Actually, Kashmir uses three time zones. In practice, they use Pakistan time in the Pakistan-occupied, Indian-claimed section; they use Indian time in the India-occupied, Pakistan-claimed section; and they use Chinese time in the Chinese-occupied, Indian-claimed section.
All three countries only have one time zone nationwide, and all three are different. So under Indian law, all three zones are part of India and on Indian time. Under Pakistani law, both Pakistani-claimed zones are part of Pakistan and on Pakistani time. Under Chinese law, the Chinese-occupied zone is part of China and on Chinese time.
Accordingly, there is literally no way to mark Kashmir's time zone(s) that doesn't implicity express an opinion on the soverignty of portions of Kashmir in contradiction of the opinion of at least one of the three involved governments.
If and when a majority of Puerto Ricans want for statehood, then and only then should Congress take any action to make them a state.
Now, it's true that the statehood activists like to claim the last such referrendum produced such a majority, but that's a distortion of the results. In protest over how the ballot described commonwealth status, the pro-commonwealth advocates encouraged people to vote "None of the Above". "None of the Above" won the plurality, and the choices of "None of the Above", "Commonwealth", and "Independence" combined were a huge majority over statehood.
The majority of Puerto Ricans do not want to be a state. Congress shouldn't make them one against their will.
The cold water is already being drawn from the lake to be turned into municipal water. Adding this heat exchanger does not reduce the cold water in the lake any further than what Toronto was already doing. There is accordingly no environmental impact, since there is no change in the amount of heat added to the lake by the city.
Actually, IBM did ship "OS/2 Warp Connect (PowerPC Edition) Version 1.0." To get it, you had to have both a significant commercial relationship with IBM and a computer it would actually run on. But a handful of copies did make it into the wild.
What you're watching is the flailing of a company that knows its old buisness is doomed.
The RISC performance crown is POWER. The price-performance crown is x86. SPARC is stuck in a market slice between these two, and is getting squeezed. And SPARC is unlikely to be able to invade the x86-and-PPC-dominated desktop market, which means its development will always have fewer resources behind it than the squeezers. There's life left in the SPARC platform, but the way the wind is blowing is clear.
So what to do? Well, Sun's trying lots of things, hoping one sticks. If SPARC is in trouble, maybe Solaris can become the universal high-end Unix, running on any machine (that is, x86 and POWER). Maybe the Java Desktop System can secure Sun a slice of the Linux pie, even if Linux (backed by IBM) improves until leaves no room for Solaris. Maybe Java can save the company. Maybe if Sun open-sources key products, it can get the benefits of open development and still be the company people turn to for commercial support of them. Maybe . ..
Who knows? Maybe something will work. It's worth a shot, at least.
Mr. Gruber seems at the first bit talking about whether a Mac-capabilities box could have been built out of commodity x86 hardware; in that case, it would have been a roughly comparable amount of x86 machine code.
(Even if you needed three times more 8086 code to do what the Mac Toolkit did in 64k, there was enough reserved memory addresses in the PC architecture to handle it. With a Herc video card and no ROM BASIC, you would only be committing the addresses for 40k of the 256k in the A, B, E, and F segments of the upper memory area.)
It would be inelegant hackwork to make a Mac out of an early PC, if only because the 8086 and 80286 were such ugly hacks. It might be impossible for performance reasons, or because of PC variety, or whatever. But these problems were not the ones Mr. Gruber brought up. He mentioned video and the need for ROMs, and those the IBM PC and its first clones could handle by early '83.
First, he goes to a lot of trouble to explain that you couldn't run Mac OS on the PCs that were already shipped because they wouldn't have Mac ROMs.
Well, a computer company that licensed the Mac OS could include the Mac OS 64k of ROM on the motherboard with minimal difficulty; the whole 64k E segment of the first megabyte of memory was reserved for BIOS use, but was not actually used on any machines until the PS/2 came out. (Heck, of the 64K in the F segment, only 8k was used by the actual BIOS; on the original PCs and XTs, 32k were used by the IBM Basic and the other 24k were unused.)
There was no retail OS market at the time, but they could have been accomodated as well; ship an adapter card with the ROM on board, to be decoded to the reserved-for-adapter-card-ROM C or D memory segments. Heck, use the same adapter card to attach a bus mouse if you like . ..
