Since when did we have a free market? The only reason the financial industry makes the money they do is because they literally make the money. If we had hard money and 100% reserve banking they wouldn't be able to make money and would have to earn money.
Doctors are smart. They control how many people are legally allowed to compete with them. They control how many medical schools there are and get laws passed to prevent competition from foreign doctors.
When we talk about the engineering strength of materials we always work in strength per unit area. This is why you will see it quoted as pressures. Psi or MPa. Basically if you take a bar with a constant cross section and pull on the ends the stress is defined as the force applied divided by the cross sectional area. You will see Yield Stress defined which is when the part is permanently stretched. And Ultimate Stess which is when it actually breaks.
Since we work in areas and volumes when doing stress analysis the density and weight of the part only comes in if the parts gravity loads are to be considered. For many small or highly loaded parts the gravity load is insignificant. For buildings and Structures these are important loads to consider.
Let's move on then to the basics of solid mechanics. If something is in pure tension your strength is easy to calculate. You take the strength of your material with appropriate safety factors in psi and compare it to your load divided by the cross sectional area. Easy. So an aluminum and steel member of the same shape and with the same material strength will both be equally strong. But the Aluminum member will stretch 3 times as much and be 3 times lighter. If deflection is your criteria you will need the same weight of Aluminum as steel so your part will be bigger.
Compression is a bit harder depending on how slender your member is. If it is short you can do what you did with the tension emember. If it is too long you can have an intermediate or long member. In addition to the stress you have to calculate buckling. The Young's Modulus (stiffness) and Area Moment of Inertias govern this. So basically if you have an Aluminum and Steel Member of the exact shape and with the same matial strength the Aluminum will buckle sooner. You can increase the Area Moment of Inertia by 3 times to get the same strength. This usually won't triple the mass.
Then you get to bending. Here the Area Moment of Inertia governs. So if you have an Aluminum and Steel part of the same material strength and shape they will carry the same load. But the deflection of the Aluminum Part will be more. You can compensate by increasing the Area Moment of Inertia by 3. Again you can do this by making the part bigger but not 3 times as big.
There are a couple of mechanical properties that you can generalize for a metal regardless of alloy type.
Density is pretty consistent. Aluminum is about.09 lb/in^3, Titanium.16 lb/in^3, and Steels.28 lb/in^3
But the most important one is Young's Modulus. This is basically how stiff a material is so higher is stiffer. Aluminum is 10 Mpsi Titanium is 16 Mpsi Steel is 29 Mpsi
What is really freaky is that the Young's Modulus numbers are almost identical to the in proportion to the densities.
I'm a mechanical engineer and I have to agree. Material selection is much more complicated than it seems. Let's take a typical aluminum parts I design.
If it is a high strength part machined from a block I'd use AL 7075-T6 since it's very strong and machines well. The T6 is an artificial aging that makes it stronger.
Sheet metal with tight bends 5052-O since other Aluminum will crack. The O means it is annealed so it's soft enough to bend cleanly.
Welded parts I'd use 6061-T6 since it's strong and welds nicely. The only problem is when you weld aluminum you anneal the area around the weld and the strength can drop from 36ksi yield to about 8ksi yield. If you really need the strength you can artificially age the part after you weld it but then the part typically warps and you have to straighten it back.
And once you have your part you have another problem with Aluminum. It's really soft. So it's easy to scratch and you can't get the surface clean because it keeps oxidizing and will rub off and make your hand black. So you can anodize it. There is a regular and a hard coat anodize if the part will be subject to wear.
These are just a few of the material selections you need to make. And this is just aluminum.
Pure Titanium is pretty weak with a Yield of around 20ksi. But the most common type is Grade 5 which when heat treated is good to about 150ksi yield. Most 300 series stainless especially 316 which is pretty much the most inert one is good to about 40ksi. You can get some insane Maraging steels that go to 350ksi. But working with those is a pain. The only times I've used it I had to wire EDM it.
Titanium is stronger than most stainless steels and is 2/3 of the density. Also nickle is a component of stainless steel and can cause problems in the body. Titanium is inert in the body.
What you linked to is a power map. We get wind all the time here but it is only as fronts go across the state. You wouldn't want to put a wind turbine here but we gets strong winds quite frequently.
I'm not sure if masters level is any different but the undergraduate program I was in there was only a 2 elective difference between CS and SE. I took all the electives for fun. When I graduated they asked did I want to have CS or SE on my degree. I said why not both. They said I only paid for one degree. I still don't remember which one I am.
There is a way to make it work. It's called controlling your content.
The problem is that for a short period of time artists and their producers have benefited from a unique technological quirk. The ability to cheaply record and copy content on media on a massive scale, the ability for consumers to cheaply play such media, and copying that media is expensive on a small scale. This made it very profitable for publishers to control the presses.
But the purpose of profits in an economy are to show where demand is not being met and encourages others to get into that field.
Today what has happened is there is almost no cost to copy digital content. The solution in a free market is to let it happen. The publishers temporary natural monopoly has run out. Boo Hoo.
