It's [an.v/\.lop]. This is because it comes from French, where it's pronounced [~E] which is closer phonetically to [an] than to [En] -- [~E] and [a] are both made toward the rear of the oral cavity whereas [E] is a front vowel.
The "c" in "coupon" is a [k] -- an unvoiced VELAR stop. There's no reason to palatize it (ask your Russian wife about soft vowels and palatization of consonants). So lacking a high front vowel after it, there's no reason it should be anything but [ku.pan]
I somehow suspect I'll be modded Off-Topic. I don't see why interesting scientific discussions should be modded down just because nobody happens to submit linguistics pieces to Slashdot. *sigh* Phonetics is very relevant to the computer industry (speech synthesis/processing...) !
From the website: "We are currently working on integrating an x86 emulator in wine in order to run Win32 exe on a PowerPC Box. But on Darwin-x86 a Win32.exe should run within wine" http://darwine.opendarwin.org/faq.php#5
So yeah it will involve an emulator on PPC but remember that Darwin is also on x86. So WINE will still be NE but will be used in conjunction with something that IE (is an emulator).:-)
I'm going to patent the concept of registering ideas within a centralized database for the purpose of 'protecting' those ideas by law against use by those without my explicit permission.
Debian's package management is technologically superior to Mandrake's. dpkg/dselect are way more flexible and powerful. But the ports system is way better. That's why true Linux afficiandos who don't use Debian use Gentoo -- portage is based on the FreeBSD ports system. The only thing is that there isn't a simple, one-size-fits-all graphical interface to all that AFAIK.
Things like this happen because the entire system is flawed.
Some of you may not like this, but this country's political system at its foundation is socialist. "By the people, for the people" makes it pretty clear.
However, modern U.S. Governments have placed businesses over people in terms of importance. This creates a constant power struggle.
There are certain un-codified doctrines that help tip the favor of the government back toward the people, such as Fair Use, but other factors make things worse for people and better for businesses.
The question is, really: How can we have freedom and openness and be a productive society, in which everyone is culturally involved, in a country that enacts laws to promote the hoarding of that upon which our entire culture is based -- knowledge, information, and scientific discovery?
The short answer is, we cannot. One or the other must eventually fall.
I don't believe they're ditching anything. I think it simply means that, as far as Apple is concerned, both components are to be considered part of the kernel, as Mach is pretty useless without anything running on top of it.
Like your screen name. That about sums you up. But I shall reply nonetheless.
First, I'll overlook your shallow comment. You can't back that up.
Second, I'll look at your definition of profit. "To make progress; to advance, go forward; to improve, prosper, grow, increase (in some respect)." is what the OED says. So no, a cause does not count as profit unless that cause is genuinely *progress*, in which case society profits, not the agent catalyzing that which makes the profit.
Next, the domain issue. Your first claim is that "he was/is a cyber squatter." This is patently wrong. Nobody else has a *right* to that domain, and there is no person of major (nation-wide) social import who has a name of Fallwell. So no, he is not a cyber squatter.
Next you claim he tricked people into visiting 'the domain' (this makes me question exactly how much you know what you're talking about, as a domain is not a place to be visited, but an alias to an IP address or set of IP addresses). This again is patently false. Even if you misspell Jerry Falwell's surname as Fallwell, the title for http://www.fallwell.com/ on Google's search results page is "Jerry Falwell's anti-gay preaching and writing causes death, pain...". That is enough information to determine that the site is anti-Falwell and in no way endorsed by him. Therefore, your claim that he "tricked" people falls short.
Next you call the website author "bigoted". OED defines this as "Obstinately and blindly attached to some creed, opinion, or party; unreasonably devoted to a system or party, and intolerant towards others." Now, the website author expressed only intolerance toward Jerry Falwell, and provied several examples on his website for his reasons therefor, including that Falwell claimed America deserved the 9-11 attack. He also links therein to the CNN story, backing this claim up. Backing claims up using independent and credible news stories is not "obstinately and blindly attached" but objective and scientific and in itself credible.
As far as Falwell acting "in good faith," you gave no reasons as to why you believe that to be true.
