, left is seeping through the walls.
Misaligned picture.
Subtitles (with DVD I can finally turn them off)
Toilet fee.
Overpriced food and you are not allowed to bring your own.
Overpriced tickets. Spend a few euros more and you can buy the dvd after a few months.
20 minutes of commercials, and that amount just keeps rising.
etc.
You're right. Nothing has changed. It has always been crappy. But now we finally have a choice. We can watch at our home theater. I don't want to go to the theater anymore. And when I do, I go with friends. I see it then as a social event and just hope the theater experience that evening isn't too bad. Dinner, movie and bar. Most of the weeks we just skip the movie.
Same price as a DVD, no physical media and you have to hand over a piece of your upload quota?
Oh yeah, great idea. Will definitely be a roaring succes.
Yep, the article is utter crap. That is why I went nuts this time. I can to a certain degree tolerate 2 page articles (but please don't do this anyway) if it's decent, but this crappy piece in 7 parts broke the camel's back.
If it the article is broken up into too many partes, I just open the print version. Usually it's devoted of ads. So I someone thought they could shove more ads through our throats by splitting it up: it aint working
Unbelievable, 7 pages to smear out text that could fit easily on a single page. It takes longer to load one such page than to read it.
It's scaring readers away. I am not waiting for your page to load, and I am not clicking multiple times to read a single article.
And while I am at it. Since the invention of tabs, will everyone please stop using links that insist on opening in a new window. I have one window, perhaps two with multiple tabs. And new links are opened in their own tab. But, noooo, sites still insist links are opened in a new window.
Want to keep me as a return visitor? STOP ANNOYING ME. Stop dictating how I can access your data, if you want me to see it.
Nuclear fusion is not expected by 2020, so it's a bit premature.
Helium-3 is also not necessary to archive fusion. Deuterium-tritium reactions will also work, and you don't have to go to the moon to get those elements. Deuterium can be extracted from the sea and tritium can be created in situ by reactions with lithium embedded in the wall of the reactor.
The benefit of using helium 3 is that you bypass the radioactive element tritium.
It's a good idea for the long term, but let us first try to get a working reactor, shall we?
Of course you right. When it concerns me/us/rest of the world we pay attention. But in this/. article, the discussion is the electoral system, which determine your leaders who make the non-domestic policies that affect us, the rest of the world. So it thus concern us, especially when it concerns the election of a person who is responsible for the strongest military in the world. This issue of electronic elections and its discussion has been going on for some time on/. Electronic elections are taking place all over the globe, yet the seemingly most advanced country in the world can't make such a system work.
Dude, I didn't say that I own your vote. I didn't even said I own the data about the votes. I said the public owns the data, the American public.
What? you can only know who won, but not how many votes someone got. And if you do know the number of votes, then what does it matter if you also hand out the original file detailing that information? It is not like they know who voted for who, is it?
[rant]I am not an American, but I seem to be more concerned about goes on over there that most Americans. And do you know why? Because some idiot in Washington is controlling the second largest stockpile of nukes in the world. And now Chirac started threatening with nukes as well. Idiots ! I am more scared about the fools in Washington than that megalomaniac in North-Korea.
And Iran wants to stop selling oil in dollars and they either have nukes or soon will.
Do you know that Chinese saying: "May you live in interesting times"? What a curse that one can be at times.[/rant]
Who cares what format was used or that it is proprietary. If it's your data, you can do whatever you want with it, regardless of the format.
And since this is about elections, I would say the public owns the data. So hand it over.
Slashdot Mirror
Aren't the Russians missing a few suitcase size nukes? Or was that just fear mongering from the 90's?
argh, I am so used to these numbers I don't pay attention to the units anymore.
That is 900-1500 nm.
Another few tidbits:
Ar plasma: white
Ar + H2 plasma: red
Ar + O2 plasma: purple-like
Ar + N2 plasma: greenish
Ar + too much current through the copper cathodes: priceless... (lots of copper sparks actually)
Full spectrum with an Ar plasma at 6000K ~= 0.5 eV? Yes, you can get a lot of light out of it and it looks white, but I wouldn't call it a full spectrum. There are mostly peaks in the region 900-1500 (I don't have a spectra right in front of me right now, so from memory). But I could be wrong of course.
ITER will burn for half an hour or so. Peak power output that the walls have to withstand is 10MW per square meter. That is peak power, not constant. ELM's are the problem. These are violent instabilities that dumps huge amounts of energy and particles onto the wall. Controlling these bastards is essential. If their severity can be reduced (kept under 10MW/m2), even if you get more of them, it's probable going to be okay. To illustrate the 10MW per square meter: only the Arianne V rocket has a larger output, and only for a few seconds at liftoff.
The second thing is that the combination of materials in ITER have never been tried before. Beryllium for the first wall, Tungsten for the large part of the divertor, carbon for the strike points in the divertor. No one knows what will happen if you put them all together in one large reactor.
