Umm no I think most of what I said is true, except for the conversion formula... We are working with base 2 systems so it makes logical sense to report everything in base 2. Sure the SI unit abbreviations are for base 10 systems but the the formal definition of a byte is 8 base 2 digits. Given that only base 2 systems can use these definitions what do we accomplish by changing them? We accomplish nothing, in fact we backpedal on progress by confusing people and wasting peoples time because they have to debate what the fuck a gigabyte is. I'd like to highlight this fact now with an example:
One of the array's at work is 300GB * 8 drives. 2 drives are for parity and 1 is a hot spare so this leaves us with 1.5TB, converting that to TB (10^12/2^40) gives us 1.36424205265939235687255859375TB. Now we need to convert that to bytes, 1.36424205265939235687255859375TB = 1.36424205265939235687255859375TB(1024)(1024)(1024 )(1024) or 1500000000000B. lets check what FreeBSD says:
Hmm, it says I only have 1499999764480 bytes, a difference of 235520B... 230KB, Since it's Looks like maxtor screwed me out of 46KB per drive, on that's right we still need to convert it into KB... 47.104KB.
Actually it 1024 gigabytes using binary units (base 2), we use binary units because formatted capacity is measured in binary units. For exampe: 1 Exabyte = 1(1024) Petabytes = 1(1024)(1024) Terabytes = 1(1024)(1024)(1024) Gigabytes and so on... The formula to convert si units into binary units is si_unit * (125/128) which comes out to 0.9765625. For example: a 750GB hard drive is 750(125/128) = 732.421875 Gigabytes. Also don't forget reserved space... On FreeBSD it's 8% of the format capacity, so 732.421875 * 92% = 673.828125 Gigabytes of usable space.
The Library of Congress is estimated at 3 petabytes, or 3(1024) terabytes:
To get a feel for the size and scale of 50 exabytes using today's technology,
* Two copy's of the entire Library of Congress, 6000 TB[1], can be stored in the collective cache buffers of the RAID controllers. * It would need a 1,712 MW (peak) power source, a typical PWR nuclear power station produces 2,000 MW. Tack on another $5 billion for the construction of a nuclear power station. * You would likely need to employ an entire team (in 3 shifts) to replace defective drives every day. * You would need 1,684,804 sq. feet to house all the racks, a building the size of the John Hancock Center would be needed. Add another $385 million to the bill.
Yes that's one possibility and to be fair a valid one, the numbers for the different age groups I quoted are from the same study. But if you read the report you'll notice their are two studies, A 1990 study and a 2001 follow up. Here's the important fact:
"In 1990, 90% of the adult population identified with one or another religion group. In 2001, such identification has dropped to %81 percent."
US Population (2000 est.): 281,421,906 * %19 = 53,470,162 US Population (1990 est.): 249,438,712 * %10 = 24,943,871
28.5 million people lost faith is religion over this 9 year period!!! A clear trend that supports my conclusions. I wouldn't be surprised if the numbers are even higher now.
If the students make it that far they should be able to pick up 'long division' much faster then teaching it now. Umm and when your dividing by a mononomial it's really just a matter is canceling and reducing.
I'd like to see you do that with LaTeX! It works best when you setup OpenOffice Draw/Math to use the same fonts and sizes, I used 'Trebuchet MS' to make the sample document above. OpenOffice Draw offers complete typesetting, layout, and style control. It's ok to give your coworkers a copy of OpenOffice if they need to edit.odg documents, it's free yea know... Don't let them hold you back.
"What you have told us is rubbish. The world is really a flat plate supported on the back of a giant tortoise." The scientist gave a superior smile before replying, "What is the tortoise standing on?" "You're very clever, young man, very clever," said the old lady. "But it's turtles all the way down!"
Umm you do realize that what you just described is empathy, yes? The people who can't empathize are called psychopaths, it's an evolutionary mutation. My opinion on religion is that it's just people being people... gullible and ignorant. Thankfully religion is on a rapidly declining trend[1]:
* 23% of 18-34 year olds label them self's as "Secular" or "Somewhat Secular", compared to 10% of people 65 years old and up. * 43% of 18-34 year olds label them self's as "Somewhat Religious", compared to 34% of people 65 years old and up. * 27% of 18-34 year olds label them self's as "Rligious", compared to 47% of people 65 years old and up.