"Everyone is entitled to a point of view..." While I commend you on your ability to negotiate this grammatically sticky sentence and avoid using a plural possessive to indicate singular simply because you are generalizing and therefore need gender-neutrality, I do not agree with your obvious misdefinition of point of view. A point of view is just that -- a reference point from which a singular issue can be seen in different light by reasonable minds. This is not what Jerry Falwell has ever expressed. No reasonable mind can justify mass discrimination against an arbitrary group of people.
"What people aren't entitled to is using someone elses [sic] name or property to make the [sic] statments [sic] without their [sic] permission." So I cannot say "Microsoft lost in the anti-trust case with the Department of Justice" without the consent of Microsoft, because I used their name? I think you need to clarify this point. If you're talking about the domain and not the content, however, as I suspect you are, you must remind yourself that his name is "Falwell" not "Fallwell".
I'll ignore your F911 comment because it is neither pertinent nor analogous.
Wrong. Just plain wrong. Have you even looked at the site? Go to http://web.archive.org/web/20030621061434/http://f allwell.com/
Maybe he had *A* link to Amazon. But it doesn't show up on this version. It's obvious the site existed pre-amazon-link:. its purpose was not to make money. So no, there is no standing. The judge is obviously just a bigot.
Not to mention the fact that he didn't use Falwell's name at all, except talking directly about him. Can Microsoft sue people for trademark infringement when they write negative reviews? Of course not. Directly analogous.
The problem with the whole "The author's name was not Fallwell" argument is that having that name is completely irrelevant. There is no *right* to own a domain. It's first-come, first-serve. The only exception is trademark which this is all about. However, since you can't trademark exhibit X and everything similar thereto, this case has no standing whatsoever. This is as stupid as the Lindows thing.
Time to scrap the country and start again. Public execution for people like this judge. This is clearly a case of treason: an attack against the fundamental rights of fair use in parody; an attack against free speech; an attack against the American people.
If you encourage hate and the destruction of society, you should die. Immediately.
This is not a trademark infringement because they are not in the same industry. There is nothing in IP law as far as I know that says a person cannot make money using a parody. Parody is covered under fair use doctrine. The double-entendre signifies satire: fall is a verb, well is an adverb, they are constantly used in conjunction, and in its loose interpretation, it means that someone is very good at doing something very shitty. I don't know the author personally but I think that this was the desired effect, in which case this is clearly a pun, a satirical parody on the name, and is protected by IP law. This decision is wrong just as it would be wrong for Microsoft to shut down http://www.microsuck.com/ Please see http://www.publaw.com/parody.html
According to the article, "Lamparello's site criticizes Falwell's stance against homosexuality and includes a disclaimer that reads, 'This Web site is not affiliated with Jerry Falwell Ministries.'" This means that the decision that it would be confusing to visitors is a load of tripe. It is very clearly anti-Falwell and says there is no affiliation explicitly. If you would like to see the website, here's a snapshot from a year ago: http://web.archive.org/web/20030621061434/http://f allwell.com/ It was the latest one I could find.
This ruling is absolutely non-sensical and -- as far as I know -- without precedent.
No, I was editing your quote to be grammatically viable within the context I was using it. That's what those little square brackets are for -- editorial changes. In the context I was using it, "like to make some solution" doesn't work semantically, because I'm talking about a general preference, which would apply to more than just one instance. Thus, I made it plural. I indicated my editorial change with [] so that anyone reading it would know that it was not part of the original quote.
The job of a software engineer is to (gasp) engineer software. If it is a one-time hack, give it to some programming lackey, not one of your senior system architects.
So a software engineer is someone with vocational training? I can go to ITT or something and be a "software engineer"?
I was under the impression that software engineers were, well, the kind of people who like to make "correct[,]... engineered solution[s]" -- hence the word "engineer".
Software engineers aren't interested in "a nasty grubby unmaintainable hack" because they know that in the long run it will do more harm than good.