Of the wall facing materials the carbon will get the blunt of the energy dissipated to the wall. So the carbon will get eroded. Carbon has a lower z value (less protons, thus less electrons to strip off, thus less of energy loss) than tungsten. BUT, carbon will deposit on the walls, incorporating the tritium. This is a problem!. First of all, tritium is radioactive. Safety regulations only allow a limited inventory. Once reached, ITER has to close down for maintenance. No one knows yet when this level will be reached. After a few weeks of a few days? One is acceptable, the other is problematic to say the least. And second, tritium (T) is hard to come by. Commercial fusion reactors, as will iter, will have to breed their own supply (n from the fusion + lithium in the wall will give you tritium). In this sense T is behaving like a catalyst to convert deuterium (D) into helium. If you use one tritium to generate one neutron that will only a problem, because you can't lose anything. And even if you get a bit more out of it, 1.2 T per n, you still can't lose to much of it. Thus you need to clean the reactor walls and reclaim the tritium.
Please use solar power to replace fossil fuel based power plants. And after these have all been replaced, replace the fission plants. We don't need to light the streets at night. Most street lights are badly designed, and most of the light goes up into the sky, being wasted for nothing. From the pictures of this one, it looks no different. Streetlights waste a light of light, thus energy and often illuminate the street badly. Right beneath it, you are basked in light so that you barely see what is happening a meter/3 feet to the side of you. It blocks out the stars, and in many cities you are already happy if the planets are visible. All these lights are also bad for nature. Night animals need the dark, day animals too. Our cities our drowning in light, offering no security, no health benefits, no starry nights, and only waste energy. Please, just turn them of.
What is the Milky Way?
2007: Starting ITER constructing. Finally.
2020: ITER constructed
2020-2040: running ITER experiments, with short-sighted and short-term memory polictians asking the scientists and engineers why it's taking so long. They will also ask if more money will solve it faster. (1)
2030-2050: designing and building DEMO, the first commercial Fusion prototype (actually several of them will be designed and build)
2050 -20??: DEMO testing over: Fusion technology achieved, after 100 years and several generations of engineers and scientists of which most will never see the endproduct.
(1) Sure it will, spend the extra money on a time machine, go back in time to 2000 and approve the ITER funding when you were supposed to. Oh, and at the same time, try to get more people into science.
No need, you just need to coat the window with the right material (I don't remember which one exactly, could be TiO2, could be something else). These kind of coatings reflect more sunlight when the sun is high in the sky (summer) and let more light pass through when the sun is low in the sky (winter). So, during the summer the house doesn't heat up so much.
martin
It's a set of books you won't be able to put down. So If I were you, I would wait until a few weeks before the next one comes out in november before reading them. Nothing as worse as having to wait months or years before the next one.
I'd vote with my wallet
That's what I am doing. I only go when invited, because of the social setting. My dvd collection has expanded tremendously the last 2 years. There are also shops I don't go anymore because they treat me as a criminal. You know the routine, no backpacks allowed. Open your bags please. No, you can't take your 1200 euro laptop with you in the store. You have to leave it in the locker and no, we assume no responsibility if something happens with it.
Books are great. My book collection is bigger than my dvd collection. I recently read A song of Ice and Fire by George Martin. Wonderful books.
The lowest maximum is 20.
The large step size being x and the smallest 1, you get a function like this:
y = x + (floors/x)
Where floors is the number of floor (duh).
If you plot this (try gnuplot) you get a minimum at 20 for 100 floors.
Fill in and solve gives you this
x^2 - 20*x +100 =0
The answer to this particular problem is 10.
Is this a third world country you're talking about, or are theater operators outside the US actively attempting to kill their own business? ha, that is funny.
Nope, it's Belgium (11th richest country in the world). Yes, I think they are trying to kill their own business. They certainly have run me away.
Ah, and in some theaters the floors are indeed sticky or not cleaned (well) after a bunch of bored teenagers have passed through.
Don't get me wrong. Most of the time it's agreeable, but sometimes the experience isn't. I am just tired of wondering what kind of evening it will be. How much the prices have gone up and what kind of audience I'll be with.
The country I live in has a population equal to New York city.
We have one chain (one of the largest if not the largest in Europe) of theater. And at some point I lived near one of the largest theater complex in Europe.
So I can go to the chain, or to the alternative movie house (more cultural, not main stream) if there is one. And sometimes I just want to see hollywood main stream.
No, english is not my native language, so yes I have to suffer the subtitles.
Good luck finding an employee. And don't think they'll rewind because you had a complaint.
Also, why should I complain in the first place? Aren't decent seats, decent picture and sound quality assumed when this is why you go there in the first place? Isn't it common decency to be quiet so that others can enjoy the movie. Is it surprising your kid is scared when it sees something it shouldn't see at that age?