Also interesting to note: * Women are more likely, than men, to describe themselves as religious. * Black Americans are least likely to describe themselves as secular. * Asian Americans are most likely describe themselves as secular.
Maybe that's a sign that you should not be teaching long division. It's useless crap that has no place in advanced mathematics, why teach it? It would be much more effective to drill in reciprocal multiplication, canceling, and reducing fractions because this, unlike long division, is actually needed for the mastery of algebra...
Homework exists to reinforce the belief that your expected to take work home with you... As far as I'm concerned work stays at work, anything more requires proper compensation.
"1. Each stream of data is going to need its own radio channel/cell connection/other"
Just use the FAA registration number of each plane as an ID tag. Then send the data up to the satellite digitally encoded and compressed.
"2. The FAA is going to have to buy gobs of storage across the country & pay for it all to be managed"
Nope. Just send the anomalous data, all the normal stuff can be stored on the plane and the FAA only needs to keep the data when something bad happens, you can delete all the non crash events.
"3. Every private pilot is going to have to buy a new avionics package"
What? who cares private pilots, they don't even have black boxes. I'm talking about just the commercial & military aircrafts.
"...I can say: I don't think there's a future in it."
It gets kinda boring after awhile too because it's not very challenging. Lately my interests have shifted more to the theoretical side of computer science.
My suggestion is an associates degree in mathematics through your local community college. Why? transferable skills and a transferable degree, if that's not enough consider the fact that math is at the core of every modern science, including networking. For example: http://www.google.com/search?q=optimal+routing
I'd beg to differ... Free/Net/OpenBSD are more then ready for a task like this. The 4-STABLE branch of FreeBSD is rock solid, If some enterprising company came along and formally audited the code, got it DO-178B level A certified, and provided maintenance and errata fixes they could make a mint. They can also provide the source code to their clients if they want to audit the code.
Who goes to Youtube to watch their crap anyways? It's called YOU tube for a reason, if we wanted that crap on there we would have called it payperview.com.
Just as an addendum... One of the best high schools (if not the best) is the Bronx High School of Science:
"Almost 100% of Bronx Science graduates go on to four-year colleges; many attend Ivy League and other highly selective schools. Bronx Science counts 125 finalists in the prestigious Intel (formerly Westinghouse) Science Talent Search, the largest number of any high school. Seven Nobel Prize-winning scientists, also highest among all secondary education institutions, and five Pulitzer Prize-winning authors are also among the many notable Bronx Science graduates."
And about going to community college and then transferring, I contend that this by far the best option:
1) You get to stay in your community and close to your family. 2) Tuition is substantially lower than traditional four-year institutions. 3) Four-year institutions often give priority to students transferring from community colleges 4) Research indicates that students who begin their higher education career at a community college are more likely to transfer to a higher quality four-year institution than if they had started at a four-year college. 5) Most professors at community colleges have at least a master's degrees, many hold doctoral degrees. 6) Community college professors are solely dedicated to teaching, and classes are generally small. 7) Holders of a two-year associates degree have more immediate earning potential than junior and senior four-year students without a degree.
Carnegie Mellon is not that great a school for EE/CE. Try the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as they consistently rank in the top 5 schools for EE/CE/CSE/CS.
Going to UIUC is around $22,144 per year ($598 ~ $681 per credit hour) so expect to pay...
at least $81,920 for a BSEE.
at least $86,400 for a MSEE.
at least $120,960 for a DEE.
If I were you... I'd go to my local community college for an AS in physics then transfer to UIUC. Doing this substantially reduces the costs...
$42,000 for a BSEE.
$52,000 for a MSEE.
$86,000 for a DEE.
If you go this route, and keep your grades up, you can get into any school of your desire.
Another smart thing to look into is a postgraduate degree from the Air Force Institute of Technology, as a commissioned officer... If you did this you'd get to work with really cool shit (stuff you'd never get to play with in the civilian world) and get paid for going to school!!!
I will admit that I don't think a hybrid could happen through natural processes under normal conditions... Lets play with some numbers...