As a Michigander, I can promise you, Hell freezes over every year, regularly. So does Ypsilanti and so does Ann Arbor and so does every other town in the vicinity (and the state).:-)
Yes, "BSD" has a pre-emptive kernel. BSD/OS has a pre-emptive kernel. BSDi was bought by Walnut Creek and they are providing a snapshot of their code to the FreeBSD team who is using some of the BSDi team's work to make their own kernel pre-emptive, as well. Please see "Revamping the BSD multiprocessor code" at http://www.daemonnews.org/200008/dadvocate.html
You can also see a good argument against it, dating back to 2000 from Matt Dillon: "I would not characterize this as 'biting the bullet'. Having a preemptive kernel is unlikely to improve performance. The only reason there might be preemption at all is to deal wth interrupts. Interrupts currently preempt supervisor code. If interrupts are moved to interrupt threads then interrupt threads would need to be able to preempt supervisor code. In this fashion the supervisor thread would be preempted, but that is very different from having supervisor threads preempt other supervisor threads (something we probably will not do)." See http://docs.freebsd.org/cgi/getmsg.cgi?fetch=65989 +0+archive/2000/freebsd-arch/20000528.freebsd-arch
Actually, the whole discussion is very interesting and I have learned a lot this morning about SMP and preemption and so on from reading. Thanks for bringing this up.:)
Right. Society doesn't help you at all, and you don't see anything from those taxes that you put in, right?
I assume that means you don't eat, or only eat imported food? After all, the government subsidizes American farming operations so that food will be cheaper.
I also assume that means you don't drive? Because the government also subsidizes 67% of gasoline prices (compare how much you pay in the US to how much you pay in Canada, which subsidizes a much smaller percentage of gasoline).
I take this to mean also that you plan on working until the day you die, and as soon as you stop being productive around age 50 or 60 or so you will commit suicide for the benefit of society so that you aren't supported by social security?
And of course, if society didn't have its affinity for wood products, I assume you would still have a job that pays $8/hr, enough to feed someone for two days for every hour of work? Millions upon millions of people would kill for that. But you take it for granted. Why? Because your society allows that kind of economy.
I guess you're right. Society doesn't owe you anything -- other than a smack up alongside your head.
So you would propose "A competent C programmer does how to avoid buffer overflows." ?
Seems like you're comparing grammatical apples and oranges.
Nowadays using C when it isn't absolutely necessary is being...
Using C is never *absolutely necessary*. So you would propose that writing an OS in it is stupid and ignorant because BeOS showed that it could be done in C++? That, of course, would mean that most OSes, including -- probably -- the one you're using, is made by stupid and ignorant people. Which is why BeOS is better than UNIX and all variations and clones thereof, right?
When meat is digested the protein is broken into the individual amino acids, iirc, which are then used to form protein specific to the animal doing the digesting.
When X eats Y, X breaks down Y on the molecular level, and makes that bit of Y become something new and unique to X.
It's not like the dogs who eat Purina have little chunks of horse tissue in their bodies. If that's how it worked, those little chunks would no doubt be rejected by the immune system.
You know that the entire system is open-source, right? Why not fix it yourself. Make Slashtod XHTML 1.x compliant (DTD of your choice) while you're at it, eh? Thanks a bunch.
Actually, this wouldn't make such a bad project if I didn't work 50 hours a week... Maybe we should do this.
I've always heard that NetBSD has excellent hardware support in addition to running on multiple architectures. However, I think I have to disagree with this out of personal experience.
I tried installing NetBSD on my HP Pavilion XF315 laptop (the Walmart.com xf315, which was actually ze1000 or something) last summer... 1.6.1 I think it was. The installation program froze while making devices, and the partition tool destroyed my partition table. Apparently I'm not the only one to have trouble with MAKEDEV on an hp (see here). I realize now that this was a combination of Mandrakes weird partitioning quirks and NetBSD's inability to understand them, but it *should have just left well enough alone*. I never told it to touch my data partition (FAT32) but I nevertheless had to install RedHat and grep -f/dev/hda to manually search for important data (like some source code and a list of contact info) that wasn't backed up. This was enough to turn me off to NetBSD for good -- or at least until 2.x comes out <grin>.
FreeBSD makes all devices without a hitch. I even have sound working on it! Something I can't say about RedHat or any of the other 'user-friendly' Linux distros.
Slashdot Mirror
It's [an.v/\.lop]. This is because it comes from French, where it's pronounced [~E] which is closer phonetically to [an] than to [En] -- [~E] and [a] are both made toward the rear of the oral cavity whereas [E] is a front vowel.
The "c" in "coupon" is a [k] -- an unvoiced VELAR stop. There's no reason to palatize it (ask your Russian wife about soft vowels and palatization of consonants). So lacking a high front vowel after it, there's no reason it should be anything but [ku.pan]
I somehow suspect I'll be modded Off-Topic. I don't see why interesting scientific discussions should be modded down just because nobody happens to submit linguistics pieces to Slashdot. *sigh* Phonetics is very relevant to the computer industry (speech synthesis/processing...) !
