"By manually entering the vertical and horizontal sync in the xorg.conf file it fixed the problem for my 1440x900 screen and I was able to load the LiveCD and finally install Feisty on the hard drive."
If Windows is too hard for people (and it is), what on Earth makes you think mortals will be able to do that? That's not a mature product designed for end users, despite how (otherwise) nice Ubuntu is.
Since when is less than 200ms slow. Maybe you're thinking about bulbs from 7 years ago, but all my bulbs (ranging in age from 2001 to recently, since a few of my circa-2001 bulbs did finally burn out) start up instantly. Some of them get brighter over time, but only the older ones. Newer bulbs are near enough to instant that I can't tell the difference.
Plus I run my entire house on roughly 80w of light.
Since it seems you fooled your mods with handwaving, I'm going to explain what you mean and why you're wrong.
Taking an analog signal and representing it digitally is an application of Nyquist-Shannon sampling. The important bit to understand (for those of you who've never heard of it), is that the Nyquist rate is twice that of the sampling rate you want to record.
A 44.1Khz sampling rate perfectly records a 22.05Khz signal, 48 Khz does 24Khz, etc. Human hearing peaks out at 20Khz for most people, and many people spend a good chunk of their life destroying their upper hearing range with various tools (rock concerts, overly loud headphones, etc) anyway. 48Khz is marginally better, but 44Khz is more than enough to sample anything most people can hear perfectly.
"Let's not perpetrate the myth that music can be recorded losslessly in the first place. All sampling is lossy." -- so, since we're directly sampling (sector-by-sector) the raw bit values, or sampling a perfect reconstruction of a 22Khz signal, there is no loss either way (although the 2nd one has to deal with cables and other noise in the electrical system, since you pass through DAC -- analog -- ADC). At least, not loss humans can hear.
White-collar work, and real University, don't require mandatory attendance.
If I'm busy working on a project for another class, or there's some other reason I don't need to be in a particular place, I'm free to not attend. At my white-collar job, I'm free to skip meetings if there's a demonstrable need -- I'm free to make that decision. I'm responsible for my attendance, and I make the final decision, not some random bean counter who likes to line up pencils on an otherwise clear desk.
High school is blue-collar learning, forcing what should be independent intellectual stimulation into some Ford-styled assembly line of basic-skills people who know little but how to solve the problems that standardized testing gives.
Excessive force seems to be a popular thing with police in the United States. If this person was causing a problem, how hard would it have been to cuff this person? Have you ever been tased? Have you been tased twice? Have you been tased 5 fucking times in 5 minutes? The only thing worse is how no one seemed to care beyond the person smart enough to record it. I'd think you'd lose bowel control by the 5th time, but I've never been tasered, so I can't say.
I know what pepper spray feels like (one of the many non-lethal crown control devices), and it's not pleasant. Do you? Would you be so quick to spray someone who was merely not co-operating, or would you try to reserve that for people who posed a threat? Unless this guy was trying to fight the cops, I don't see how this was justified. Acting like a child doesn't mean you should use this level of force.
For $304, I'd damn well better buy 15 games at $59.99 USD for them to break even, let alone for them to actually make back a decent return on their dollars. Or am I supposed to go ahead and buy around 10 games at $59.99 USD and then make up the other $100 in microtransactions somehow?
(I'm assuming Sony makes $20 out of the $59.99, and the rest is retailer + distributor + publisher + developer overhead).
Check out this Wikipedia entry: ""In God We Trust" is the national motto of the United States of America. It was so designated by an act of Congress in 1956 and officially supersedes "E Pluribus Unum" (Out of Many, One) according to United States Code, Title 36, Section 302. President Eisenhower signed the resolution into law on 30 July 1956.[1]"
It seems to me that tacking on the motto about 180 years after the declaration of independence is a sign of a religious right phase that started in the 1950s with McCarthy and the anti-red movement, and which kept up momentum by hating the other non-christians once the USSR (the largest declared athiest state) crumbled under its own economic corruption.
I agree with the OP -- this seems to be a phase, and a phase that's getting worse because all the 30-40 year old crazies who grew up at the height of red fever seem to think pushing their beliefs is a federal mandate too.
* It's faster under Linux than it was under Windows, but not by much."
