The A2 is designed to leave Brussels International Airport, fly quietly and subsonically out into the north Atlantic at Mach 0.9 before reaching Mach 5 across the North Pole and heading over the Pacific to Australia....
The developers say it would be able fly from Brussels to Sydney in about 4.6 hours.
I mean, from the point of view of the software using the USB port, not the software running in OS user mode, it looks like that.
But from what I've read, actual implementations tend to push most of the handshake onto the (software) drivers. That means the CPU has to do a lot of, you guessed it, polling states.
That's not true. On a desktop machine it works like this.
For USB 1.0 there are two types of host controllers in use - OHCI which is backed by Microsoft and UHCI which is a backed by Intel. UHCI is slightly simpler hardware than OHCI. Both of them use DMA and are not PIO based though. For USB 2.0 there is only one host controller standard called EHCI which is DMA based.
For USB interrupt pipes, which are actually polled, the polling is done by the host controller. The host controller driver sets up a structure in RAM to list the endpoints that need to be polled. Only when one of them replies with data will it generate an interrupt for the CPU.
Check out the specs for the OHCI, UHCI and EHCI controllers. All of them are use DMA to read from a structure in memory. The host controller puts isochronous endpoints at the start, then interrupt and finally and bulk endpoints that need to be read. The actually polling on the wire is done by the host controller.
Of course the standard allows for any kind of host controller. This is so embedded systems can act as USB On The Go using FIFOs rather than bus master DMA. I've never seen a PC host controller work like this though, and it probably isn't possible because desktop OSs like Linux or Windows will usually have poor interrupt latency compared to an embedded system.
If I understand correctly the situation in China, the main reason why the Chinese people let the Communists in power is their double digit yearly economic growth.
I'm not sure I agree with the phrase "let the Communists [stay] in power". At the end of the Cold War it seemed like the Communists would lose power in China just like in Eastern Europe. Vast student demonstrations took place in Beijing during Gorbachev's visit, similar to the ones in Europe that brought down communist governments in a couple of months. The difference was that the Chinese government managed to find soldiers willing to put crush the demonstrations later.
It was only after this that the Chinese Communist Party abandoned the communist economic system for a version of fundamentalist capitalism. They kept their monopoly on power though. The rapid growth is somewhat misleading - it only applies in cities and only along the eastern provinces of China, not in the vast rural heartland. There China is still extremely poor. Corrupt local party official regularly level bogus taxes in a way reminiscent of gangsters charging protection money. There are regular 'Mass Incidents', the Chinese governments term for abortive uprisings.
Recently, a series of mass incidents took place in China. These incidents demonstrate some of the social conflicts within China. First there was the "Weng'an Incident" on June 28, 2008. During this event a police station and a county government office building in Guizhou province were assaulted and torched by the local populace. The chaos started in Weng'an County when people who were dissatisfied with the investigation into the death of a local student gathered at the county government offices and the public security bureau. While officials were handling the case, some people unfamiliar with the exact context of the event surrounded the police station and the office buildings of the county government and Communist Party Committee. The protesters smashed and torched many offices and some cars. The chaos lasted for seven hours and involved thousands of people.[1]
Second was the "Fugu Incident" on July 3. A driver of a farm vehicle in Fugu, Shanxi jumped into the Yellow River to avoid being checked for traffic violations by the police. Local authorities fished his body out of the river two days later, and were then pursued by angry kin of the dead man, who demanded to know why they were not told of the discovery of the body and demanded to have control of the corpse. The two sides struggled over the body, which attracted many spectators and evolved into a clash between villagers and the police.[2]
Third, the "Huizhou Incident" on July 16. During this incident more than 100 people attacked police officers over the controversial death of a motorcycle driver in Huizhou, Guangdong. The driver's family members said that he was beaten to death by the security guards of Shangnan Village, but local police were told that he died from a traffic accident. The unrest lasted from early morning to 1 pm. Seven members of the group, which had also overturned a police wagon and raided a police station, were arrested.[3]
Fourth was the "Menglian Incident". On July 19, rubber farmers attacked police who had been sent to arrest alleged instigators in a conflict with rubber plant managers in Menglian, Yunnan. Forty officers were injured and eight police vehicles were burned during the conflict and two farmers were shot dead by riot police.