Graphically, he's wrong, too. A 1982 Hercules graphics card was perfectly capable of displaying 720 x 348 on 1981 IBM monochrome monitors. Sure, that's 36 pixels shorter vertically than the Mac display, but it's actually higher resolution (250,560 pixels vs. 196,608). When dealing with monochrome graphics, the computer neither knows nor cares whether the monitor uses amber, green, or white phosphors. And a 1984 EGA display, at 640x350, is just barely inferior to a Mac in resolution, and delivered sixteen colors.
There are other issues, of course, which may have made making a Mac out of the PC much more difficult. But Mr. Gruber clearly doesn't know what he's talking about when he opines on early '80s PC hardware.
Nah, all copyrights from 1922 or earlier are expired in the U.S., and even in the retroactive life-plus-seventy EU anything issued as far back as 1836 will have almost certainly run out by now, since the author would have had to live 98 years after the publication.
Not first engine, first internal combustion engine. Steam engines -- even ones running on gas -- are external combustion engines. The technologies are quite distinct.
Well, sure. If you want to run old IBM mainframe apps on new hardware, IBM wants you to buy a current eServer zSeries mainframe. Maintaining 40-year backward compatibility is a buisness strategy, after all.
Oh, please! You're blaming Michael Powell for stuff that happened under the Clinton Administration.
Most of the consolidation of the media had already happened by 2001. Time Warner-Turner-AOL-Times Mirror magazines, Disney-ABC, Viacom-Universal-CBS-Infinity -- these were all Clinton-era combinations. The Telecommunications Act of 1996, which opened the door to massive radio consolidation under Clear Channel and Infinity, was a Clinton-signed law five years before Michael Powell was running the FCC. And so on.
Obviously, you've never hit your computer's backspace key when your client program is designed to send them as ^H but the server's code doesn't recognize any form of backspace. You'd actually get things like teh^H^Hhe appearing in people's text.
Now, true, it was not originally promulgated by atheists, but true atheism is a relatively recent development, downright uncommon until the last few centuries. Its history does clearly show it reflects a rather universal view of morality that's independent of the teachings of any religion or family of religions.
In the sole case where it's actually been enforced for "literally half a century" - Cuba - "the families of immigrants (and imigrants themselves)" are being heard, and the loudest voices among them don't want to repeal the sanctions.
The Cuba sanctions are supported by the most powerful Cuban-American political groups, and by Cuban-American congressmen - like the two Diaz-Balarts (who are Fidel Castro's nephews). That's why Congress hasn't repealed this.
You can call it ethnic discrimination if you like, but it's the ethnicity itself that supports the discrimination.
An IBM eServer zSeries, which you can buy today, can run S/360 binaries from 1964. A Pentium IV microprocessor can run 8086 object code from 1978 and is assembly-language source compatible with 8080s from 1974 and 8008s from 1972. The Z80 is the most popular embedded microcontroller in history, is still available today, and is object-compatible with the 8080 and aseembly compatible with the 8008. PDP-11 emulators are readily available. And so on.
In the United States, the copyright lasts life+70 years for copyrights in the name of an individual for works published in 1978 or later, 95 years in the case of a corporate-held or anonymous copyright for a work published in 1978 or later, and 95 years for any work published from 1923 to 1977 inclusive (with some caveats about renewal rules allowing some to expire earlier).
So, for original 1977 Apple II ROMs, copyright currently expires in 2072 in the U.S.
First, U.S. copyright law was amended to deal with software, including copying in order to run the program, in the Software Copyright Act of 1980. Not 1987.
Second, that law clearly states "it is not an infringement for the owner of a copy of a computer program to make or authorize the making of another copy or adaptation of that computer program provided . . . that such a new copy or adaptation is created as an essential step in the utilization of the computer program in conjunction with a machine and that it is used in no other manner[.]"
Which means, at least in my non-lawyer analysis, it allows you to freely install a program to hard disk in order to use it, in addition to RAM.
Intel originally got upset over AMD selling chips as 386es. There was a multi-year legal fight, during which multiple companies started selling 386s and 486s, and Intel lost the suits on the final appeal shortly before introducing its 486 successor.
