Slashdot Mirror
Who Invented Packet-Switching?
Saint Aardvark writes "It's how the Internet works, and now who invented packet-switching is under dispute. A posthumous paper by British scientist Dr. Donald Davies disputes the claim by Leonard Kleinrock to have invented the technique, saying Kleinrock never took it beyond the case of a single node. Kleinrock, whose lab was the first node on Arpanet, is willing to concede that Davies invented the term "packet-switching.""
... it's Microsoft, of course !
If Kleinrock conceded, then there's not really a dispute, is there?
Free Mac Mini
I could have sworn that it was Al Gore. He put all of the packets into a lockbox, then switched it for another lockbox.
I believe that was Mr. Albert Gore, ex-Vice President and He Who Was Instrumental In The Creation Of Everything Internet Related.
Every once in a while I like to masturbate a new word into my vocabulary, even if I don't know what it means.
Al Gore. If he invented the internet, then he must have invented packet switching first
"the fax machine is nothing but a waffle iron with a phone attached to it." - Grandpa Simpson
I thought it was "publish or perish." Now you're telling me it's "publish and perish"?
I'm glad I got out of academia.
Al Gore Sr created Al Gore...
Soon Al Gore Jr will create Al Gore Jr Jr, and so on...
Recursion!
Ye Gads!!! Forget packetswiching, this person has learned to communicate from beyond the grave!!
This memorandum is meant to inform the readers of the website known commonly as "Slashdot" that our client currently holds the patent (number 01013494052-3490432) for the technology known as "Packet-Switching" and will require a per-use fee for the rest of your pathetic fucking lives to utilize this technology.
Everyone know Gore invented it when he invented the internet!
;)
Dr. Donald Davies = 0 votes, Leonard Kleinrock = 0 votes, Al Gore = 4, microsoft = 1, the "I did" votes don't count. And I give 1 vote to CowboyNeal !
Flamebait, but I've got karma to burn... Does this really matter? No offense to either party involved. They've both obviously contributed valuable work to society. But this is just another piece of the puzzle, and they can share credit for it. I'm sure it's listed on both of their resumes.
If anyone could explain why this gains news-worthy attention, please post. If this dispute does in fact matter to anyone but the parties involved, I'd like to know how.
Developers: We can use your help.
And I thought that Digital Equipment Corporation developed communications across the ethernet.
Next thing you know someone will claim Steve Jobs didn't invent the GUI and Bill Gates didn't write DOS...
How to tell your a total loss as a human:
(I determined this after reading the first 15 posts)
1) If you thought something about Al Gore when you read the write up, you are already half lost as a human being. There is still hope, however, and redemption lies in getting a girlfriend soon, or at least a modicum of action.
2) If you actually took time to post something about Al Gore, you are totally lost as a human. There is no hope, and you should just as well give up ever having a normal relationship with anyone in society besides your Linux machine named DarkForce.
Obviously you have never seen Al Gore. It is well suspected that Al is a Robotic Creation devised to bore The Masses into servitude. The mystery is just who is behind this maniacal plot.
Then again, who invented packets? Who invented bytes? who invented bits? who invented the binary system? (I heard it was sheperds who needed to count lots of sheep so the used thier fingers as representations of powers of two.) Who invented numeric series? who advance math beyond numeric purity? who invented thought? Why does everyone want to take credit for everything? Too many battles are fought over naming rights....when the history revisionists will ultimately decide...not any single inventor. I mean there are still works of music, writing, and math from the Middle Ages on up that are attributed to the wrong people...(who invented inflated biographies?)
I need a TiVo for my car. Pause live traffic now.
According to Hafner's and Lyon's "Where wizards stay up late" (an interesting read), Paul Baran was the guy who invented packet switching in the ARPANET context (he called packets "message blocks"). But AT&T (the company which eventually had to provide the communication lines) wasn't very happy about this idea, so he stopped working on this issue. About the same time, Davies started his experiments (and so did Kleinrock). Kleinrock might have considered packet switching in his very early theoretical articles on data communication, but it's not that clear that he was the first one to do practical, large-scale experiments (this was Davies, IIRC), or to consider packet switching the ARPANET context (clearly Baran).
These kind of things will be shrouded in the mystery of time forever, i mean come on it was back in 1960 when no-one would think of the importance of the internet.
An example is of Newton and Leibniz who both claim to have discovered differential mathematics. I seem to remember there were vicious arguments between the supporters of both about it, with Newton bribing some college to declare him the inventor. I think now both are credited with its invention (would be happy if there would be anyone to confirm this).