I go to the theater to enjoy the movie. Not to complain, not to get annoyed, not to tell employees how to do their jobs (during which I miss part of the movie, for which I paid dearly).
No, just give me my home theater.
Or perhaps our perception and tolerance has changed.
As kids we didn't care or did it ourself. As adults, who can't go everyday or to every move and who don't have two months of summer vacation, we just want to watch the movie and not be annoyed by bored kids.
- People chatting instead of watching the movie. The entire length. (happend to me more than once)
- Whining kids.
- Doors not closing automatically when the movie starts, so either you try to ignore the outside glare (really great if the opening scene is quite dark) or you get up and close the door yourself. Which is usually reopened a few minutes later by late people who are looking for a seat. They do this either chatting, either blocking your field of view. Or even worse, they ask you to move from your seat which you have occupied for the last half hour because you were in time and wanted to have a decent position in the theater (relative to the screen) in a chair that is not falling apart.
- One of the sound boxes fails half way, and keeps churning throughout the remainder.
- They start playing the wrong movie.
- Sound system is badly adjusted. Or it's so loud, your ears ring for hours afterwards.
- The sound from the theater above,below,right, left is seeping through the walls.
- Misaligned picture.
- Subtitles (with DVD I can finally turn them off)
- Toilet fee.
- Overpriced food and you are not allowed to bring your own.
- Overpriced tickets. Spend a few euros more and you can buy the dvd after a few months.
- 20 minutes of commercials, and that amount just keeps rising.
- etc.
You're right. Nothing has changed. It has always been crappy. But now we finally have a choice. We can watch at our home theater. I don't want to go to the theater anymore. And when I do, I go with friends. I see it then as a social event and just hope the theater experience that evening isn't too bad. Dinner, movie and bar. Most of the weeks we just skip the movie.Same price as a DVD, no physical media and you have to hand over a piece of your upload quota?
Oh yeah, great idea. Will definitely be a roaring succes.
Is it also possible to choose a provider that uses solely nuclear?
Wind and hydro alone aren't going to cut it. I rather use nuclear than coal or oil.
Yep, the article is utter crap. That is why I went nuts this time. I can to a certain degree tolerate 2 page articles (but please don't do this anyway) if it's decent, but this crappy piece in 7 parts broke the camel's back.
If it the article is broken up into too many partes, I just open the print version. Usually it's devoted of ads. So I someone thought they could shove more ads through our throats by splitting it up: it aint working
Unbelievable, 7 pages to smear out text that could fit easily on a single page. It takes longer to load one such page than to read it.
It's scaring readers away. I am not waiting for your page to load, and I am not clicking multiple times to read a single article.
And while I am at it. Since the invention of tabs, will everyone please stop using links that insist on opening in a new window. I have one window, perhaps two with multiple tabs. And new links are opened in their own tab. But, noooo, sites still insist links are opened in a new window.
Want to keep me as a return visitor? STOP ANNOYING ME. Stop dictating how I can access your data, if you want me to see it.
Yeah, H-bombs are a bit difficult to control.
Helium-3 is also not necessary to archive fusion. Deuterium-tritium reactions will also work, and you don't have to go to the moon to get those elements. Deuterium can be extracted from the sea and tritium can be created in situ by reactions with lithium embedded in the wall of the reactor.
The benefit of using helium 3 is that you bypass the radioactive element tritium.
It's a good idea for the long term, but let us first try to get a working reactor, shall we?
No problem. :)
With all the idiots in our own capital, you would think we have enough to talk about.
Of course you right. When it concerns me/us/rest of the world we pay attention. But in this /. article, the discussion is the electoral system, which determine your leaders who make the non-domestic policies that affect us, the rest of the world. So it thus concern us, especially when it concerns the election of a person who is responsible for the strongest military in the world. This issue of electronic elections and its discussion has been going on for some time on /. Electronic elections are taking place all over the globe, yet the seemingly most advanced country in the world can't make such a system work.
What? you can only know who won, but not how many votes someone got. And if you do know the number of votes, then what does it matter if you also hand out the original file detailing that information? It is not like they know who voted for who, is it?
[rant]I am not an American, but I seem to be more concerned about goes on over there that most Americans. And do you know why? Because some idiot in Washington is controlling the second largest stockpile of nukes in the world. And now Chirac started threatening with nukes as well. Idiots ! I am more scared about the fools in Washington than that megalomaniac in North-Korea.
And Iran wants to stop selling oil in dollars and they either have nukes or soon will.
Do you know that Chinese saying: "May you live in interesting times"? What a curse that one can be at times.[/rant]
Who cares what format was used or that it is proprietary. If it's your data, you can do whatever you want with it, regardless of the format.
And since this is about elections, I would say the public owns the data. So hand it over.