Note that a "486" was not necessarily a "real" 486. Cyrix's 486SLC was a 16-bit-bus chip designed as an upgrade part for 386SX boards, which some OEMs put directly in new 386SX boards and sold as if they were full 486s. In fact, it would be outperformed by a good 386DX. The completely unrelated IBM 486SLC was a licensed and tweaked version of of the Intel 386SX, and also had a 16-bit bus. However, it had decent performance due to a large-for-the-time and well-designed cache; the IBM SLC-50 was a good competitor for an Intel DX-33, while the SLC-66 was almost a match for a DX2-66. (Well, at least in integer performance, since it had no on-board FPU.)
Anyway, with numbers unprotected, Intel went with "Pentium". Shortly thereafter, AMD introduced the AMD 5x86 (which was just a clock-quadrupled 486 running at 133 MHz) and K5 (an underperforming Socket 5/7 Pentium clone). Cyrix skipped the number 5 and introduced the Cyrix 6x86 (for socket 5/7), and then released a 75 MHz cut-down version of the 6x86 able to run in 486 motherboards as the Cyrix 5x86. NexGen introduced the Nx586 (which ran on its own bus/socket). NexGen was then developing its Nx686 (again with its own socket design), at which point the company was bought by AMD. AMD renamed it the K6 and made it a Socket 7 chip. Centaur came out with its "C6" WinChip a while later.
Nobody had to license Socket 5/7 from Intel because Intel didn't bother patenting its bus architectures until the Pentium Pro -- in reaction to how quickly Socket 5/7 was cloned. AMD, Centaur, and Cyrix co-developed the Super 7 extension for a while to keep up with Intel's patented bus. By the time the gas ran out of that stopgap, AMD had licensed the Alpha EV7 bus; Cyrix had been bought by National Semiconductor and then sold to VIA, which both had the necessary patent licenses for Intel busses; and Centaur had also been bought by VIA.
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Or do they actually use both time zones there? :)
Actually, Kashmir uses three time zones. In practice, they use Pakistan time in the Pakistan-occupied, Indian-claimed section; they use Indian time in the India-occupied, Pakistan-claimed section; and they use Chinese time in the Chinese-occupied, Indian-claimed section.
All three countries only have one time zone nationwide, and all three are different. So under Indian law, all three zones are part of India and on Indian time. Under Pakistani law, both Pakistani-claimed zones are part of Pakistan and on Pakistani time. Under Chinese law, the Chinese-occupied zone is part of China and on Chinese time.
Accordingly, there is literally no way to mark Kashmir's time zone(s) that doesn't implicity express an opinion on the soverignty of portions of Kashmir in contradiction of the opinion of at least one of the three involved governments.
If and when a majority of Puerto Ricans want for statehood, then and only then should Congress take any action to make them a state.
Now, it's true that the statehood activists like to claim the last such referrendum produced such a majority, but that's a distortion of the results. In protest over how the ballot described commonwealth status, the pro-commonwealth advocates encouraged people to vote "None of the Above". "None of the Above" won the plurality, and the choices of "None of the Above", "Commonwealth", and "Independence" combined were a huge majority over statehood.
The majority of Puerto Ricans do not want to be a state. Congress shouldn't make them one against their will.
Average July high of 79, well below the Nashville 90.
Similarly, a mud puddle is somewhat smaller than Cayuga Lake.
The cold water is already being drawn from the lake to be turned into municipal water. Adding this heat exchanger does not reduce the cold water in the lake any further than what Toronto was already doing. There is accordingly no environmental impact, since there is no change in the amount of heat added to the lake by the city.
Actually, IBM did ship "OS/2 Warp Connect (PowerPC Edition) Version 1.0." To get it, you had to have both a significant commercial relationship with IBM and a computer it would actually run on. But a handful of copies did make it into the wild.
What you're watching is the flailing of a company that knows its old buisness is doomed.
.
The RISC performance crown is POWER. The price-performance crown is x86. SPARC is stuck in a market slice between these two, and is getting squeezed. And SPARC is unlikely to be able to invade the x86-and-PPC-dominated desktop market, which means its development will always have fewer resources behind it than the squeezers. There's life left in the SPARC platform, but the way the wind is blowing is clear.