You must not have a recenty video card. My GeForce 6800 struggled to hold 25fps in WoW at 1024x768 in Linux with a DX-8ish level of graphics quality (options turned down). Under Windows 2000, I could easily run 1680x1050 around 45 fps with fancy DX 9 transparent water and other shader effects maked, something not possible under Linux.
On the old video card I replaced, a shockingly terrible GeForce 2 MX (which served me otherwise well under Linux, since I never used 3D before) ran faster than in Windows because Windows is really bad at basic things. Once the card was upgraded, Linux wasn't able to keep up because Cedega and Wine simply don't emulate DX/OpenGL well enough for the advanced features.
C is, essentially, portable assembly language. I love it -- it's one of the languages I know the best, and I continue to work in it. However, I'd love to see the use of Cyclone or special compile-time checked languages for the essentials. I think most device drivers could be easily rewritten to be bullet-proof (stack overflow) this way, and such languages are easier to do state machine analysis on (since most device drivers are simple pieces of software that control the state of the hardware). Provably correct operating system design is not a theory, but no one seems to be interested.
CMPT 250 -- Introduction to software development. CMPT 332 -- Operating system concepts. CMPT 352 -- Computer security (can do an implementation project for your group project). CMPT 355 -- Theory and application of databases. CMPT 370 -- Intermediate software engineering. CMPT 371 -- Software managemeng. CMPT 432 -- Advanced operating systems concept. CMPT 470 -- Advanced software engineering. CMPT 481 -- Human-Computer interaction.
The 4 years honours software engineering degree requires most of those, the 4 year honours degree requires most of those, and the 4 year degree encourages you to take them. The software engineering honours also requires CMPT 405 -- a full year-long individual project design and implementation course.
I thought such a curriculm was standard, since places like UBC, U Toronto, Waterloo, etc, seem to have equivalent classes. Perhaps instead of pitching such things to schools which don't have interest in them, you should shop around to other institutions which have the resources to offer a wider breadth of topics. Even as a non-Canadian citizen, you only pay a tuition of $1,000 per class, or about $10,000 a year if you take the absolute maximum course load allowed in the sciences department. How much did you pay per year at your US institution?
The past tense of cost is cost. You sound like a retard or an elementary school child when you write it in a "real" article. This is the first line, too! Do they not hire editors at 1up?
"xtream measures (not THAT extream) to get my 360 on launch day.... i made twice my money back when i listed it on ebay the day after... To me that was worth it, financhaly..."
Obviously money not spent on something useless like a High School education.
(Especially as I find Sony a bunch of asshats), but...
An 8800 GTX is how much, exactly? A PS3 is 550$ CDN. How many PC games will use DX10? 10 games? AFAIK, Halo 1, Half-Life 2, etc, aren't magically DX 10 games since they were written for previous versions of the DX API.
Will SquareEnix be writing PC versions of Final Fantasy XII? X-2?
Cost wise, these cards and the PS3 are close. Game wise, I suspect the PS3 will have more games out than there will be DX10 games. The DX10-Vista lock in is another dis-incentive to go and get a raging boner over an 8800.
I find my Nintendo DS to be a very enjoyable game platform, despite the fact that it doesn't require a 450W power supply, or other conmensurate upgrades, to get the same picture as my PC.
"Yeah, you're missing something. Such as the fact that the Shuttle was designed a quarter century ago, "
I can't believe this was moderated as +5, Insightful.
The shuttle was designed WELL OVER a quarter century ago. A quarter century ago, they had done some much design and testing, they were able to have the maiden flight (STS-1, Columbia launched in April 1981). Shuttle design and specification requirements analysis began in October of 1968. VMS, CP/M, PC-DOS, and 4BSD did not exist when the Shuttle was designed.
You must be thinking of Multics, which was the closest thing to a modern operating system that existed in the 1960s.
Seriously, you have no idea how old the Shuttle design is. I have no idea why they keep using it after the great work done 20 years ago by Richard Feynman who showed that NASA's shuttle design was about 1/100 flights unreliable. For the record, we've sent up 200 missions and had 2 shuttles blown up. The Space Shuttle is a piece of garbage, and NASA has wasted billions exploring low Earth orbit, rather than do something more useful.
"Let's face it, email is a broken protocol. It has no built-in safeguards against these kinds of attacks. The problem I'm seeing is that we're giving up and just saying it's inevitable, when it's clearly not."