The point is that the only ones who will care are their supporters. I think history will both remember them as instrumental in "packet switching".
But in truth, this is merely fighting over who gets to put what on their gravestones.
"It is a greater offense to steal men's labor, than their clothes"
Whether the dispute be over bragging rights (as it is in this case), patent rights, or any other motivation, it is astounding to see how many talented techies are tying themselves up by squabbling over trivial matters like credit and ego.
This kind of thing, though human nature, does little to counter the commonly-held image of the technology industry as being run by a bunch of self-absorbed, egotistical credit hogs. That's really a shame. It would be so much more productive to society if these people would concentrate more on innovating, applying their talents, and other productive activities. Not on taking credit for what happened 30 years ago. What a terrible waste. As somebody who has his name on several patents but would never waste his time fighting for them, I am ashamed.
</rant>
-CT
According to this document,
Paul Baran of the Rand Corporation came up with the idea and name
of packet switching in 1962.
They stab it with their steely knives,
But they just can't kill the beast.
who both? i didn't read the article...or the headline....
Whoever invented it, was probably a messenger who died thousands of years ago.
Packet switching is something that people do in Real Life, where the idea got recycled for use on computer networks. It's not an original idea for this century, and arguing about who invented it, is totally lame.
As copyright owner of this comment, I authorize everyone to defeat any technological measure which limits access to it.
Bill explained this quite clearly at his press conference yesterday. If Microsoft didn't invent TCP/IP, open source never would have made it.
Microsoft didn't invent packet switching.
Microsoft innovated packet switching.
When it comes to British inventors/inventions this is all too common occurrence, there is some great innovation in the UK but traditionally they concepts aren't followed through to commercialisation.
It happened to Sir Frank Whittle and the jet engine and consequently the first supersonic fighter, the Bell 1 which was based on the British design after the British Government withdrew funding for the project.
There was also the debacle over public key crypto research at GCHQ.
Donald Davies worked a the National Physical Laboratory in Middlesex, unfortunately the British Govt/Grants agency didn't see the potential of the invention at the time and no funded was given, so he went over to APRA who were throwing money at anything.
Donald died June last year at in Australia, where he went to retire, he didn't get a lot of recognition outside of a few small circles, but he did get quite a few awards from the various computing institutions in the UK, I think he's still relatively unknown in the US, probably because he was too modest, which is why some many scientists can claim to have invented Packet Switching.
I believe if you check your sources you will see that Al Gore invented it. He invented all of it.
As a side note, he also receives a +8 for control of any green group!!!
Unfortunately I can't find a link. And I'm not sure I've got the right guy. In any case, I distinctly recall reading about a Newton-era, London-based "natural philosopher" revamping the British mail system to be "packet switched" (obviously they didn't call it that then) because he proved that it was cheaper than the old system.
324006
It is really hard to tell who invented Internet, must be lots of people. I don't like "Leonard Kleinrock, Professor" webpage to claim he is the inventor. At least show me a publication, tell us you real have the vision on packet switch before you put a single node on. At least, single node is far from Internet. Shanon left us a great paper to tell us what is the limit of communication, we are trying hard to approach it.
We can not say the company working on Turbo coding invented/discovered Shanon therory, can we?
Leonard Kleinrock 's work is on Queueing theory, not packet switch. He maybe a pioneer, but not worth the Inventor title. I agree on this, "The Internet is really the work of a thousand people," Mr. Baran said. "And of all the stories about what different people have done, all the pieces fit together. It's just this one little case that seems to be an aberration."
You agree with me or not? :)
It's not just recursion. It's recursion gone horribly wrong.
In Soviet Russia, Chuck Norris will still kick your ass.
It had to be the Spanish Inquisition.
NOBODY expects the Spanish Inquisition!
The actual text of Davies' paper is available in Google's cache here
When this was being considered, the iron to build real networks was relatively expensive and not always very reliable; this continued for some years. Many of us would use multitaking OSs to emulate networks in the 60s and 70s, using software constructs to fake real transmission. Thus the claim that the tests were one node only is not NECESSARILY a valid criticism.
Just like Tesla invented everything else that's useful and revolutionary in the past century.
It seems curious to me how often some Brit comes along and claims that they invented something a few years after everybody has accredited someone else with the idea.
;)
There are various excuses for this: sometimes it's official secrets act (computers, public key cryptography, etc), but more often it's a case of "oh, I thought of that but didn't do anything about it". Even as a Brit, my response to these claims is "yeah, whatever". If you did invent it, then you should have made the most of it at the time. As a non-Brit I would be more irritated than impressed by these claims.