So what to do? Well, Sun's trying lots of things, hoping one sticks. If SPARC is in trouble, maybe Solaris can become the universal high-end Unix, running on any machine (that is, x86 and POWER). Maybe the Java Desktop System can secure Sun a slice of the Linux pie, even if Linux (backed by IBM) improves until leaves no room for Solaris. Maybe Java can save the company. Maybe if Sun open-sources key products, it can get the benefits of open development and still be the company people turn to for commercial support of them. Maybe . .
Who knows? Maybe something will work. It's worth a shot, at least.
Mr. Gruber seems at the first bit talking about whether a Mac-capabilities box could have been built out of commodity x86 hardware; in that case, it would have been a roughly comparable amount of x86 machine code.
(Even if you needed three times more 8086 code to do what the Mac Toolkit did in 64k, there was enough reserved memory addresses in the PC architecture to handle it. With a Herc video card and no ROM BASIC, you would only be committing the addresses for 40k of the 256k in the A, B, E, and F segments of the upper memory area.)
It would be inelegant hackwork to make a Mac out of an early PC, if only because the 8086 and 80286 were such ugly hacks. It might be impossible for performance reasons, or because of PC variety, or whatever. But these problems were not the ones Mr. Gruber brought up. He mentioned video and the need for ROMs, and those the IBM PC and its first clones could handle by early '83.
Man, if I hadn't stopped to read comments before writing mine, I'd have beaten you.
If I'd waited longer, I wouldn't have had to.
First, he goes to a lot of trouble to explain that you couldn't run Mac OS on the PCs that were already shipped because they wouldn't have Mac ROMs.
.
Well, a computer company that licensed the Mac OS could include the Mac OS 64k of ROM on the motherboard with minimal difficulty; the whole 64k E segment of the first megabyte of memory was reserved for BIOS use, but was not actually used on any machines until the PS/2 came out. (Heck, of the 64K in the F segment, only 8k was used by the actual BIOS; on the original PCs and XTs, 32k were used by the IBM Basic and the other 24k were unused.)
There was no retail OS market at the time, but they could have been accomodated as well; ship an adapter card with the ROM on board, to be decoded to the reserved-for-adapter-card-ROM C or D memory segments. Heck, use the same adapter card to attach a bus mouse if you like . .
Graphically, he's wrong, too. A 1982 Hercules graphics card was perfectly capable of displaying 720 x 348 on 1981 IBM monochrome monitors. Sure, that's 36 pixels shorter vertically than the Mac display, but it's actually higher resolution (250,560 pixels vs. 196,608). When dealing with monochrome graphics, the computer neither knows nor cares whether the monitor uses amber, green, or white phosphors. And a 1984 EGA display, at 640x350, is just barely inferior to a Mac in resolution, and delivered sixteen colors.
There are other issues, of course, which may have made making a Mac out of the PC much more difficult. But Mr. Gruber clearly doesn't know what he's talking about when he opines on early '80s PC hardware.
Nah, all copyrights from 1922 or earlier are expired in the U.S., and even in the retroactive life-plus-seventy EU anything issued as far back as 1836 will have almost certainly run out by now, since the author would have had to live 98 years after the publication.
Not first engine, first internal combustion engine. Steam engines -- even ones running on gas -- are external combustion engines. The technologies are quite distinct.
Of course there is a God, for TiVo is God's machine.
Well, sure. If you want to run old IBM mainframe apps on new hardware, IBM wants you to buy a current eServer zSeries mainframe. Maintaining 40-year backward compatibility is a buisness strategy, after all.
They've got the "more " link for them.
Oh, please! You're blaming Michael Powell for stuff that happened under the Clinton Administration.
Most of the consolidation of the media had already happened by 2001. Time Warner-Turner-AOL-Times Mirror magazines, Disney-ABC, Viacom-Universal-CBS-Infinity -- these were all Clinton-era combinations. The Telecommunications Act of 1996, which opened the door to massive radio consolidation under Clear Channel and Infinity, was a Clinton-signed law five years before Michael Powell was running the FCC. And so on.
Obviously, you've never hit your computer's backspace key when your client program is designed to send them as ^H but the server's code doesn't recognize any form of backspace. You'd actually get things like teh^H^Hhe appearing in people's text.
Jesus didn't come up with the "Golden Rule". It was promulgated hundreds of years BC by Confucius, Socrates, and half-a-dozen non-Christian religions.