You're proposing a technical solution to a social problem.
Imagine if stealing cars wasn't illegial, but people clearly still wanted to keep their cars. Would you say that making the cars more resistant to stealing was the solution? Of course not, because legally people could still come along and do whatever the fuck they wanted to steal your car. Groups of people could legally work together to escalate the car thievery, since they could sell the same cars to dealers at a lower cost than actual production facilities, and it'd keep demand up for cars at the dealership.
You need to actually go and arrest spammers. Technical means only deter small-time people who are dipping their toe in the get-rich-quick field; organized criminals don't care about technical solutions because they can throw as many people at it as you can, and they only have to succeed once (see the smart cow problem).
"And it goes on for about 7 paragraphs with absolutely nothing to do with its pitch. It's because of this nonsense that it makes it into my mailbox in the first place."
Really. See, because it still works for me. Hammy text is not weighed the same as spammy text on my systems. Doing algorithmic disection of the text and looking at ham/spam quality ratings in a decent system (DSPAM) is pretty easy. Naive Bayesian filtering removes context, but clever filtering will look at things like the relative word frequency (blogroll?!).
Anti-spam people have already moved past, you just haven't been looking.
The great part is that email spam with pictures doesn't work, because my server ditches HTML email period. Makes it harder for spammers and phishers alike.
"I sure wish the male pill had been around back then, it was a very "awkward" two years until we didn't need the contraceptives anymore..."
Right, because condoms aren't easy to use and cheap, nor is it easy to get used to 69ing, or any of the multitude of other ways of experiencing sexual gratification with someone...
"Are you on crack? OS X is the best UNIX I've ever used."
Yea, it's wicked, except for the MM performance, VFS performance, POSIX ommisions (RT scheduling requires MACH proprietary APIs!), and fact that on my Core Duo I can freeze the UI when doing an import in iPhoto from a USB card reader.
It's a dual-core CPU, why should the VFS lock up both CPUs?
If I could run the Linux kernel with the MacOS X userland, I'd be happy.
Re:We don' need no steenking standards...
on
Slashdot's Vastu
·
· Score: 2, Insightful
"is just plain silly. The numbers are completely umambiguous unquoted."
When was the last time you wrote a parser? Regex engine? Context free grammar?
These things exist for a reason. English is hard to process in a computer because it's contextual. Would you argue that removing spacing from English is ok because many ideogram-based languages depend on context to tell you what the correct spacing of a sentence is?
What is the proper segmentation of "theyouthevent" ? They you the vent? The youth event? The you the vent? What if there were more words? Do you like executing this algorithm (which is O(n^2) at least) every time you get a sentence? What if we decided that context determined sentence length as well?
You do not know of what you speak. I wish those mods hadn't wasted their points on you, since what you want is a meta-language that can be freely (and slowly) parsed by some interpreter before it generates something that can actually be parsed real time over a (possibly very fast) connection on a network.
"some embedded device or something, or are you a musician?"
Soft real time is for INTERACTIVE PERFORMANCE! Soft real time means I can freely run some DISK I/O hogging app and have a load of 500 and still be able to ssh in easily and kill the offending process. Remember how sweet BeOS was? Like that.
I don't have to be a musician for that, and if I were embedded I'd use a hard-RT core OS with Linux running as a personality on top.
Not to make you feel bad, but my experience on a 24" widescreen monitor is positive. I can easily use the simple Apple button shortcuts or support windows (like the inspector in Pages/Keynote) to get my work done. Rarely do I actually use the menu bar now that I know these shortcuts.
Perhaps these keyboard friendly shortcuts will help you out. You can even edit them via the System Preferences dialog about your keyboard (and its shortcuts).
"By manually entering the vertical and horizontal sync in the xorg.conf file it fixed the problem for my 1440x900 screen and I was able to load the LiveCD and finally install Feisty on the hard drive."
If Windows is too hard for people (and it is), what on Earth makes you think mortals will be able to do that? That's not a mature product designed for end users, despite how (otherwise) nice Ubuntu is.
"1. Apple will announce plans for a set-top box, integrating gaming, cable, and internet browsing"
Your its vs. it's confusion aside, they already announced this in 2006.
Slow startup time?