If the artists want to make money they have to control their content. For musicians that means they actually have to play concerts. For movies it means they have to try to make their money up in the theater and maybe not release any digital content or do so at a price or with additional service consumers will pay. For authors it means they either have to stick to paper maybe with customized signatures and make their money that way or sell digital copies at a low enough price that people will pay as in the form of a tip.
But the solution is defiantly not to control digital content.Think about what that means. It means someone that created content now owns my computer and can tell me what I can do with it. Copying doesn't violate anyone's property. They still own their computer where their copy rests.
I think by Physics you need it to input energy to make this work. There are RO membranes that are used for power generation using salt water and fresh water kind of like a fuel cell. If this required no power you could have a perpetual motion machine.
There has also been studies showing you can make a selective filter by making nanotubes with the right diameter to let water through but not larger molecules. In addition because the walls are so "smooth" there is much less pressure to flow the water through then expected.
If you just keep NASA's budget constant there is $8B a year for human space flight. The savings are from ending shuttle and finishing building the ISS.
Dude. You completely copied the ideas in my previous posts. Thank you. Now if we can just get this idea to spread.
The proof that ideas aren't property is that even the founders had to put them in another section of the Constituion than where real property is protected.
IP like slavery is going prove to be an unjust concept that is thrown into the dustbin of history.
Yes. If you managed to set up transmitters that were used for something that covered the entire country in every frequency before anyone else one else was able to do it you could own it all.
Or more likely you would set up a transmitter in a city to provide a service such as a radio station and you would own that frequency for the range of your signal. It would protect you fom someone operating on the same frequency where it would interfere with your transmitter.
Like I mentioned before. I've been a party to lawsuits against many multinational companies. They were all class action lawsuits. A team of lawyers figured out that a big company was screwing a bunch of consumers and figured they could make a lot of money suing the company.
I think you may be confusing libertarianism with anarchism. Libertarian philosophy recognizes the need for a government to provide courts and police. The main purpose of these is to protect you liberty and property rights.
You could sue for anything but you have to prove damages. I may not be a handsome man but if you sue me in court you would have to prove damages to a jury.
Did you ever get a letter in the mail letting you know you were a part of a class action lawsuit? I get about 2 a year. It would be a good use of all of our lawyers.
Slashdot Mirror
Since when did we have a free market? The only reason the financial industry makes the money they do is because they literally make the money. If we had hard money and 100% reserve banking they wouldn't be able to make money and would have to earn money.
I don't see why Blackmail should be illegal. In this case he hacked their system so that is a crime. But the blackmail itself is just a negotiation.
Doctors are smart. They control how many people are legally allowed to compete with them. They control how many medical schools there are and get laws passed to prevent competition from foreign doctors.
When we talk about the engineering strength of materials we always work in strength per unit area. This is why you will see it quoted as pressures. Psi or MPa. Basically if you take a bar with a constant cross section and pull on the ends the stress is defined as the force applied divided by the cross sectional area. You will see Yield Stress defined which is when the part is permanently stretched. And Ultimate Stess which is when it actually breaks.
Since we work in areas and volumes when doing stress analysis the density and weight of the part only comes in if the parts gravity loads are to be considered. For many small or highly loaded parts the gravity load is insignificant. For buildings and Structures these are important loads to consider.
Let's move on then to the basics of solid mechanics.
If something is in pure tension your strength is easy to calculate. You take the strength of your material with appropriate safety factors in psi and compare it to your load divided by the cross sectional area. Easy. So an aluminum and steel member of the same shape and with the same material strength will both be equally strong. But the Aluminum member will stretch 3 times as much and be 3 times lighter. If deflection is your criteria you will need the same weight of Aluminum as steel so your part will be bigger.
Compression is a bit harder depending on how slender your member is. If it is short you can do what you did with the tension emember. If it is too long you can have an intermediate or long member. In addition to the stress you have to calculate buckling. The Young's Modulus (stiffness) and Area Moment of Inertias govern this. So basically if you have an Aluminum and Steel Member of the exact shape and with the same matial strength the Aluminum will buckle sooner. You can increase the Area Moment of Inertia by 3 times to get the same strength. This usually won't triple the mass.
Then you get to bending. Here the Area Moment of Inertia governs. So if you have an Aluminum and Steel part of the same material strength and shape they will carry the same load. But the deflection of the Aluminum Part will be more. You can compensate by increasing the Area Moment of Inertia by 3. Again you can do this by making the part bigger but not 3 times as big.
I got a (4 Interesting) so I'll continue.
There are a couple of mechanical properties that you can generalize for a metal regardless of alloy type.
Density is pretty consistent. Aluminum is about .09 lb/in^3, Titanium .16 lb/in^3, and Steels .28 lb/in^3
But the most important one is Young's Modulus. This is basically how stiff a material is so higher is stiffer.
Aluminum is 10 Mpsi
Titanium is 16 Mpsi
Steel is 29 Mpsi
What is really freaky is that the Young's Modulus numbers are almost identical to the in proportion to the densities.