Now, true, it was not originally promulgated by atheists, but true atheism is a relatively recent development, downright uncommon until the last few centuries. Its history does clearly show it reflects a rather universal view of morality that's independent of the teachings of any religion or family of religions.
Heh. Don't tell Kant.
In the sole case where it's actually been enforced for "literally half a century" - Cuba - "the families of immigrants (and imigrants themselves)" are being heard, and the loudest voices among them don't want to repeal the sanctions.
The Cuba sanctions are supported by the most powerful Cuban-American political groups, and by Cuban-American congressmen - like the two Diaz-Balarts (who are Fidel Castro's nephews). That's why Congress hasn't repealed this.
You can call it ethnic discrimination if you like, but it's the ethnicity itself that supports the discrimination.
Hardware is easily replaceable.
An IBM eServer zSeries, which you can buy today, can run S/360 binaries from 1964. A Pentium IV microprocessor can run 8086 object code from 1978 and is assembly-language source compatible with 8080s from 1974 and 8008s from 1972. The Z80 is the most popular embedded microcontroller in history, is still available today, and is object-compatible with the 8080 and aseembly compatible with the 8008. PDP-11 emulators are readily available. And so on.
In the United States, the copyright lasts life+70 years for copyrights in the name of an individual for works published in 1978 or later, 95 years in the case of a corporate-held or anonymous copyright for a work published in 1978 or later, and 95 years for any work published from 1923 to 1977 inclusive (with some caveats about renewal rules allowing some to expire earlier).
So, for original 1977 Apple II ROMs, copyright currently expires in 2072 in the U.S.
First, U.S. copyright law was amended to deal with software, including copying in order to run the program, in the Software Copyright Act of 1980. Not 1987.
Second, that law clearly states "it is not an infringement for the owner of a copy of a computer program to make or authorize the making of another copy or adaptation of that computer program provided . . . that such a new copy or adaptation is created as an essential step in the utilization of the computer program in conjunction with a machine and that it is used in no other manner[.]"
Which means, at least in my non-lawyer analysis, it allows you to freely install a program to hard disk in order to use it, in addition to RAM.
The #1 beer in Canada is Budweiser
To be hyper-pedantic . . .
Intel originally got upset over AMD selling chips as 386es. There was a multi-year legal fight, during which multiple companies started selling 386s and 486s, and Intel lost the suits on the final appeal shortly before introducing its 486 successor.
Note that a "486" was not necessarily a "real" 486. Cyrix's 486SLC was a 16-bit-bus chip designed as an upgrade part for 386SX boards, which some OEMs put directly in new 386SX boards and sold as if they were full 486s. In fact, it would be outperformed by a good 386DX. The completely unrelated IBM 486SLC was a licensed and tweaked version of of the Intel 386SX, and also had a 16-bit bus. However, it had decent performance due to a large-for-the-time and well-designed cache; the IBM SLC-50 was a good competitor for an Intel DX-33, while the SLC-66 was almost a match for a DX2-66. (Well, at least in integer performance, since it had no on-board FPU.)
Anyway, with numbers unprotected, Intel went with "Pentium". Shortly thereafter, AMD introduced the AMD 5x86 (which was just a clock-quadrupled 486 running at 133 MHz) and K5 (an underperforming Socket 5/7 Pentium clone). Cyrix skipped the number 5 and introduced the Cyrix 6x86 (for socket 5/7), and then released a 75 MHz cut-down version of the 6x86 able to run in 486 motherboards as the Cyrix 5x86. NexGen introduced the Nx586 (which ran on its own bus/socket). NexGen was then developing its Nx686 (again with its own socket design), at which point the company was bought by AMD. AMD renamed it the K6 and made it a Socket 7 chip. Centaur came out with its "C6" WinChip a while later.
Nobody had to license Socket 5/7 from Intel because Intel didn't bother patenting its bus architectures until the Pentium Pro -- in reaction to how quickly Socket 5/7 was cloned. AMD, Centaur, and Cyrix co-developed the Super 7 extension for a while to keep up with Intel's patented bus. By the time the gas ran out of that stopgap, AMD had licensed the Alpha EV7 bus; Cyrix had been bought by National Semiconductor and then sold to VIA, which both had the necessary patent licenses for Intel busses; and Centaur had also been bought by VIA.