Since when is less than 200ms slow. Maybe you're thinking about bulbs from 7 years ago, but all my bulbs (ranging in age from 2001 to recently, since a few of my circa-2001 bulbs did finally burn out) start up instantly. Some of them get brighter over time, but only the older ones. Newer bulbs are near enough to instant that I can't tell the difference.
Plus I run my entire house on roughly 80w of light.
Since it seems you fooled your mods with handwaving, I'm going to explain what you mean and why you're wrong.
Taking an analog signal and representing it digitally is an application of Nyquist-Shannon sampling. The important bit to understand (for those of you who've never heard of it), is that the Nyquist rate is twice that of the sampling rate you want to record.
A 44.1Khz sampling rate perfectly records a 22.05Khz signal, 48 Khz does 24Khz, etc. Human hearing peaks out at 20Khz for most people, and many people spend a good chunk of their life destroying their upper hearing range with various tools (rock concerts, overly loud headphones, etc) anyway. 48Khz is marginally better, but 44Khz is more than enough to sample anything most people can hear perfectly.
"Let's not perpetrate the myth that music can be recorded losslessly in the first place. All sampling is lossy." -- so, since we're directly sampling (sector-by-sector) the raw bit values, or sampling a perfect reconstruction of a 22Khz signal, there is no loss either way (although the 2nd one has to deal with cables and other noise in the electrical system, since you pass through DAC -- analog -- ADC). At least, not loss humans can hear.
White-collar work, and real University, don't require mandatory attendance.
If I'm busy working on a project for another class, or there's some other reason I don't need to be in a particular place, I'm free to not attend. At my white-collar job, I'm free to skip meetings if there's a demonstrable need -- I'm free to make that decision. I'm responsible for my attendance, and I make the final decision, not some random bean counter who likes to line up pencils on an otherwise clear desk.
High school is blue-collar learning, forcing what should be independent intellectual stimulation into some Ford-styled assembly line of basic-skills people who know little but how to solve the problems that standardized testing gives.
"He definitely taunted the UCPD into behaving the way they did with him."
O RLY?
Was Jeffrey Miller taunting Ohio National Guardsman into shooting him in the mouth?
Excessive force seems to be a popular thing with police in the United States. If this person was causing a problem, how hard would it have been to cuff this person? Have you ever been tased? Have you been tased twice? Have you been tased 5 fucking times in 5 minutes? The only thing worse is how no one seemed to care beyond the person smart enough to record it. I'd think you'd lose bowel control by the 5th time, but I've never been tasered, so I can't say.
I know what pepper spray feels like (one of the many non-lethal crown control devices), and it's not pleasant. Do you? Would you be so quick to spray someone who was merely not co-operating, or would you try to reserve that for people who posed a threat? Unless this guy was trying to fight the cops, I don't see how this was justified. Acting like a child doesn't mean you should use this level of force.
"Sony bought a customer."
For $304, I'd damn well better buy 15 games at $59.99 USD for them to break even, let alone for them to actually make back a decent return on their dollars. Or am I supposed to go ahead and buy around 10 games at $59.99 USD and then make up the other $100 in microtransactions somehow?
(I'm assuming Sony makes $20 out of the $59.99, and the rest is retailer + distributor + publisher + developer overhead).
Check out this Wikipedia entry:
""In God We Trust" is the national motto of the United States of America. It was so designated by an act of Congress in 1956 and officially supersedes "E Pluribus Unum" (Out of Many, One) according to United States Code, Title 36, Section 302. President Eisenhower signed the resolution into law on 30 July 1956.[1]"
It seems to me that tacking on the motto about 180 years after the declaration of independence is a sign of a religious right phase that started in the 1950s with McCarthy and the anti-red movement, and which kept up momentum by hating the other non-christians once the USSR (the largest declared athiest state) crumbled under its own economic corruption.
I agree with the OP -- this seems to be a phase, and a phase that's getting worse because all the 30-40 year old crazies who grew up at the height of red fever seem to think pushing their beliefs is a federal mandate too.
Shaun, just to let you know before you sound dumb, there is no such thing as 720i.
SDTV -- 480i.
EDTV -- 480p.
HDTV -- 720p, 1080i (and later 1080p was added).
Some betacams had video that could be upscaled to 720i so that it could be reinterlaced to 480p, but that's it.
"On the other hand the benifits(sic) are huge:
* It's faster under Linux than it was under Windows, but not by much."