Lets assume that 99.999% of the population (6,525,170,264) haven't had intercourse with a chimp. This leaves 652,517 people who've had intercourse with a chimp. Lets assume that 50% (326,259) of the cases resulted in insemination. Lets assume that 15% (48,939) of the cases resulted in fertilization (chimp or human). Lets assume that 15% (7,341) of the cases produce a viable embryo. Lets assume that 15% (1101) make it passed the first trimester. Lets assume that 75% (165) of the cases are terminated after the first trimester or at birth. Lets assume that 75% are locked up in a lab, basement till death or terminated when found by others. 41 hybrids unaccounted for.
And I found these tidbits on wikipedia (Animal_sexuality, Humanzee): "Looking back in history, current research into human evolution tends to confirm that in some cases, interspecies sexual activity may have been responsible for the evolution of entire new species. Analysis of human and animal genes in 2006 provides strong evidence that after humans had diverged from apes, interspecies mating none the less occurred regularly enough to change certain genes in the new gene pool:
"A new comparison of the human and chimp genomes suggests that after the two lineages separated, they may have begun interbreeding. [...] A principal finding is that the X chromosomes of humans and chimps appear to have diverged about 1.2 million years more recently than the other chromosomes."
The research suggests that:
"There were in fact two splits between the human and chimp lineages, with the first being followed by interbreeding between the two populations and then a second split. The suggestion of a hybridization has startled paleoanthropologists, who nonetheless are "treating the new genetic data seriously.""
and...
"Compared to other apes, humans are short one chromosome, since ape chromosomes 2p and 2q have fused into a large chromosome (which contains remnants of the centromere and telomeres of the ancestral 2p and 2q) in humans[2]. Having different numbers of chromosomes is not an absolute barrier to hybridization. Similar mismatches are relatively common in existing species, a phenomenon known as chromosomal polymorphism.
The genetic structure of all the great apes, including humans, is similar. Chromosomes 6, 13, 19, 21, 22, and X are structurally the same in all species of great apes. 3, 11, 14, 15, 18, and 20 match between gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. Chimps and humans match on 1, 2p, 2q, 5, 7 - 10, 12, 16, and Y as well. Some older references will include Y as a match between gorillas, chimps, and humans, but chimpanzees (including bonobos) and humans have recently been found to share a large transposition from chromosome 1 to Y that is not found in any other ape.[3]
This level of chromosomal similarity is roughly equivalent to that found in equines. Interfertility of horses and donkeys is common, and some of the resulting hybrids are themselves fertile. In a direct parallel to the chimp-human case, the Przewalski horse (Equus przewalskii) with 33 chromosome pairs, and the domestic horse (E. caballus) with 32 chromosome pairs, have been found to be interfertile, and produce semi-fertile offspring, where male hybrids can breed with female domestic horses.[4])"
Anyhow... I'm sure it's nothing a reproductive endocrinologist can't handle given enough time, money, and willing subjects.
Slashdot Mirror
Umm no I think most of what I said is true, except for the conversion formula... We are working with base 2 systems so it makes logical sense to report everything in base 2. Sure the SI unit abbreviations are for base 10 systems but the the formal definition of a byte is 8 base 2 digits. Given that only base 2 systems can use these definitions what do we accomplish by changing them? We accomplish nothing, in fact we backpedal on progress by confusing people and wasting peoples time because they have to debate what the fuck a gigabyte is. I'd like to highlight this fact now with an example:
4 )(1024) or 1500000000000B. lets check what FreeBSD says:
/dev/da0 /dev/da0 512 1499999764480 2929687040 182364 255 63
One of the array's at work is 300GB * 8 drives. 2 drives are for parity and 1 is a hot spare so this leaves us with 1.5TB, converting that to TB (10^12/2^40) gives us 1.36424205265939235687255859375TB. Now we need to convert that to bytes, 1.36424205265939235687255859375TB = 1.36424205265939235687255859375TB(1024)(1024)(102
> diskinfo
Hmm, it says I only have 1499999764480 bytes, a difference of 235520B... 230KB, Since it's Looks like maxtor screwed me out of 46KB per drive, on that's right we still need to convert it into KB... 47.104KB.
Thanks for wasting my time.