I'm a mechanical engineer and I have to agree. Material selection is much more complicated than it seems. Let's take a typical aluminum parts I design.
If it is a high strength part machined from a block I'd use AL 7075-T6 since it's very strong and machines well. The T6 is an artificial aging that makes it stronger.
Sheet metal with tight bends 5052-O since other Aluminum will crack. The O means it is annealed so it's soft enough to bend cleanly.
Welded parts I'd use 6061-T6 since it's strong and welds nicely. The only problem is when you weld aluminum you anneal the area around the weld and the strength can drop from 36ksi yield to about 8ksi yield. If you really need the strength you can artificially age the part after you weld it but then the part typically warps and you have to straighten it back.
And once you have your part you have another problem with Aluminum. It's really soft. So it's easy to scratch and you can't get the surface clean because it keeps oxidizing and will rub off and make your hand black. So you can anodize it. There is a regular and a hard coat anodize if the part will be subject to wear.
These are just a few of the material selections you need to make. And this is just aluminum.
Pure Titanium is pretty weak with a Yield of around 20ksi. But the most common type is Grade 5 which when heat treated is good to about 150ksi yield. Most 300 series stainless especially 316 which is pretty much the most inert one is good to about 40ksi. You can get some insane Maraging steels that go to 350ksi. But working with those is a pain. The only times I've used it I had to wire EDM it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_series
Titanium is stronger than most stainless steels and is 2/3 of the density. Also nickle is a component of stainless steel and can cause problems in the body. Titanium is inert in the body.
So it would give homeless a place to watch porn.
Ever try reading a bill passed by congress?
What you linked to is a power map. We get wind all the time here but it is only as fronts go across the state. You wouldn't want to put a wind turbine here but we gets strong winds quite frequently.
I'm not sure if masters level is any different but the undergraduate program I was in there was only a 2 elective difference between CS and SE. I took all the electives for fun. When I graduated they asked did I want to have CS or SE on my degree. I said why not both. They said I only paid for one degree. I still don't remember which one I am.
There is a way to make it work. It's called controlling your content.
The problem is that for a short period of time artists and their producers have benefited from a unique technological quirk. The ability to cheaply record and copy content on media on a massive scale, the ability for consumers to cheaply play such media, and copying that media is expensive on a small scale. This made it very profitable for publishers to control the presses.
But the purpose of profits in an economy are to show where demand is not being met and encourages others to get into that field.
Today what has happened is there is almost no cost to copy digital content. The solution in a free market is to let it happen. The publishers temporary natural monopoly has run out. Boo Hoo.
If the artists want to make money they have to control their content. For musicians that means they actually have to play concerts. For movies it means they have to try to make their money up in the theater and maybe not release any digital content or do so at a price or with additional service consumers will pay. For authors it means they either have to stick to paper maybe with customized signatures and make their money that way or sell digital copies at a low enough price that people will pay as in the form of a tip.
But the solution is defiantly not to control digital content.Think about what that means. It means someone that created content now owns my computer and can tell me what I can do with it. Copying doesn't violate anyone's property. They still own their computer where their copy rests.
Here are the Level 1 System Requirements for MER.
http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/37720/1/05-0470.pdf
I think by Physics you need it to input energy to make this work.
There are RO membranes that are used for power generation using salt water and fresh water kind of like a fuel cell.
If this required no power you could have a perpetual motion machine.
There has also been studies showing you can make a selective filter by making nanotubes with the right diameter to let water through but not larger molecules. In addition because the walls are so "smooth" there is much less pressure to flow the water through then expected.
Or you could mine salt by dragging a net of graphene behind a boat.
If you just keep NASA's budget constant there is $8B a year for human space flight. The savings are from ending shuttle and finishing building the ISS.
So what to do with that money?
http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/516674main_FY12Budget_Estimates_Overview.pdf
Dude. You completely copied the ideas in my previous posts. Thank you. Now if we can just get this idea to spread.
The proof that ideas aren't property is that even the founders had to put them in another section of the Constituion than where real property is protected.
IP like slavery is going prove to be an unjust concept that is thrown into the dustbin of history.
Yes. If you managed to set up transmitters that were used for something that covered the entire country in every frequency before anyone else one else was able to do it you could own it all. Or more likely you would set up a transmitter in a city to provide a service such as a radio station and you would own that frequency for the range of your signal. It would protect you fom someone operating on the same frequency where it would interfere with your transmitter.
Like I mentioned before. I've been a party to lawsuits against many multinational companies. They were all class action lawsuits. A team of lawyers figured out that a big company was screwing a bunch of consumers and figured they could make a lot of money suing the company.
I think you may be confusing libertarianism with anarchism. Libertarian philosophy recognizes the need for a government to provide courts and police. The main purpose of these is to protect you liberty and property rights.
You could sue for anything but you have to prove damages. I may not be a handsome man but if you sue me in court you would have to prove damages to a jury.
Did you ever get a letter in the mail letting you know you were a part of a class action lawsuit? I get about 2 a year. It would be a good use of all of our lawyers.