TCP does NOT suffer from congestion collapse until well past 40%, congestion collapse of TCP requires the line to be running at 100% with enough channels that the transmit windows overload a router's memory buffers because the packets in the buffers get stored for longer than the retransmit time of the connections. For modern routers RED (Random Early Drop) tends to avoid the problem.
For the 40% rules you're probably talking about a CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) connection like old 10Base2 (coax, cheapernet). Nearly all modern networks share the connections for more effectively than that; the major exception being, of course, WiFi.
But the GSM (3G etc) protocols don't work the same as WiFi. Those protocols use time division multiplexing like techniques and so don't suffer as badly from collisions as WiFi. However, they do suffer from the same limited total bandwidth, a switched 100BaseT network can reasonably have a Gbit/s flowing through the switch but radio is limited to the amount that can fit in the channel no matter how many devices there are.
So fast-forward 100 years. The wired networks with have insane speeds, optical wave guides (aka fibres) with terabit rates for everyone at the same time, but the radio wireless can't physically get past a few gigabits shared between everyone in a cell (when all radio is cell packet data).
Right now the cell radios are limited to a few megahertz bandwidth so you get a few megabits per second and only if you're the only one in the cell on that channel.
The original tape drives cost $330000 EACH in about '66. And yet she was able to get the tapes read with a cost of only $250000. And just how much inflation do you think there has been since then?
I think that this is a very strong statement FOR tape drives, they were able to read the tapes forty years later despite the drive being super expensive and very rare even when it was in production.
I think the Smithsonian might have a working hard drive from that time, but if it's got any data on it, it came off a tape.
As I understand it most of the nuclear research simulations that it would be nice to run simply cannot be done on any modern machines. If it's only a few particles they can be simulated on a laptop but the interesting interactions need to simulate millions or billions of points with every single one of them influencing every other one in the simulation.
As a simple example, a genetic algorithm was used to program some reconfigurable FPGA chips. A layout was grown on the chip the did the job but broke just about every rule for FPGA design. There were parts of the layout on the chip that were not connected to any circuit but removing them made the device fail to work. Transferring the layout to a different chip got you a non-working circuit. It would be great to be able to simulate this... not a chance it's too big, by so very many orders of magnitude.
http://linux.die.net/man/8/badblocks
Most modern hard drives don't need low level formatting anymore as they will rewrite the block headers when they write the block (the gap between the header and the data was a waste of space) Flash drives have always erased and written all the data in the 'superblocks'. But flash drives have a very simple filesystem on them to do the wear levelling the best way to reset this is to use the drive's "Secure erase" function. If you can't get at this feature or the drive is crap and doesn't have the feature you can usually coax it into making everything linear by writing to every block in the drive in order. You'll probably have to do it at least twice for the drive to get the idea.
My favourite tool for doing this is the ext2 badblocks command, for hard disks I let it run the 4 pass default (AA 55 FF 00) which in addition to rewriting every block reads them back too and so gives the SMART controller a chance to everything in order. I tend to do the same for flash drives, but worry a little about it making too many writes.
Not exactly, the guild didn't really have enough political clout to get the modification on the books. But the legal profession did and the guild members were really making a nuisance of themselves (to some extent in the legal sense too) by making big complicated pure judgement cases against each other. The copyright laws mostly made the legal cases a simple question of who could provide the earliest date with the registrar, case closed.
Yup they're good guard dogs aren't they. They are required, they scream and shout about utopia but, like the story, RMS is more than smart enough to realise that Utopia has it's downside.
If you want me to be quiet and reasonable about this then I believe they copyright should exist but the law should only be applied to situations where it costs real hard cash to make copies. That is after all the environment that copyright is supposed to work in and worked in very well for a hundred years. Only in the 20th century did it start to fail BECAUSE the cost to make the first duplicate of the original dropped around a million times. (The big expensive copy machine is no longer needed)
The cost of producing the original is irrelevant, in the modern world there are many ways to raise the money for that. Hell, with modern communications it would be possible for a group of a few thousand unrelated people around the world to sponsor a work. Ooooh! What a horrible though, the slashdot song...