You must not have a recenty video card. My GeForce 6800 struggled to hold 25fps in WoW at 1024x768 in Linux with a DX-8ish level of graphics quality (options turned down). Under Windows 2000, I could easily run 1680x1050 around 45 fps with fancy DX 9 transparent water and other shader effects maked, something not possible under Linux.
On the old video card I replaced, a shockingly terrible GeForce 2 MX (which served me otherwise well under Linux, since I never used 3D before) ran faster than in Windows because Windows is really bad at basic things. Once the card was upgraded, Linux wasn't able to keep up because Cedega and Wine simply don't emulate DX/OpenGL well enough for the advanced features.
Your "degree" in elementary, or your "degree" in high school?
This has nothing to do with post-secondary education, which is still the only place you get a degree.
We've come a long way in the past 30 years in compiler theory and language design. We can do better than C without losing speed. Or even use a whole OS in a restricted language. You can do compile-time checking of your pointers, as Spin proves.
C is, essentially, portable assembly language. I love it -- it's one of the languages I know the best, and I continue to work in it. However, I'd love to see the use of Cyclone or special compile-time checked languages for the essentials. I think most device drivers could be easily rewritten to be bullet-proof (stack overflow) this way, and such languages are easier to do state machine analysis on (since most device drivers are simple pieces of software that control the state of the hardware). Provably correct operating system design is not a theory, but no one seems to be interested.
Head to a place like the University of Saskatchewan. In terms of group-work classes, you get:
CMPT 250 -- Introduction to software development.
CMPT 332 -- Operating system concepts.
CMPT 352 -- Computer security (can do an implementation project for your group project).
CMPT 355 -- Theory and application of databases.
CMPT 370 -- Intermediate software engineering.
CMPT 371 -- Software managemeng.
CMPT 432 -- Advanced operating systems concept.
CMPT 470 -- Advanced software engineering.
CMPT 481 -- Human-Computer interaction.
The 4 years honours software engineering degree requires most of those, the 4 year honours degree requires most of those, and the 4 year degree encourages you to take them.
The software engineering honours also requires CMPT 405 -- a full year-long individual project design and implementation course.
I thought such a curriculm was standard, since places like UBC, U Toronto, Waterloo, etc, seem to have equivalent classes. Perhaps instead of pitching such things to schools which don't have interest in them, you should shop around to other institutions which have the resources to offer a wider breadth of topics. Even as a non-Canadian citizen, you only pay a tuition of $1,000 per class, or about $10,000 a year if you take the absolute maximum course load allowed in the sciences department. How much did you pay per year at your US institution?
" This one costed $300."
The past tense of cost is cost. You sound like a retard or an elementary school child when you write it in a "real" article. This is the first line, too! Do they not hire editors at 1up?
" xtream measures (not THAT extream) to get my 360 on launch day. ... i made twice my money back when i listed it on ebay the day after... To me that was worth it, financhaly..."
Obviously money not spent on something useless like a High School education.
"Hookt on fonics werkt for me!"
(Especially as I find Sony a bunch of asshats), but...
An 8800 GTX is how much, exactly? A PS3 is 550$ CDN. How many PC games will use DX10? 10 games? AFAIK, Halo 1, Half-Life 2, etc, aren't magically DX 10 games since they were written for previous versions of the DX API.
Will SquareEnix be writing PC versions of Final Fantasy XII? X-2?
Cost wise, these cards and the PS3 are close. Game wise, I suspect the PS3 will have more games out than there will be DX10 games. The DX10-Vista lock in is another dis-incentive to go and get a raging boner over an 8800.
I find my Nintendo DS to be a very enjoyable game platform, despite the fact that it doesn't require a 450W power supply, or other conmensurate upgrades, to get the same picture as my PC.
"Yeah, you're missing something. Such as the fact that the Shuttle was designed a quarter century ago, "
I can't believe this was moderated as +5, Insightful.
The shuttle was designed WELL OVER a quarter century ago. A quarter century ago, they had done some much design and testing, they were able to have the maiden flight (STS-1, Columbia launched in April 1981). Shuttle design and specification requirements analysis began in October of 1968. VMS, CP/M, PC-DOS, and 4BSD did not exist when the Shuttle was designed.
You must be thinking of Multics, which was the closest thing to a modern operating system that existed in the 1960s.