From the website: "We are currently working on integrating an x86 emulator in wine in order to run Win32 exe on a PowerPC Box. But on Darwin-x86 a Win32 .exe should run within wine" http://darwine.opendarwin.org/faq.php#5
:-)
So yeah it will involve an emulator on PPC but remember that Darwin is also on x86. So WINE will still be NE but will be used in conjunction with something that IE (is an emulator).
I'm going to patent the concept of registering ideas within a centralized database for the purpose of 'protecting' those ideas by law against use by those without my explicit permission.
Debian's package management is technologically superior to Mandrake's. dpkg/dselect are way more flexible and powerful. But the ports system is way better. That's why true Linux afficiandos who don't use Debian use Gentoo -- portage is based on the FreeBSD ports system. The only thing is that there isn't a simple, one-size-fits-all graphical interface to all that AFAIK.
PS -- I'm #5!
Things like this happen because the entire system is flawed.
Some of you may not like this, but this country's political system at its foundation is socialist. "By the people, for the people" makes it pretty clear.
However, modern U.S. Governments have placed businesses over people in terms of importance. This creates a constant power struggle.
There are certain un-codified doctrines that help tip the favor of the government back toward the people, such as Fair Use, but other factors make things worse for people and better for businesses.
The question is, really: How can we have freedom and openness and be a productive society, in which everyone is culturally involved, in a country that enacts laws to promote the hoarding of that upon which our entire culture is based -- knowledge, information, and scientific discovery?
The short answer is, we cannot. One or the other must eventually fall.
I don't believe they're ditching anything. I think it simply means that, as far as Apple is concerned, both components are to be considered part of the kernel, as Mach is pretty useless without anything running on top of it.
Like your screen name. That about sums you up. But I shall reply nonetheless.
...". That is enough information to determine that the site is anti-Falwell and in no way endorsed by him. Therefore, your claim that he "tricked" people falls short.
First, I'll overlook your shallow comment. You can't back that up.
Second, I'll look at your definition of profit. "To make progress; to advance, go forward; to improve, prosper, grow, increase (in some respect)." is what the OED says. So no, a cause does not count as profit unless that cause is genuinely *progress*, in which case society profits, not the agent catalyzing that which makes the profit.
Next, the domain issue. Your first claim is that "he was/is a cyber squatter." This is patently wrong. Nobody else has a *right* to that domain, and there is no person of major (nation-wide) social import who has a name of Fallwell. So no, he is not a cyber squatter.
Next you claim he tricked people into visiting 'the domain' (this makes me question exactly how much you know what you're talking about, as a domain is not a place to be visited, but an alias to an IP address or set of IP addresses). This again is patently false. Even if you misspell Jerry Falwell's surname as Fallwell, the title for http://www.fallwell.com/ on Google's search results page is "Jerry Falwell's anti-gay preaching and writing causes death, pain
Next you call the website author "bigoted". OED defines this as "Obstinately and blindly attached to some creed, opinion, or party; unreasonably devoted to a system or party, and intolerant towards others." Now, the website author expressed only intolerance toward Jerry Falwell, and provied several examples on his website for his reasons therefor, including that Falwell claimed America deserved the 9-11 attack. He also links therein to the CNN story, backing this claim up. Backing claims up using independent and credible news stories is not "obstinately and blindly attached" but objective and scientific and in itself credible.
As far as Falwell acting "in good faith," you gave no reasons as to why you believe that to be true.
"Everyone is entitled to a point of view..." While I commend you on your ability to negotiate this grammatically sticky sentence and avoid using a plural possessive to indicate singular simply because you are generalizing and therefore need gender-neutrality, I do not agree with your obvious misdefinition of point of view. A point of view is just that -- a reference point from which a singular issue can be seen in different light by reasonable minds. This is not what Jerry Falwell has ever expressed. No reasonable mind can justify mass discrimination against an arbitrary group of people.
"What people aren't entitled to is using someone elses [sic] name or property to make the [sic] statments [sic] without their [sic] permission." So I cannot say "Microsoft lost in the anti-trust case with the Department of Justice" without the consent of Microsoft, because I used their name? I think you need to clarify this point. If you're talking about the domain and not the content, however, as I suspect you are, you must remind yourself that his name is "Falwell" not "Fallwell".