The numbers of Mass Incidents have been growing for years, even when the economy was booming. Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council, thinks that
It's quite possible that the Chinese secret police have as many informants as this. Certainly people who have worked in China believe that informers are so common that you shouldn't talk about anything political sitting in quiet cafe for example.
One in seven Chinese still means that there are less people working for the government than the population of the US, but not by much.
I'm not sure what you mean. I'm talking about USB 1.0/USB 2.0 devices in Windows upto Vista with no UMDF. In this case the USB device driver and the USB host controller driver are both in kernel mode.
It wouldn't change much if user mode code called the USB device driver though, then you'd lock the user buffer into memory to stop it being paged out and build a scatter gather list, i.e. a list of physical pages covering the user buffer. The USB host controller driver would put these addresses into transfer descriptors and the host controller would DMA the data from the device right into the user buffer.
In fact UMDF does pretty much this as far as I can tell. There's a generic USB kernel mode driver for UMDF devices. User mode code can issue DeviceIoControl calls down to that.
The point I was trying to make is this is all driven by PCI/PCI Express bus master DMA.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB#USB_3.0 Maximum bus power is increased to 150mA per unit load (+50% over USB 2.0). An unconfigured device can still draw only 1 unit load, but a configured device can draw up to 6 unit loads (900mA, 80% over USB 2.0).
USB 1 and 2 had a maximum current of 500mA for a configured device USB 3 has 900mA.
The 250GB HM251JI has a 900mA spin up current so it will work. The 500GB HM500LI has a 1000mA spin up current. Slightly over the limit but it will probably work.
Actually being able to run a 250GB 2.5" drive from one port rather than needing a Y cable to power it off two is quite handy.
Here's how it works. A USB device driver wants to read from a device. It calls the host controller driver with the type of the frame (IN) it wants to send, the device address, endpoint and a address of a buffer for the received data. The host controller driver links a transfer descriptor into a structure in memory containing all this information. Some time later the host controller reads the structure using bus master DMA. It reads the frame info out of the structure, and sends the frame over the bus. The device responds and the host controller DMAs the result on the fly into the structure and signals and interrupt. Then the host controller driver unlinks the transfer descriptor and returns back to the USB device driver. No PIO is involved, and no buffers are copied.
It's all designed to avoid loading the CPU down with interrupts too.
X-Bender: Fathero!(CR)(LF) X-Bender: Shooting DNA at each other to make babies. I find it offensive!(CR)(LF) X-Bender: nogoodlawsprotectingtheinnocent--(CR)(LF) X-Bender: Alright! Closure!(CR)(LF)
It's OK to pull a gun on someone who is robbing your store only if local and state laws specifically say so.
Downloading and using software without a valid license is not covered by laws that allow the licensed distributor to do anything to other people's data.
Being other people's data, which the distributor or developer do not and cannot have any rights over, it is unlikely that any such law will be passed.
Well you could right click on hosts and open the GUI permissions editor too. However if I did that, I wouldn't be able to post the results here.
Incidentally note the way different groups/users can have different permissions. ACLs have more flexibility. E.g. for device drivers only the TrustedInstaller can write, everyone else only gets read only access.
So maybe the Windows system is a bit harder to understand than Unix's 30 year old user/group/others rwx bits, but it does offer more security if it used right. And Vista has been criticized quite rightly for being bloated, but it does finally use the Kernel/NTFS ACL based security properly.
I'd do it in a heartbeat. Hell I'd put something in the EULA saying that the company is not liable for data loss due to running cracked versions of the program, or copies downloaded illegally. I read some Atari games would detect they were cracked but play right up to the end. At the last minute final boss would, instead of fighting, give you a lecture about how piracy was killing the industry and then the game would exit.