Seriously, you have no idea how old the Shuttle design is. I have no idea why they keep using it after the great work done 20 years ago by Richard Feynman who showed that NASA's shuttle design was about 1/100 flights unreliable. For the record, we've sent up 200 missions and had 2 shuttles blown up. The Space Shuttle is a piece of garbage, and NASA has wasted billions exploring low Earth orbit, rather than do something more useful.
"It probably just means that he only plays FPS on console. "
See also: all those people who thought Golden Eye was a good game!
It's the Septmeber that never ended for video games. Thanks, Microsoft and Sony.
"Let's face it, email is a broken protocol. It has no built-in safeguards against these kinds of attacks. The problem I'm seeing is that we're giving up and just saying it's inevitable, when it's clearly not."
You're proposing a technical solution to a social problem.
Imagine if stealing cars wasn't illegial, but people clearly still wanted to keep their cars. Would you say that making the cars more resistant to stealing was the solution? Of course not, because legally people could still come along and do whatever the fuck they wanted to steal your car. Groups of people could legally work together to escalate the car thievery, since they could sell the same cars to dealers at a lower cost than actual production facilities, and it'd keep demand up for cars at the dealership.
You need to actually go and arrest spammers. Technical means only deter small-time people who are dipping their toe in the get-rich-quick field; organized criminals don't care about technical solutions because they can throw as many people at it as you can, and they only have to succeed once (see the smart cow problem).
"And it goes on for about 7 paragraphs with absolutely nothing to do with its pitch. It's because of this nonsense that it makes it into my mailbox in the first place."
Really. See, because it still works for me. Hammy text is not weighed the same as spammy text on my systems. Doing algorithmic disection of the text and looking at ham/spam quality ratings in a decent system (DSPAM) is pretty easy. Naive Bayesian filtering removes context, but clever filtering will look at things like the relative word frequency (blogroll?!).
Anti-spam people have already moved past, you just haven't been looking.
The great part is that email spam with pictures doesn't work, because my server ditches HTML email period. Makes it harder for spammers and phishers alike.
"I sure wish the male pill had been around back then, it was a very "awkward" two years until we didn't need the contraceptives anymore..."
Right, because condoms aren't easy to use and cheap, nor is it easy to get used to 69ing, or any of the multitude of other ways of experiencing sexual gratification with someone...
"Are you on crack? OS X is the best UNIX I've ever used."
Yea, it's wicked, except for the MM performance, VFS performance, POSIX ommisions (RT scheduling requires MACH proprietary APIs!), and fact that on my Core Duo I can freeze the UI when doing an import in iPhoto from a USB card reader.
It's a dual-core CPU, why should the VFS lock up both CPUs?
If I could run the Linux kernel with the MacOS X userland, I'd be happy.
"is just plain silly. The numbers are completely umambiguous unquoted."
When was the last time you wrote a parser? Regex engine? Context free grammar?
These things exist for a reason. English is hard to process in a computer because it's contextual. Would you argue that removing spacing from English is ok because many ideogram-based languages depend on context to tell you what the correct spacing of a sentence is?
What is the proper segmentation of "theyouthevent" ? They you the vent? The youth event? The you the vent? What if there were more words? Do you like executing this algorithm (which is O(n^2) at least) every time you get a sentence? What if we decided that context determined sentence length as well?
You do not know of what you speak. I wish those mods hadn't wasted their points on you, since what you want is a meta-language that can be freely (and slowly) parsed by some interpreter before it generates something that can actually be parsed real time over a (possibly very fast) connection on a network.
"some embedded device or something, or are you a musician?"
Soft real time is for INTERACTIVE PERFORMANCE! Soft real time means I can freely run some DISK I/O hogging app and have a load of 500 and still be able to ssh in easily and kill the offending process. Remember how sweet BeOS was? Like that.
I don't have to be a musician for that, and if I were embedded I'd use a hard-RT core OS with Linux running as a personality on top.
Not to make you feel bad, but my experience on a 24" widescreen monitor is positive. I can easily use the simple Apple button shortcuts or support windows (like the inspector in Pages/Keynote) to get my work done. Rarely do I actually use the menu bar now that I know these shortcuts.
Perhaps these keyboard friendly shortcuts will help you out. You can even edit them via the System Preferences dialog about your keyboard (and its shortcuts).