I'll ignore your F911 comment because it is neither pertinent nor analogous.
You know, I'm getting really sick and tired of you ignorant idiots.
"The upgraded kernel, based on FreeBSD 5.x..."
Go argue 'til your heart's content with Apple about Apple stuff. Until then, STFU and RTFM.
Wrong. Just plain wrong. Have you even looked at the site? Go to http://web.archive.org/web/20030621061434/http://f allwell.com/
Maybe he had *A* link to Amazon. But it doesn't show up on this version. It's obvious the site existed pre-amazon-link :. its purpose was not to make money. So no, there is no standing. The judge is obviously just a bigot.
Not to mention the fact that he didn't use Falwell's name at all, except talking directly about him. Can Microsoft sue people for trademark infringement when they write negative reviews? Of course not. Directly analogous.
The problem with the whole "The author's name was not Fallwell" argument is that having that name is completely irrelevant. There is no *right* to own a domain. It's first-come, first-serve. The only exception is trademark which this is all about. However, since you can't trademark exhibit X and everything similar thereto, this case has no standing whatsoever. This is as stupid as the Lindows thing.
Time to scrap the country and start again. Public execution for people like this judge. This is clearly a case of treason: an attack against the fundamental rights of fair use in parody; an attack against free speech; an attack against the American people.
If you encourage hate and the destruction of society, you should die. Immediately.
Before I start, IANAL, but...
This is not a trademark infringement because they are not in the same industry. There is nothing in IP law as far as I know that says a person cannot make money using a parody. Parody is covered under fair use doctrine. The double-entendre signifies satire: fall is a verb, well is an adverb, they are constantly used in conjunction, and in its loose interpretation, it means that someone is very good at doing something very shitty. I don't know the author personally but I think that this was the desired effect, in which case this is clearly a pun, a satirical parody on the name, and is protected by IP law. This decision is wrong just as it would be wrong for Microsoft to shut down http://www.microsuck.com/ Please see http://www.publaw.com/parody.html
According to the article, "Lamparello's site criticizes Falwell's stance against homosexuality and includes a disclaimer that reads, 'This Web site is not affiliated with Jerry Falwell Ministries.'" This means that the decision that it would be confusing to visitors is a load of tripe. It is very clearly anti-Falwell and says there is no affiliation explicitly. If you would like to see the website, here's a snapshot from a year ago: http://web.archive.org/web/20030621061434/http://f allwell.com/ It was the latest one I could find.
This ruling is absolutely non-sensical and -- as far as I know -- without precedent.
No, I was editing your quote to be grammatically viable within the context I was using it. That's what those little square brackets are for -- editorial changes. In the context I was using it, "like to make some solution" doesn't work semantically, because I'm talking about a general preference, which would apply to more than just one instance. Thus, I made it plural. I indicated my editorial change with [] so that anyone reading it would know that it was not part of the original quote.
The job of a software engineer is to (gasp) engineer software. If it is a one-time hack, give it to some programming lackey, not one of your senior system architects.
So a software engineer is someone with vocational training? I can go to ITT or something and be a "software engineer"?
... engineered solution[s]" -- hence the word "engineer".
I was under the impression that software engineers were, well, the kind of people who like to make "correct[,]
Software engineers aren't interested in "a nasty grubby unmaintainable hack" because they know that in the long run it will do more harm than good.
As a Michigander, I can promise you, Hell freezes over every year, regularly. So does Ypsilanti and so does Ann Arbor and so does every other town in the vicinity (and the state). :-)
Yes, "BSD" has a pre-emptive kernel. BSD/OS has a pre-emptive kernel. BSDi was bought by Walnut Creek and they are providing a snapshot of their code to the FreeBSD team who is using some of the BSDi team's work to make their own kernel pre-emptive, as well. Please see "Revamping the BSD multiprocessor code" at http://www.daemonnews.org/200008/dadvocate.html
9 +0+archive/2000/freebsd-arch/20000528.freebsd-arch
:)
You can also see a good argument against it, dating back to 2000 from Matt Dillon:
"I would not characterize this as 'biting the bullet'. Having a preemptive kernel is unlikely to improve performance. The only reason there might be preemption at all is to deal wth interrupts. Interrupts currently preempt supervisor code. If interrupts are moved to interrupt threads then interrupt threads would need to be able to preempt supervisor code. In this fashion the supervisor thread would be preempted, but that is very different from having supervisor threads preempt other supervisor threads (something we probably will not do)."