For a proper challenge/reply the server has to authenticate to you too. For example, it could be that the server gives you the last 3 digits of the current pin number for the keyfob. If the pin is wrong the keyfob doesn't give you a number to pass back to the server. Of course the easiest way is to use the built in facilities of the browser's certificate system...
Your "personal number" does not increase security at all, in fact it probably reduces security a little as it's actually a universal user name so allows merging of intelligence about you.
BTW: Nothing you've said needs physical access to the Card, just the keyfob (calculator?) device
Yellow synthetic diamonds (nitrogen impurity) are easy to make, comparatively, and form the basis of a lot of the industrial uses. However, vapour deposition techniques are quite capable of making blue (with boron) or colourless synthetic diamonds that are visually indistinguishable from a pure volcanic diamond.
In fact the only way to distinguish them is to do a chemical analysis (eg with UV light) and compare the result against the impurities listed in volcanic diamonds from all the known mines.
If there were no numlock the embedded number pad would be accessible using the blue Fn key and would be a function local to the laptop keyboard.
Because of this both the laptop keyboard and the plugin one would work perfectly at the same time and you wouldn't have to remember to reconfigure every time you want to switch.
You don't need the numlock, you're forced to use it.
For the colourspace limitations the human eye can detect a lot fewer that 16M colours it's more like 64k, or perhaps 100k. A good (YUV based) choice of 65536 colours from a 16M colorspace is usually enough for the human eye (witness the DVD colour encoding practices). BUT if you take pure primary green or a greyscale you can see steps in a 128 level (7bit) ladder. OTOH red and blue often look smooth at 7bpp.
So if you have an RGB display using bits you need 8 bits of green for a smooth scale, for simplicity red and blue are made the same which gives you 24bits. A rather inconvenient number as it happens, three bytes per pixel is slow and inefficient, either 16bpp or 32bpp is much faster.
It's similar with frame rate as someone has mentioned cones have a 15th second 'recharge' time, however, rods (B&W mostly at the edge of the eye) have a much faster response such that you can see a 60Hz flicker 'out of the corner of your eye'.
This means that with something like film, where the whole image is on the screen most of the time with only a tiny bit of blackness between frames, the frame rate can reasonably be 15 or 24fps. But a CRT has a much longer period of blackness between the frames, this leads to more of the cones 'seeing' the black between the frames and so you see the flicker.
But this is for recording of the real world where the film is sensitive to light falling on it for a large fraction of the frame time so you get motion blur. Without motion blur the brain will see motion as fast steps (more flickering) so to combat this you need to up the frame rate to generate the motion blur actually in the rods and cones themselves, sometimes as high as 100fps.
A p2p communication could be done in about 20 minutes to 250,000 machines without a full list. It's the same problem as an initial 'flash worm' infection except the botherder is the only person who can send out a valid update because of the worm's use of public keys. This assumes you know of a couple of thousand machines to start the update, if you only know of one it will take a bit longer to find those first thousand.
Your second point isn't 100% right, modern tape drives have two features that more or less eliminate "shoe-shining". The first is that the tape drive can usually run at multiple speeds, sometimes as low as 1/3 of it's headline speed so if you can't keep up it adjusts. But the most important feature is a huge buffer, several seconds of write time between the OS and the tape surface. With both of these in place the "shoe-shining" is minimal. (eg: a quarter second backtrack every 5 seconds; as compared to the old QIC drives where you could easily end up with the equivalent of twenty passes.)
PS: If you happen to have an old tape drive that doesn't have a huge buffer it can easily be done in software.
A little while ago they made a very bad decision that caused people to lose files, lots of files.
The second thing especially means people have lost a lot of the confidence they had because it became obvious that ext4 was making the security of user data (but not the filesystem structures) take a second place to performance.