The best possibility would to release false crack, i.e ones that let the program start but then fail in an irritating after it has been played for a long time, like hanging and corrupting saved games. Hell you could put some hard to find bugs back into the cracked version and rely on the fact that the cracking scene doesn't QA effectively.
I rely on feedback from other downloaders on TPB. If the installer or keygen do bad things, many people will scream in comments. For popular torrents that are more than a month old, that catches malware pretty well. So far, I've no visible problem on my machine with this approach.
I checked out your machine from here and it seems ok. A bit slow though, makes me wonder what everyone else is running on there.
As far as I can tell these devices didn't do anything at all. So that means the FDA should be able to stop them being marked as medical devices, but not destroy them.
It's a classic case of government bureacracy metastasizing into areas it should be. Of course the other irritating hippy trait is being in favour of socialism in one form or another, which would imply that government bureacracy would cover much more than medical devices.
I wonder what the temperature requirements are? We have tons of basically useless land out in really inclimate places, like deserts in the Southwest and practically glacial areas in the Northern U.S. Crops can't grow there and algae tanks wouldn't need to be "rotated" like crops, so we could make use of this space. It would probably equal cheap land for the companies as well.
Actually the $46 billion large scale project I mentioned was planned to cover 12.5% of the "Sonoran desert of the Southwest."
I don't know how they are creating this algae, but I think we'd run into a similar problem as ethanol, where you'd need to devote so much land to growing that actually using the algae as a replacement for petroleum isn't feasible
Not sure about your other questions but it doesn't take up much space http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_fuel Algae fuel, also called algal fuel, oilgae, algaeoleum or third-generation biofuel, is a biofuel from algae.
The record oil price increases since 2003, competing demands between foods and other biofuel sources and the world food crisis have ignited interest in algaculture (farming algae) for making vegetable oil, biodiesel, bioethanol, biogasoline, biomethanol, biobutanol and other biofuels. Among algal fuels' attractive characteristics: they do not affect fresh water resources, can be produced using ocean and wastewater, and are biodegradable and relatively harmless to the environment if spilled. Algae cost more per pound yet yield 30 times more energy per acre than other, second-generation biofuel crops. One biofuels company has claimed that algae can produce more oil in an area the size of a two-car garage than an football field of soybeans, because almost the entire algal organism can use sunlight to produce lipids, or oil. The United States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require 15,000 square miles (40,000 square kilometers), which is a few thousand square miles larger than Maryland, or 1.3 Belgiums. This is less than 1/7th the area of corn harvested in the United States in 2000.
As of 2008, such fuels remain too expensive to replace other commercially available fuels, with the cost of various algae species typically between US$5â"10 per kg dry weight.[citation needed] But several companies and government agencies are funding efforts to reduce capital and operating costs and make algae oil production commercially viable.[8][11]
I can actually see it replacing oil if the production can be value engineered. Someone worked out you could build the Algae tanks in the Sonoran desert.
Michael Briggs, a physicist in the University of New Hampshire (UNH) Biodiesel group, calculated the annual equivalent amount of biodiesel needed to meet all US ground transportation needs. (6) He assumes that all gasoline-powered vehicles could be replaced over timeâ"the average life of a car in the US is 20 yearsâ"by biodiesel vehicles. He assumes no change in the current average fleet mileage, but does factor in that diesel engines are more efficient. With these assumptionsâ"and a correction for the 2% lower mileage for biodieselâ"he arrives at 140.8 billion gallons of biodiesel a year to meet US ground transportation needs. He does note that if people began to buy diesel hybrids (Mercedes showed its diesel hybrid concept car in June and it gets 70 mpg), the total fuel required might be reduced by a factor of three or more. (7)
Briggs used the numbers from NREL's Aquatic Species Programâ"that one quad (7.5 billion gallons) of biodiesel could be produced on 200,000 ha (roughly 500,000 acres) or about 780 square milesâ"to compute that 140.8 billion gallons of biodiesel would requre 19 quads (140.8 / 7.5).This would require about 15,000 square miles (19 x 780), or about 9.5 million acresâ"which he notes is only about 12.5% of the area of the Sonoran desert of the Southwest. So using algae as a source of oil for biodiesel with the NREL productivity assumption, the acreage required is less than 3% of the 450 million acres now used to grow crops.