On the other hand, we're not the only nation that has a tendancy to claim we invented everything
http://rareformnewmedia.com/
This is Hafner's passage of interest:
Then she continues with a quote from Baran that "Everything is tied to everything else" with respect to who did the most important part.
It's weird, because from my perspective the participants seem to be arguing and use strong language like "spreading lies" to describe the alternative history, but when you look at the specifics, the dispute lies on some very fine nuances which are evidently impossible to untangle now, and may only be creations of recent times.
The number one question, to my understanding, is whether packet switching is such a central concept that the work by Baran and Davies which details it (since they both built experimental packet-switching networks and then wrote extensively about them, providing a base of information for Roberts) is important, or whether it really should just be understood as a relatively arbitrary (and self-obvious) implementation of multiple-node store-and-forward queuing theory, which Kleinrock is the father of, no question.
Did Baran and Davies' work matter to the ARPANET? It pretty much has to have. Baran wrote multiple volumes of detailed information from his experimental network; those volumes were available to and used by Bob Taylor, Roberts' boss and (according to Brand, at least) in the Baran camp, and Roberts credits them heavily in his early work.
All the early documentary evidence points only to Baran and Davies. However, the close association of Roberts and Kleinrock, the fact that Roberts helped Kleinrock do his thesis by doing programming for it (funny fact: the third guy in their little Lincoln Lab thesis group was Ivan Sutherland), and Kleinrock's lab's role as the first IMP site and ARPANET analysis center makes it absurd to believe that Kleinrock's influence wasn't major.
Of course, framing the dispute this way ignores how crucial the work of BBN was in all of this; they were amazing in designing and building the IMP. While Roberts' RFP had insane amounts of information, the IMP Guys did equivalent amounts of new work and recreation of ideas in their proposal.
--
Make mine methylphenidate.
Who Invented what. It's an interesting question, but in many cases it is rather moot and impossible to decypher. If 3 people enter a room, and out comes an idea then you can readily ascribe it to the 3 people who entered the room. But can you split hairs to determine who's idea it was? (maybe it wasn't an individuals, maybe it was but hadn't been completely worked out yet, etc..)
If 3 people thousands of miles apart develop the same general idea and implement it, no matter how significantly and only communicate about it afterwards, whos the inventor?
I implemented a line drawing algorithm when I was 14. Having never seen code to draw a line and knowing there had to be a more efficient way than using floats, etc to accomplish it. It worked. A few years later I saw a published article with the same algorithm. It predated me by atleast 15yrs. (Breshnam [sp?])
Does that make mine less significant? To me it is cool. And tells me that Software patents are a really bad idea.
When it comes to computers most of the programming population is on equal footing. When presented with a challenege they often come up with the same solutions. This makes tracking invention of some things quite difficult. (As for packet switching, truth is, it existed before computers. Sometimes refered to as snail-mail...)
As for somebody's remark about someone not publishing much on the subject, so? Doesn't mean he DIDNT invent it. I've strongly influenced software projects I wasn't on. I don't get credit for it, and my boss at the time didn't even know. He seemed suprised I would take some of the credit in a later conversation. (I wasn't bragging at the time, I was explaining why I understood how that project had been implemented.). If the programmer who wrote the application claimed it was her idea I could never win an argument about it. I still know the truth.
While developing the underlying archetecture of the internet, Al Gore invented packet switching. Of course this was accomplished later in his career. Everyone knows he invented the telephone as well. Watson was his assistant, not bell's.
-ted
Ethernet was invented by Eric Metcalf who later went on to work for Dec. He was part of the Arpanet team that invented packet switching. Lets face it, Arpanet was in America so how did this UK guy invent it when he didn't even have a friggin network to test it out on? Oh sure, if that's the case I invented nuclear fission too, because I thought about it 20 years ago. Give me a break.
Microsoft bought QDOS (which stoof for quich and dirty operating system, as a matter of fact) from Tim Patterson of Seattle Computer solutions, or somthing like that. Then, after they ran the guy out of business they hired him. Get your facts straight you moron.
This article makes it clear that, although the first tests of packet switching were done in Great Britain, the idea was initially kicked around by the dudes at the RAND Institute. I also have heard speculation that Bell Labs had explored this as a possibility as early as the early '60's, but had rejected it as a way to gain reliability in their network due to cost considerations (A-D converters and computers being a bit more expensive at the time).
That is all.