You're wrong, because copyright law is based on the similarity between two works. In a legal setting a copyright owner will try to expand the "width" of thing covered by their copyright on a manuscript. Suppose you have a copyright on a painting that's red on the left and blue on the right. Does this also cover pink and mauve? A smooth gradient and a step? One step, ten, hundred, when does it switch? How about blue on the left red on the right is that the same?
The artist sees the detail, even if they acknowledge the inspiration of an earlier work in their eye the detail is different so it's a new work, but the law doesn't (cannot) assume these details are art because if they did there would be no copyright. The smallest change may be an original artistic improvement but it may also be a random change to hide a copyright infringement. And the modern computer is superb for making a simple change that looks like a major alteration; just the tweak the colour control and it becomes red and green.
So copyright divides the infinite detail and variation of artistic impression into large flat fiefdoms of control where trespassers may not tread. That's how it can be both ways.
Can't be sure, but the filesystem & partition driver for windows USB devices is sometimes very temperamental.
Generally both the partition table and the filesystem must exactly match what windows expects.
If you're feeling brave you could try a complete wipe of the SD card partition table and all.
ie: "dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdc"
Then reformat it under windows.
I would make sure I keep a copy of the existing partition table and filesystem though.
Slashdot Mirror
TCP does NOT suffer from congestion collapse until well past 40%, congestion collapse of TCP requires the line to be running at 100% with enough channels that the transmit windows overload a router's memory buffers because the packets in the buffers get stored for longer than the retransmit time of the connections. For modern routers RED (Random Early Drop) tends to avoid the problem.
For the 40% rules you're probably talking about a CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) connection like old 10Base2 (coax, cheapernet). Nearly all modern networks share the connections for more effectively than that; the major exception being, of course, WiFi.
But the GSM (3G etc) protocols don't work the same as WiFi. Those protocols use time division multiplexing like techniques and so don't suffer as badly from collisions as WiFi. However, they do suffer from the same limited total bandwidth, a switched 100BaseT network can reasonably have a Gbit/s flowing through the switch but radio is limited to the amount that can fit in the channel no matter how many devices there are.
So fast-forward 100 years. The wired networks with have insane speeds, optical wave guides (aka fibres) with terabit rates for everyone at the same time, but the radio wireless can't physically get past a few gigabits shared between everyone in a cell (when all radio is cell packet data).
Right now the cell radios are limited to a few megahertz bandwidth so you get a few megabits per second and only if you're the only one in the cell on that channel.
NASA!?
The original tape drives cost $330000 EACH in about '66. And yet she was able to get the tapes read with a cost of only $250000. And just how much inflation do you think there has been since then?
I think that this is a very strong statement FOR tape drives, they were able to read the tapes forty years later despite the drive being super expensive and very rare even when it was in production.
I think the Smithsonian might have a working hard drive from that time, but if it's got any data on it, it came off a tape.
As I understand it most of the nuclear research simulations that it would be nice to run simply cannot be done on any modern machines. If it's only a few particles they can be simulated on a laptop but the interesting interactions need to simulate millions or billions of points with every single one of them influencing every other one in the simulation.
As a simple example, a genetic algorithm was used to program some reconfigurable FPGA chips. A layout was grown on the chip the did the job but broke just about every rule for FPGA design. There were parts of the layout on the chip that were not connected to any circuit but removing them made the device fail to work. Transferring the layout to a different chip got you a non-working circuit. It would be great to be able to simulate this ... not a chance it's too big, by so very many orders of magnitude.
http://www.netscrap.com/netscrap_detail.cfm?scrap_id=73
This whole thing make me want to download this movie, burn it to DVD then burn the DVD!