Based on a UNH research project, (8) Briggs then estimates the total cost of producing 140.8 billion gallons of oil (u
Slashdot Mirror
Reaction engines do have a design for a manned hypersonic airliner
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_Engines_A2
The A2 is designed to leave Brussels International Airport, fly quietly and subsonically out into the north Atlantic at Mach 0.9 before reaching Mach 5 across the North Pole and heading over the Pacific to Australia. ...
The developers say it would be able fly from Brussels to Sydney in about 4.6 hours.
I mean, from the point of view of the software using the USB port, not the software running in OS user mode, it looks like that.
But from what I've read, actual implementations tend to push most of the handshake onto the (software) drivers. That means the CPU has to do a lot of, you guessed it, polling states.
That's not true. On a desktop machine it works like this.
For USB 1.0 there are two types of host controllers in use - OHCI which is backed by Microsoft and UHCI which is a backed by Intel. UHCI is slightly simpler hardware than OHCI. Both of them use DMA and are not PIO based though. For USB 2.0 there is only one host controller standard called EHCI which is DMA based.
For USB interrupt pipes, which are actually polled, the polling is done by the host controller. The host controller driver sets up a structure in RAM to list the endpoints that need to be polled. Only when one of them replies with data will it generate an interrupt for the CPU.
Check out the specs for the OHCI, UHCI and EHCI controllers. All of them are use DMA to read from a structure in memory. The host controller puts isochronous endpoints at the start, then interrupt and finally and bulk endpoints that need to be read. The actually polling on the wire is done by the host controller.
Of course the standard allows for any kind of host controller. This is so embedded systems can act as USB On The Go using FIFOs rather than bus master DMA. I've never seen a PC host controller work like this though, and it probably isn't possible because desktop OSs like Linux or Windows will usually have poor interrupt latency compared to an embedded system.
If I understand correctly the situation in China, the main reason why the Chinese people let the Communists in power is their double digit yearly economic growth.
I'm not sure I agree with the phrase "let the Communists [stay] in power". At the end of the Cold War it seemed like the Communists would lose power in China just like in Eastern Europe. Vast student demonstrations took place in Beijing during Gorbachev's visit, similar to the ones in Europe that brought down communist governments in a couple of months. The difference was that the Chinese government managed to find soldiers willing to put crush the demonstrations later.
It was only after this that the Chinese Communist Party abandoned the communist economic system for a version of fundamentalist capitalism. They kept their monopoly on power though. The rapid growth is somewhat misleading - it only applies in cities and only along the eastern provinces of China, not in the vast rural heartland. There China is still extremely poor. Corrupt local party official regularly level bogus taxes in a way reminiscent of gangsters charging protection money. There are regular 'Mass Incidents', the Chinese governments term for abortive uprisings.