See http://docs.freebsd.org/cgi/getmsg.cgi?fetch=6598
Actually, the whole discussion is very interesting and I have learned a lot this morning about SMP and preemption and so on from reading. Thanks for bringing this up.
Oops *blush*
Yeah I'm willing to give it a try. I've always liked NetBSD's philosophy better than FreeBSD's.
Besides...
"Congratulations, NetBSD! NetBSD now has better scalability than FreeBSD." http://bulk.fefe.de/scalability/#netbsd2
We'll see. I may like it better. Or not. Never know.
Right. Society doesn't help you at all, and you don't see anything from those taxes that you put in, right?
I assume that means you don't eat, or only eat imported food? After all, the government subsidizes American farming operations so that food will be cheaper.
I also assume that means you don't drive? Because the government also subsidizes 67% of gasoline prices (compare how much you pay in the US to how much you pay in Canada, which subsidizes a much smaller percentage of gasoline).
I take this to mean also that you plan on working until the day you die, and as soon as you stop being productive around age 50 or 60 or so you will commit suicide for the benefit of society so that you aren't supported by social security?
And of course, if society didn't have its affinity for wood products, I assume you would still have a job that pays $8/hr, enough to feed someone for two days for every hour of work? Millions upon millions of people would kill for that. But you take it for granted. Why? Because your society allows that kind of economy.
I guess you're right. Society doesn't owe you anything -- other than a smack up alongside your head.
Oh man, if I had mod points you'd get a +1 Funny
chto eto tokoy? polskiy yazyk?
So you would propose "A competent C programmer does how to avoid buffer overflows." ?
Seems like you're comparing grammatical apples and oranges.
Using C is never *absolutely necessary*. So you would propose that writing an OS in it is stupid and ignorant because BeOS showed that it could be done in C++? That, of course, would mean that most OSes, including -- probably -- the one you're using, is made by stupid and ignorant people. Which is why BeOS is better than UNIX and all variations and clones thereof, right?
Ti sovietskiy? Ya ni sovietskiy. Ti znayesh', chto eto Rossiskaya Federatsia, ni SSSR, nyet?
Devai dumat'!
Err... umm... not exactly.
When meat is digested the protein is broken into the individual amino acids, iirc, which are then used to form protein specific to the animal doing the digesting.
When X eats Y, X breaks down Y on the molecular level, and makes that bit of Y become something new and unique to X.
It's not like the dogs who eat Purina have little chunks of horse tissue in their bodies. If that's how it worked, those little chunks would no doubt be rejected by the immune system.
I don't believe that Funny gets you Karma...
"Note that being moderated Funny doesn't help your karma. You have to be smart, not just a smart-ass."
From http://slashdot.org/faq/com-mod.shtml
You know that the entire system is open-source, right? Why not fix it yourself. Make Slashtod XHTML 1.x compliant (DTD of your choice) while you're at it, eh? Thanks a bunch.
Actually, this wouldn't make such a bad project if I didn't work 50 hours a week... Maybe we should do this.
I've always heard that NetBSD has excellent hardware support in addition to running on multiple architectures. However, I think I have to disagree with this out of personal experience.
I tried installing NetBSD on my HP Pavilion XF315 laptop (the Walmart.com xf315, which was actually ze1000 or something) last summer... 1.6.1 I think it was. The installation program froze while making devices, and the partition tool destroyed my partition table. Apparently I'm not the only one to have trouble with MAKEDEV on an hp (see here). I realize now that this was a combination of Mandrakes weird partitioning quirks and NetBSD's inability to understand them, but it *should have just left well enough alone*. I never told it to touch my data partition (FAT32) but I nevertheless had to install RedHat and grep -f /dev/hda to manually search for important data (like some source code and a list of contact info) that wasn't backed up. This was enough to turn me off to NetBSD for good -- or at least until 2.x comes out <grin>.
FreeBSD makes all devices without a hitch. I even have sound working on it! Something I can't say about RedHat or any of the other 'user-friendly' Linux distros.