Of course there's no point wasting time downloading the movie, a bonfire of 5000 DVD coasters would make the point.
http://linux.die.net/man/8/badblocks Most modern hard drives don't need low level formatting anymore as they will rewrite the block headers when they write the block (the gap between the header and the data was a waste of space) Flash drives have always erased and written all the data in the 'superblocks'. But flash drives have a very simple filesystem on them to do the wear levelling the best way to reset this is to use the drive's "Secure erase" function. If you can't get at this feature or the drive is crap and doesn't have the feature you can usually coax it into making everything linear by writing to every block in the drive in order. You'll probably have to do it at least twice for the drive to get the idea. My favourite tool for doing this is the ext2 badblocks command, for hard disks I let it run the 4 pass default (AA 55 FF 00) which in addition to rewriting every block reads them back too and so gives the SMART controller a chance to everything in order. I tend to do the same for flash drives, but worry a little about it making too many writes.
You should'a turned right at Digg, not left. Go start back at Google, 4chan is that'a'way.
Not exactly, the guild didn't really have enough political clout to get the modification on the books. But the legal profession did and the guild members were really making a nuisance of themselves (to some extent in the legal sense too) by making big complicated pure judgement cases against each other. The copyright laws mostly made the legal cases a simple question of who could provide the earliest date with the registrar, case closed.
The court can get onto a less boring case.
So how is that different from the B movie?
Don't forget 90% of everything is crap.
Yup they're good guard dogs aren't they. They are required, they scream and shout about utopia but, like the story, RMS is more than smart enough to realise that Utopia has it's downside.
If you want me to be quiet and reasonable about this then I believe they copyright should exist but the law should only be applied to situations where it costs real hard cash to make copies. That is after all the environment that copyright is supposed to work in and worked in very well for a hundred years. Only in the 20th century did it start to fail BECAUSE the cost to make the first duplicate of the original dropped around a million times. (The big expensive copy machine is no longer needed)
The cost of producing the original is irrelevant, in the modern world there are many ways to raise the money for that. Hell, with modern communications it would be possible for a group of a few thousand unrelated people around the world to sponsor a work. Ooooh! What a horrible though, the slashdot song ...
An anthropologist. Or maybe just and apologist.
This is better, but still not good.
For a proper challenge/reply the server has to authenticate to you too. For example, it could be that the server gives you the last 3 digits of the current pin number for the keyfob. If the pin is wrong the keyfob doesn't give you a number to pass back to the server. Of course the easiest way is to use the built in facilities of the browser's certificate system ...
Your "personal number" does not increase security at all, in fact it probably reduces security a little as it's actually a universal user name so allows merging of intelligence about you.
BTW: Nothing you've said needs physical access to the Card, just the keyfob (calculator?) device
That's the whole reason I got an Amex card.
Of course now I do well over 90% of my offline card transactions with Amex too.
Shame.
Yellow synthetic diamonds (nitrogen impurity) are easy to make, comparatively, and form the basis of a lot of the industrial uses. However, vapour deposition techniques are quite capable of making blue (with boron) or colourless synthetic diamonds that are visually indistinguishable from a pure volcanic diamond.
In fact the only way to distinguish them is to do a chemical analysis (eg with UV light) and compare the result against the impurities listed in volcanic diamonds from all the known mines.
That's Orangutan you insensitive clod.
s/insensitive/illiterate/
Fix'd that for you.
If there were no numlock the embedded number pad would be accessible using the blue Fn key and would be a function local to the laptop keyboard.
Because of this both the laptop keyboard and the plugin one would work perfectly at the same time and you wouldn't have to remember to reconfigure every time you want to switch.
You don't need the numlock, you're forced to use it.
As usual it's a little more complicated.
For the colourspace limitations the human eye can detect a lot fewer that 16M colours it's more like 64k, or perhaps 100k. A good (YUV based) choice of 65536 colours from a 16M colorspace is usually enough for the human eye (witness the DVD colour encoding practices). BUT if you take pure primary green or a greyscale you can see steps in a 128 level (7bit) ladder. OTOH red and blue often look smooth at 7bpp.