http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/08065YuYu.html
Recently, a series of mass incidents took place in China. These incidents demonstrate some of the social conflicts within China. First there was the "Weng'an Incident" on June 28, 2008. During this event a police station and a county government office building in Guizhou province were assaulted and torched by the local populace. The chaos started in Weng'an County when people who were dissatisfied with the investigation into the death of a local student gathered at the county government offices and the public security bureau. While officials were handling the case, some people unfamiliar with the exact context of the event surrounded the police station and the office buildings of the county government and Communist Party Committee. The protesters smashed and torched many offices and some cars. The chaos lasted for seven hours and involved thousands of people.[1]
Second was the "Fugu Incident" on July 3. A driver of a farm vehicle in Fugu, Shanxi jumped into the Yellow River to avoid being checked for traffic violations by the police. Local authorities fished his body out of the river two days later, and were then pursued by angry kin of the dead man, who demanded to know why they were not told of the discovery of the body and demanded to have control of the corpse. The two sides struggled over the body, which attracted many spectators and evolved into a clash between villagers and the police.[2]
Third, the "Huizhou Incident" on July 16. During this incident more than 100 people attacked police officers over the controversial death of a motorcycle driver in Huizhou, Guangdong. The driver's family members said that he was beaten to death by the security guards of Shangnan Village, but local police were told that he died from a traffic accident. The unrest lasted from early morning to 1 pm. Seven members of the group, which had also overturned a police wagon and raided a police station, were arrested.[3]
Fourth was the "Menglian Incident". On July 19, rubber farmers attacked police who had been sent to arrest alleged instigators in a conflict with rubber plant managers in Menglian, Yunnan. Forty officers were injured and eight police vehicles were burned during the conflict and two farmers were shot dead by riot police.
The numbers of Mass Incidents have been growing for years, even when the economy was booming. Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council, thinks that
http://www.mac.gov.tw/english/english/macpolicy/risk961228.htm
Statistics have shown that the number of mass incidents in Chinaâ"including t
Depends what you mean by works for.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6692895.stm
Some calculations have concluded that in East Germany there was one informer to every seven citizens.
It's quite possible that the Chinese secret police have as many informants as this. Certainly people who have worked in China believe that informers are so common that you shouldn't talk about anything political sitting in quiet cafe for example.
One in seven Chinese still means that there are less people working for the government than the population of the US, but not by much.
I'm not sure what you mean. I'm talking about USB 1.0/USB 2.0 devices in Windows upto Vista with no UMDF. In this case the USB device driver and the USB host controller driver are both in kernel mode.
It wouldn't change much if user mode code called the USB device driver though, then you'd lock the user buffer into memory to stop it being paged out and build a scatter gather list, i.e. a list of physical pages covering the user buffer. The USB host controller driver would put these addresses into transfer descriptors and the host controller would DMA the data from the device right into the user buffer.
In fact UMDF does pretty much this as far as I can tell. There's a generic USB kernel mode driver for UMDF devices. User mode code can issue DeviceIoControl calls down to that.
The point I was trying to make is this is all driven by PCI/PCI Express bus master DMA.
You need to read a few words further in wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB#USB_3.0
Maximum bus power is increased to 150mA per unit load (+50% over USB 2.0). An unconfigured device can still draw only 1 unit load, but a configured device can draw up to 6 unit loads (900mA, 80% over USB 2.0).
USB 1 and 2 had a maximum current of 500mA for a configured device USB 3 has 900mA.
Looking here
http://www.samsung.com/global/business/hdd/productmodel.do?group=72&type=62&subtype=67&model_cd=325&tab=spec&ppmi=1159
The 250GB HM251JI has a 900mA spin up current so it will work. The 500GB HM500LI has a 1000mA spin up current. Slightly over the limit but it will probably work.
Actually being able to run a 250GB 2.5" drive from one port rather than needing a Y cable to power it off two is quite handy.
Given that USB is PIO and not DMA,
Bzzt! Wrong.
Here's how it works. A USB device driver wants to read from a device. It calls the host controller driver with the type of the frame (IN) it wants to send, the device address, endpoint and a address of a buffer for the received data. The host controller driver links a transfer descriptor into a structure in memory containing all this information. Some time later the host controller reads the structure using bus master DMA. It reads the frame info out of the structure, and sends the frame over the bus. The device responds and the host controller DMAs the result on the fly into the structure and signals and interrupt. Then the host controller driver unlinks the transfer descriptor and returns back to the USB device driver. No PIO is involved, and no buffers are copied.
It's all designed to avoid loading the CPU down with interrupts too.
The empire strikes back!
A Redundant Array of Inexpensive Jets?