You know what is going to happen. Some dude from mesopotanian is going to claim that "some" derivative hyptertext bullshit is derived from some 10k bc caveman drawing is derived from some fucking dinosaur. give it a fucking rest. by the way i hate u all
'As with most legends, there is some element of truth at the core of this one, but some considerable confusion over the details. This particular confusion traces back to the work of Rand Corporation engineer Paul Baran, one of the three people with some claim to having independently developed the ideas of packet switching. Baran described some of the methods of packet switching in a series of eleven reports published in 1964 with the title "On Distributed Communications."'
... Before he finished his graduate research, Kleinrock learned of Paul Baran's work, and he cites Baran in his dissertation. But, well before he learned of Baran's ideas for a distributed process network, Kleinrock had analyzed the statistical behavior of such networks. Kleinrock has some claim to priority in the concepts of packet switching, in a 1961 quarterly lab report, "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets," and he published the first textbook discussion of packet switching network behaviors in 1964, Communication Nets: Stochastic Message Flow and Delay.'
'The phrase "packet switching" was coined by Donald Davies, another of the three independent "inventors" of packet switching. Davies was working on designs for distributed computer communications at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in England.'
'The ARPANET development would be closely affected by the third of the independent "inventors" of packet switching--Leonard Kleinrock.
-- The Roots of Packet Switching Networks.
Gore claimed to "have taken the initiative to create the Internet" or something like that, because he voted for some funding to enhance ARPANET, or something like that. So if you want to be pedantic aboout the whole bloody situation, yes, he never claimed to have invented the Internet. But in essence what he did was try to take the credit for something which he played no part in. It's like saying you took the initiative to create Nike running shoes because you voted to fund the Boston Marathon. So get your facts straight you moron.
If you see a bunch of particle physicists (particularly if some are from Brookhaven or MIT), just try asking them about who discovered the J/Psi particle. But be ready to get out of the way when physicists start getting thrown across the room!
What happens when pasta and antipasta collide?
They'd annihilate each other... IF there was such a thing as "antipasta".
On the other hand, when pasta and antipasto collide, nothing happens except it makes a big mess.
So tell me, are you antipasto or provolone?
Hugh Hefner ? Opps, my mistake, it's 'packet switching' they are talking about, I thought they were disputing 'package twitching'...
... or whoever invented mail. Each PO or similar collection of boxes is a host, postal/ZIP codes usually correpond to IP addresses each box is a port, postcards are packets, envelopes are encryption, both systems have return addresses, multiple transparent transport media (some are point to point; some are token ring; ethernet has no good analogue...), etc. The Internet is just an abstracted, automated Post Office system.
The story that Al Gore claimed to have invented the Internet has been thoroughly debunked by Phil Agre in http://commons.somewhere.com/rre/2000/RRE.Al.Gore. and.the.Inte.html
and
rebutted further later
That meme was a creation of Declan McCullagh, a "reporter" for Wired News who is politically a dogmatic Libertarian so extreme that he managed to get a book chapter using him as a poster-boy for Libertarian ideologues, and a different book chapter using him as Libertarian joke-fodder.
If you think this is flame-bait, the aspect of his fabricated story being a Liberatarian hit-piece on Al Gore was extensively discussed in a debunking by Salon
After Declan McCullagh was repeatedly taken to task for his hatchet-job, over more than year, by everyone who was there, from Dave Farberto Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf, Declan finally grudgingly retracted the "story"
But people still repeat it, because urban legends never die.
Sig: What Happened To The Censorware Project (censorware.org)
I don't really care who invented, I'm just glad they did. Otherwise, we wouldn't be reading slash from work, and getting paid! Damn, I love the life of Network Engineering. Now if only I could have a years supply of Funny Bones!
Um, this is my sig.
What about Al Gore?
Sun, being the DOT in Dot Com, invented everything that made the internet possible. Of course, this was back in the 80's when they hired Al Gore to head the whole project. Quite a successful venture, that.
Moon Macrosystems. Sun's biggest competitor.
haha in j00 face bizithc!
Please, oh please don't let this turn out to be another BT-style hyperlink fiasco.
The paper by Davies is available online here.
Tim
Hmm...antipasto or provolove...well, I did just eat lunch...
.sig. It's intentional - just a little use of poetic license, that's all. Of course, the argument could be made that "antipasta" is the plural of "antipasto", I guess.
Actually, you're not the first person to point out the misspelling on my
In Soviet Russia, Chuck Norris will still kick your ass.