So if you have an RGB display using bits you need 8 bits of green for a smooth scale, for simplicity red and blue are made the same which gives you 24bits. A rather inconvenient number as it happens, three bytes per pixel is slow and inefficient, either 16bpp or 32bpp is much faster.
It's similar with frame rate as someone has mentioned cones have a 15th second 'recharge' time, however, rods (B&W mostly at the edge of the eye) have a much faster response such that you can see a 60Hz flicker 'out of the corner of your eye'.
This means that with something like film, where the whole image is on the screen most of the time with only a tiny bit of blackness between frames, the frame rate can reasonably be 15 or 24fps. But a CRT has a much longer period of blackness between the frames, this leads to more of the cones 'seeing' the black between the frames and so you see the flicker.
But this is for recording of the real world where the film is sensitive to light falling on it for a large fraction of the frame time so you get motion blur. Without motion blur the brain will see motion as fast steps (more flickering) so to combat this you need to up the frame rate to generate the motion blur actually in the rods and cones themselves, sometimes as high as 100fps.
So, yet again, the answer is 'it depends' ...
So you want to ride in your car with all the mechanics sliding smoothly.
How about Slide and Ride?
You delivery will be made in a plain jiffy bag.
A p2p communication could be done in about 20 minutes to 250,000 machines without a full list. It's the same problem as an initial 'flash worm' infection except the botherder is the only person who can send out a valid update because of the worm's use of public keys. This assumes you know of a couple of thousand machines to start the update, if you only know of one it will take a bit longer to find those first thousand.
See Warhol worm
Your second point isn't 100% right, modern tape drives have two features that more or less eliminate "shoe-shining". The first is that the tape drive can usually run at multiple speeds, sometimes as low as 1/3 of it's headline speed so if you can't keep up it adjusts. But the most important feature is a huge buffer, several seconds of write time between the OS and the tape surface. With both of these in place the "shoe-shining" is minimal. (eg: a quarter second backtrack every 5 seconds; as compared to the old QIC drives where you could easily end up with the equivalent of twenty passes.)
PS: If you happen to have an old tape drive that doesn't have a huge buffer it can easily be done in software.
The second thing especially means people have lost a lot of the confidence they had because it became obvious that ext4 was making the security of user data (but not the filesystem structures) take a second place to performance.
You're wrong, because copyright law is based on the similarity between two works. In a legal setting a copyright owner will try to expand the "width" of thing covered by their copyright on a manuscript. Suppose you have a copyright on a painting that's red on the left and blue on the right. Does this also cover pink and mauve? A smooth gradient and a step? One step, ten, hundred, when does it switch? How about blue on the left red on the right is that the same?
The artist sees the detail, even if they acknowledge the inspiration of an earlier work in their eye the detail is different so it's a new work, but the law doesn't (cannot) assume these details are art because if they did there would be no copyright. The smallest change may be an original artistic improvement but it may also be a random change to hide a copyright infringement. And the modern computer is superb for making a simple change that looks like a major alteration; just the tweak the colour control and it becomes red and green.
So copyright divides the infinite detail and variation of artistic impression into large flat fiefdoms of control where trespassers may not tread. That's how it can be both ways.
That's exactly his point, he wants that PC without the hard disk, CDROM or OS.
What do you think that should cost? Maybe $150 ? Why aren't there any tickboxs to do it ?
Why is there a separate genre of thin client PC's that cost so much more?
Who is being conned here?
Can't be sure, but the filesystem & partition driver for windows USB devices is sometimes very temperamental. Generally both the partition table and the filesystem must exactly match what windows expects.
If you're feeling brave you could try a complete wipe of the SD card partition table and all.
ie: "dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdc"
Then reformat it under windows.
I would make sure I keep a copy of the existing partition table and filesystem though.
GP is talking about SELinux. It's now part of the standard kernel, though a lot of work to setup.
No need to be sad, here have this nice big blue tie instead.