Actually it 1024 gigabytes using binary units (base 2), we use binary units because formatted capacity is measured in binary units. For exampe: 1 Exabyte = 1(1024) Petabytes = 1(1024)(1024) Terabytes = 1(1024)(1024)(1024) Gigabytes and so on... The formula to convert si units into binary units is si_unit * (125/128) which comes out to 0.9765625. For example: a 750GB hard drive is 750(125/128) = 732.421875 Gigabytes. Also don't forget reserved space... On FreeBSD it's 8% of the format capacity, so 732.421875 * 92% = 673.828125 Gigabytes of usable space.
The Library of Congress is estimated at 3 petabytes, or 3(1024) terabytes:
http://www.lesk.com/mlesk/ksg97/ksg.html
To get a feel for the size and scale of 50 exabytes using today's technology,
* Two copy's of the entire Library of Congress, 6000 TB[1], can be stored in the collective cache buffers of the RAID controllers.
* It would need a 1,712 MW (peak) power source, a typical PWR nuclear power station produces 2,000 MW. Tack on another $5 billion for the construction of a nuclear power station.
* You would likely need to employ an entire team (in 3 shifts) to replace defective drives every day.
* You would need 1,684,804 sq. feet to house all the racks, a building the size of the John Hancock Center would be needed. Add another $385 million to the bill.
[1] http://www.lesk.com/mlesk/ksg97/ksg.html
50 Exabytes = (50)1024 petabytes = (50)1048576 terabytes:
RAID6 (24 Drives -2{Parity} -1{Hot Spare} = 21) 750GB, 13.48TB ZFS/Solaris:
93,345,048 750GB Hard Drives: $17,735,559,120
3,889,377 Areca ARC-1280ML: $4,317,208,470
1,944,689 Motherboards/Mem/CPU: $766,207,466
1,944,689 5U Rackmount Chassis's: $4,546,682,882
194,469 4 Post 50U Racks: $45,700,215
3,684 528-port 1Gbps Switches: $374,294,400
40 96-port 10Gbps Switches: $11,424,000
1,948,935 Network Cables: $2,020,812
? Assembly Robots/Misc. $111,000,000
Sub Total: $27,910,097,365
Tax/Shipping: $2,645,915,779
Grand Total: $30,556,013,144
$470 billion cheaper then the IRAQ war.
(161 exabytes) / 1,093,529,692 people[1] = 158.086639 gigabytes per person and 19.6380918 gigabytes per person if you don't count the duplicate data.
[1] Total est. of people on the Internet:
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
(161 exabytes) / 6,525,170,264 people = 26.4931682 gigabytes per person.
Yes that's one possibility and to be fair a valid one, the numbers for the different age groups I quoted are from the same study. But if you read the report you'll notice their are two studies, A 1990 study and a 2001 follow up. Here's the important fact:
"In 1990, 90% of the adult population identified with one or another
religion group. In 2001, such identification has dropped to %81 percent."
US Population (2000 est.): 281,421,906 * %19 = 53,470,162
US Population (1990 est.): 249,438,712 * %10 = 24,943,871
28.5 million people lost faith is religion over this 9 year period!!! A clear trend that supports my conclusions. I wouldn't be surprised if the numbers are even higher now.
Synthetic Division... less writing and faster compared to polynomial long division:
http://www.purplemath.com/modules/synthdiv.htm
If the students make it that far they should be able to pick up 'long division' much faster then teaching it now. Umm and when your dividing by a mononomial it's really just a matter is canceling and reducing.
Dude use OpenOffice Draw for mathematics formula write up... works great.... here's a sample:
.odg documents, it's free yea know... Don't let them hold you back.
http://www.nbritton.org/uploads/unit_circle.pdf
I'd like to see you do that with LaTeX! It works best when you setup OpenOffice Draw/Math to use the same fonts and sizes, I used 'Trebuchet MS' to make the sample document above. OpenOffice Draw offers complete typesetting, layout, and style control. It's ok to give your coworkers a copy of OpenOffice if they need to edit
"What you have told us is rubbish. The world is really a flat plate supported on the back of a giant tortoise."
The scientist gave a superior smile before replying, "What is the tortoise standing on?"
"You're very clever, young man, very clever," said the old lady. "But it's turtles all the way down!"