Some of the sockpuppets support the Muslim side - the ones that post comments consisting mostly of the words JEW$ and U$. The rest are pro Israel.
Checkout the x-fry/x-bender headers: echo -e "HEAD / HTTP/1.1\nHost: slashdot.org\n\n" | netcat slashdot.org 80
http://www.rexswain.com/cgi-bin/httpview.cgi?URL=http://slashdot.org&REQ=HEAD
HTTP/1.1 200 OK(CR)(LF)
Date: Sat, 10 Jan 2009 13:36:49 GMT(CR)(LF)
Server: Apache/1.3.41 (Unix) mod_perl/1.31-rc4(CR)(LF)
SLASH_LOG_DATA: shtml(CR)(LF)
X-Powered-By: Slash 2.005001236(CR)(LF)
X-Fry: Robots don't go to heaven.(CR)(LF)
Cache-Control: private(CR)(LF)
Pragma: private(CR)(LF)
Connection: close(CR)(LF)
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1(CR)(LF)
(CR)(LF)
if you refresh it changes
X-Bender: Fathero!(CR)(LF)
X-Bender: Shooting DNA at each other to make babies. I find it offensive!(CR)(LF)
X-Bender: nogoodlawsprotectingtheinnocent--(CR)(LF)
X-Bender: Alright! Closure!(CR)(LF)
It's OK to pull a gun on someone who is robbing your store only if local and state laws specifically say so.
Downloading and using software without a valid license is not covered by laws that allow the licensed distributor to do anything to other people's data.
Being other people's data, which the distributor or developer do not and cannot have any rights over, it is unlikely that any such law will be passed.
I reckon we got ourselves a chance in Texas.
...for Windows.
But no...no reason to consider alternatives.
... where the programs people are pirating don't run.
Who do you sue if a crack messes up your computer?
Well you could right click on hosts and open the GUI permissions editor too. However if I did that, I wouldn't be able to post the results here.
Incidentally note the way different groups/users can have different permissions. ACLs have more flexibility. E.g. for device drivers only the TrustedInstaller can write, everyone else only gets read only access.
So maybe the Windows system is a bit harder to understand than Unix's 30 year old user/group/others rwx bits, but it does offer more security if it used right. And Vista has been criticized quite rightly for being bloated, but it does finally use the Kernel/NTFS ACL based security properly.
I'd do it in a heartbeat. Hell I'd put something in the EULA saying that the company is not liable for data loss due to running cracked versions of the program, or copies downloaded illegally. I read some Atari games would detect they were cracked but play right up to the end. At the last minute final boss would, instead of fighting, give you a lecture about how piracy was killing the industry and then the game would exit.
The best possibility would to release false crack, i.e ones that let the program start but then fail in an irritating after it has been played for a long time, like hanging and corrupting saved games. Hell you could put some hard to find bugs back into the cracked version and rely on the fact that the cracking scene doesn't QA effectively.
I rely on feedback from other downloaders on TPB. If the installer or keygen do bad things, many people will scream in comments. For popular torrents that are more than a month old, that catches malware pretty well. So far, I've no visible problem on my machine with this approach.
I checked out your machine from here and it seems ok. A bit slow though, makes me wonder what everyone else is running on there.
C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc>cacls hosts
C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM:(ID)F
BUILTIN\Administrators:(ID)F
BUILTIN\Users:(ID)R
So only SYSTEM and Admin can write. On Vista with UAC enabled I can't write to it, even though I'm an Admin.
Actually that's a fair point
As far as I can tell these devices didn't do anything at all. So that means the FDA should be able to stop them being marked as medical devices, but not destroy them.
It's a classic case of government bureacracy metastasizing into areas it should be. Of course the other irritating hippy trait is being in favour of socialism in one form or another, which would imply that government bureacracy would cover much more than medical devices.
Mod parent down, -1 Undead.
For a while it was tagged ohnoitsnotroland.
I wonder what the temperature requirements are? We have tons of basically useless land out in really inclimate places, like deserts in the Southwest and practically glacial areas in the Northern U.S. Crops can't grow there and algae tanks wouldn't need to be "rotated" like crops, so we could make use of this space. It would probably equal cheap land for the companies as well.
Actually the $46 billion large scale project I mentioned was planned to cover 12.5% of the "Sonoran desert of the Southwest."
I don't know how they are creating this algae, but I think we'd run into a similar problem as ethanol, where you'd need to devote so much land to growing that actually using the algae as a replacement for petroleum isn't feasible
Not sure about your other questions but it doesn't take up much space
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_fuel
Algae fuel, also called algal fuel, oilgae, algaeoleum or third-generation biofuel, is a biofuel from algae.
The record oil price increases since 2003, competing demands between foods and other biofuel sources and the world food crisis have ignited interest in algaculture (farming algae) for making vegetable oil, biodiesel, bioethanol, biogasoline, biomethanol, biobutanol and other biofuels. Among algal fuels' attractive characteristics: they do not affect fresh water resources, can be produced using ocean and wastewater, and are biodegradable and relatively harmless to the environment if spilled. Algae cost more per pound yet yield 30 times more energy per acre than other, second-generation biofuel crops. One biofuels company has claimed that algae can produce more oil in an area the size of a two-car garage than an football field of soybeans, because almost the entire algal organism can use sunlight to produce lipids, or oil. The United States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require 15,000 square miles (40,000 square kilometers), which is a few thousand square miles larger than Maryland, or 1.3 Belgiums. This is less than 1/7th the area of corn harvested in the United States in 2000.
As of 2008, such fuels remain too expensive to replace other commercially available fuels, with the cost of various algae species typically between US$5â"10 per kg dry weight.[citation needed] But several companies and government agencies are funding efforts to reduce capital and operating costs and make algae oil production commercially viable.[8][11]
I can actually see it replacing oil if the production can be value engineered. Someone worked out you could build the Algae tanks in the Sonoran desert.
http://www.oakhavenpc.org/cultivating_algae.htm
Large-Scale Algae Production
Michael Briggs, a physicist in the University of New Hampshire (UNH) Biodiesel group, calculated the annual equivalent amount of biodiesel needed to meet all US ground transportation needs. (6) He assumes that all gasoline-powered vehicles could be replaced over timeâ"the average life of a car in the US is 20 yearsâ"by biodiesel vehicles. He assumes no change in the current average fleet mileage, but does factor in that diesel engines are more efficient. With these assumptionsâ"and a correction for the 2% lower mileage for biodieselâ"he arrives at 140.8 billion gallons of biodiesel a year to meet US ground transportation needs. He does note that if people began to buy diesel hybrids (Mercedes showed its diesel hybrid concept car in June and it gets 70 mpg), the total fuel required might be reduced by a factor of three or more. (7)
Briggs used the numbers from NREL's Aquatic Species Programâ"that one quad (7.5 billion gallons) of biodiesel could be produced on 200,000 ha (roughly 500,000 acres) or about 780 square milesâ"to compute that 140.8 billion gallons of biodiesel would requre 19 quads (140.8 / 7.5).This would require about 15,000 square miles (19 x 780), or about 9.5 million acresâ"which he notes is only about 12.5% of the area of the Sonoran desert of the Southwest. So using algae as a source of oil for biodiesel with the NREL productivity assumption, the acreage required is less than 3% of the 450 million acres now used to grow crops.
Based on a UNH research project, (8) Briggs then estimates the total cost of producing 140.8 billion gallons of oil (u
They have to put the plant in the EU to avoid import duties.
Here's a chart of GDP per capita in 'PPS', not sure if that is the same as PPP
http://europa.eu/abc/keyfigures/qualityoflife/wealthy/index_en.htm
Bulgaria and Romania are poorer but they have more shall we say issues than Poland.
WebOS is designed to be simple for programmers and is based on HTML, XML, and CSS.
Next!