Always cracks me up! Check out the International Square Earth Society:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShMlZsjBeec
Umm you do realize that what you just described is empathy, yes? The people who can't empathize are called psychopaths, it's an evolutionary mutation. My opinion on religion is that it's just people being people... gullible and ignorant. Thankfully religion is on a rapidly declining trend[1]:
r is.pdf
* 23% of 18-34 year olds label them self's as "Secular" or "Somewhat Secular", compared to 10% of people 65 years old and up.
* 43% of 18-34 year olds label them self's as "Somewhat Religious", compared to 34% of people 65 years old and up.
* 27% of 18-34 year olds label them self's as "Rligious", compared to 47% of people 65 years old and up.
Also interesting to note:
* Women are more likely, than men, to describe themselves as religious.
* Black Americans are least likely to describe themselves as secular.
* Asian Americans are most likely describe themselves as secular.
[1] http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_studies/a
Maybe that's a sign that you should not be teaching long division. It's useless crap that has no place in advanced mathematics, why teach it? It would be much more effective to drill in reciprocal multiplication, canceling, and reducing fractions because this, unlike long division, is actually needed for the mastery of algebra...
Homework exists to reinforce the belief that your expected to take work home with you... As far as I'm concerned work stays at work, anything more requires proper compensation.
No. We just need some adjustable privacy blinds... and we can use all the excess energy to power a giant frick'in laser beam!
"1. Each stream of data is going to need its own radio channel/cell connection/other"
Just use the FAA registration number of each plane as an ID tag. Then send the data up to the satellite digitally encoded and compressed.
"2. The FAA is going to have to buy gobs of storage across the country & pay for it all to be managed"
Nope. Just send the anomalous data, all the normal stuff can be stored on the plane and the FAA only needs to keep the data when something bad happens, you can delete all the non crash events.
"3. Every private pilot is going to have to buy a new avionics package"
What? who cares private pilots, they don't even have black boxes. I'm talking about just the commercial & military aircrafts.
1 Day? Windows is for suckers, buy a Mac.
Why not just have a live feed of the blackbox data streamed directly to the FAA?
"...I can say: I don't think there's a future in it."
It gets kinda boring after awhile too because it's not very challenging. Lately my interests have shifted more to the theoretical side of computer science.
My suggestion is an associates degree in mathematics through your local community college. Why? transferable skills and a transferable degree, if that's not enough consider the fact that math is at the core of every modern science, including networking. For example: http://www.google.com/search?q=optimal+routing
Make this:
* Intel Core 2 Duo T7200 Merom 2.0GHz Socket M Processor.
* Mobile Intel 945PM Express Chipset.
* Mini tower chassis (serviceable).
* MicroBTX logic board.
* 60GB 3.5" 7200-rpm SATA hard drive, 8 or 16MB cache.
* 2GB DDR2 SO-DIMM PC2-5300.
* PCI-Express 16x slot, with an Nvidia GeForce 7300 GT in it.
* PCI-Express 1x slots.
* Gigabit Ethernet.
* On-board sound.
* Combo Drive.
$999 per system (as spec'ed above).
I'd beg to differ... Free/Net/OpenBSD are more then ready for a task like this. The 4-STABLE branch of FreeBSD is rock solid, If some enterprising company came along and formally audited the code, got it DO-178B level A certified, and provided maintenance and errata fixes they could make a mint. They can also provide the source code to their clients if they want to audit the code.
The hardware is the weak link in the chain.
It's not all bad...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yfc8uGAWr90
Who goes to Youtube to watch their crap anyways? It's called YOU tube for a reason, if we wanted that crap on there we would have called it payperview.com.
Just as an addendum... One of the best high schools (if not the best) is the Bronx High School of Science:
v antages_of_community_colleges
"Almost 100% of Bronx Science graduates go on to four-year colleges; many attend Ivy League and other highly selective schools. Bronx Science counts 125 finalists in the prestigious Intel (formerly Westinghouse) Science Talent Search, the largest number of any high school. Seven Nobel Prize-winning scientists, also highest among all secondary education institutions, and five Pulitzer Prize-winning authors are also among the many notable Bronx Science graduates."
And about going to community college and then transferring, I contend that this by far the best option:
1) You get to stay in your community and close to your family.
2) Tuition is substantially lower than traditional four-year institutions.
3) Four-year institutions often give priority to students transferring from community colleges
4) Research indicates that students who begin their higher education career at a community college are more likely to transfer to a higher quality four-year institution than if they had started at a four-year college.
5) Most professors at community colleges have at least a master's degrees, many hold doctoral degrees.
6) Community college professors are solely dedicated to teaching, and classes are generally small.
7) Holders of a two-year associates degree have more immediate earning potential than junior and senior four-year students without a degree.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_college#Ad
Carnegie Mellon is not that great a school for EE/CE. Try the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as they consistently rank in the top 5 schools for EE/CE/CSE/CS.
Going to UIUC is around $22,144 per year ($598 ~ $681 per credit hour) so expect to pay...
at least $81,920 for a BSEE.
at least $86,400 for a MSEE.
at least $120,960 for a DEE.
If I were you... I'd go to my local community college for an AS in physics then transfer to UIUC. Doing this substantially reduces the costs...
$42,000 for a BSEE.
$52,000 for a MSEE.
$86,000 for a DEE.
If you go this route, and keep your grades up, you can get into any school of your desire.
Another smart thing to look into is a postgraduate degree from the Air Force Institute of Technology, as a commissioned officer... If you did this you'd get to work with really cool shit (stuff you'd never get to play with in the civilian world) and get paid for going to school!!!
I will admit that I don't think a hybrid could happen through natural processes under normal conditions... Lets play with some numbers...
Lets assume that 99.999% of the population (6,525,170,264) haven't had intercourse with a chimp.
This leaves 652,517 people who've had intercourse with a chimp.
Lets assume that 50% (326,259) of the cases resulted in insemination.
Lets assume that 15% (48,939) of the cases resulted in fertilization (chimp or human).
Lets assume that 15% (7,341) of the cases produce a viable embryo.
Lets assume that 15% (1101) make it passed the first trimester.
Lets assume that 75% (165) of the cases are terminated after the first trimester or at birth.
Lets assume that 75% are locked up in a lab, basement till death or terminated when found by others.
41 hybrids unaccounted for.
And I found these tidbits on wikipedia (Animal_sexuality, Humanzee):
"Looking back in history, current research into human evolution tends to confirm that in some cases, interspecies sexual activity may have been responsible for the evolution of entire new species. Analysis of human and animal genes in 2006 provides strong evidence that after humans had diverged from apes, interspecies mating none the less occurred regularly enough to change certain genes in the new gene pool:
"A new comparison of the human and chimp genomes suggests that after the two lineages separated, they may have begun interbreeding. [...] A principal finding is that the X chromosomes of humans and chimps appear to have diverged about 1.2 million years more recently than the other chromosomes."
The research suggests that:
"There were in fact two splits between the human and chimp lineages, with the first being followed by interbreeding between the two populations and then a second split. The suggestion of a hybridization has startled paleoanthropologists, who nonetheless are "treating the new genetic data seriously.""
and...
"Compared to other apes, humans are short one chromosome, since ape chromosomes 2p and 2q have fused into a large chromosome (which contains remnants of the centromere and telomeres of the ancestral 2p and 2q) in humans[2]. Having different numbers of chromosomes is not an absolute barrier to hybridization. Similar mismatches are relatively common in existing species, a phenomenon known as chromosomal polymorphism.
The genetic structure of all the great apes, including humans, is similar. Chromosomes 6, 13, 19, 21, 22, and X are structurally the same in all species of great apes. 3, 11, 14, 15, 18, and 20 match between gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. Chimps and humans match on 1, 2p, 2q, 5, 7 - 10, 12, 16, and Y as well. Some older references will include Y as a match between gorillas, chimps, and humans, but chimpanzees (including bonobos) and humans have recently been found to share a large transposition from chromosome 1 to Y that is not found in any other ape.[3]
This level of chromosomal similarity is roughly equivalent to that found in equines. Interfertility of horses and donkeys is common, and some of the resulting hybrids are themselves fertile. In a direct parallel to the chimp-human case, the Przewalski horse (Equus przewalskii) with 33 chromosome pairs, and the domestic horse (E. caballus) with 32 chromosome pairs, have been found to be interfertile, and produce semi-fertile offspring, where male hybrids can breed with female domestic horses.[4])"
Anyhow... I'm sure it's nothing a reproductive endocrinologist can't handle given enough time, money, and willing subjects.