L. Ron Hubbard has been doing that for years now!
well since bill gates takes credit for creating open source software seen here at the register.
it is easy to surmise that good old bill invented packet switching too.
couldn't be al gore he just stole the idea from bill
I did...but can't remember how and when.
Or, someone did and I bought rights on his life or simply, like usual, steal the idea.
Bill W. Gates.
Just say that both of them did. Kind of like Calculus, where everyone says it was pretty much a tie between Newton and Leibnitz ( I know that isn't spelled right.)
Of course Al Gore invented packet switching, but the Supreme Court unfortunately gave all the credit to Dubya after that whole chad thing down in Florida
My name is Inego Montoya. You killed my father, prepare to die.
My name is Inego Montoya. You killed my father, prepare to die.
My name is Inego Montoya. You killed my father, prepare to die.
STOP SAYING THAT!!
I invented packet switching. Right after I concieved of and patented the cursor.
More lame slashdot to come.
As I understand it, packet switching is akin to
a post-office system, i.e. the idea is as old as
society. What does it matter who remade it into
digital form?
Al Gore!!!
I think there is one thing we can all agree on, packet switching wasn't invented by a black man.
and no, it wasn't lassie looking for drugs OK????LASSIE CAN'T SPEAK!!!!
People who put a large percentage of their lives into creating some big software project without getting paid in money frequently value adulation even more highly. There are other reasons (solving your own problem, for example), but ego is a major driver of open source.
;-)
This isn't a complaint, but then I have no beef with people who do it for money, either. My only beef is with those who do it for ego disparaging those who do it for money as somehow less noble. Both are hoping to get paid, just in different currency.
Not that there's anything wrong with that.
"Those who have never entered upon scientific pursuits know not a tithe of the poetry by which they are surrounded."
Kelly had just finished the last summer cheerleading practice.She was the first
girl in ten years to make the squad their freshman year. Several of the other
cheerleaders were upset. Kelly wasn't concerned about their thoughts. She shyed
away from others and had very few friends. She didn't believe in the clicks
people got into. Kelly is one of the prettiest girls in school. Shoulder length
reddish blonde hair, acute face with a small button nose, and always smiled.
Breasts the size of small grapefruits with nipples same size as quarters. Flat
slightly sculptured belly, slender waist, narrow hips, small plump butt and
perfectly shaped legs. All wrapped into a 5'4" 115pds frame.
After showering Kelly dried herself, as she went to her locker. She noticed four
girls across from her locker talking and snickering. Kelly ignored them. After
slipping her cotton bikini pantys on, she grabbed her bra. Somebody had cut the
straps. There was no way she'd be able to wear it now. She turned around to
confront the now, laughing girls. They quickly walked out of the lockeroom.
Kelly put on her low cut tank top, and shorts. After throwing her stuff into her
bag, she headed out. Her breasts stood just as if she had a bra on. Her breasts
firmly jiggled as she walked to the bus stop. Kelly was headed downtown to the
library first. Then to a movie.
Kelly had noticed lately that boys as well as men were looking her over as she
walked by. Today more so than ever. After she got off the bus downtown. She went
to walking the 4 blocks to the library. When a old black man walked out of a
alley. Hey there. Where you headed? (shyly and quietly) Oh, hi. I'm going to
have lunch with my dad. Kelly walked a little faster. She didn't notice that the
old black man was following her. Kelly went into the library and looked over a
couple of books untill it was time to go to the movie. She looked up. Over a few
tables was the old black man. Since she had noticed men looking her way. Kelly
was starting to become a tease. So, she walked his way to put the books away.
She knew he wouldn't do anything in public place. When she was in front of him.
She dropped the books. Bending over to pick them up. (without bending her knees)
Her tank top layed so the old black man could get a good look at her white
breasts. The old black man's mouth dropped open. Oh! Excuse me. (acting as it
was an acident)
Kelly headed to the movie. Which was a couple of blocks away. She loved the
reaction she had got from the old man. The movie Kelly wanted to see was sold
out. She wanted to see a movie. So, she got a ticket to another. Then she saw
that another was starting and it was rated R and nobody was around. She went on
in. Hardly anybody was there. Kelly sat towards the back . The movie started.
When a nude scene started someone came and sat by her. She didn't even pay any
mind. She in awe of what was on the screen. This was her first R movie. There on
the screen was a black slave climbing on top of his master's white wife to have
sex. Kelly liked the sight of the slave's black skin on the white woman's body.
Kelly didn't even realize the person beside her had placed their hand onto her
knee.
But, when he moved his huge hand upto her thigh. Kelly regained her awareness.
She turned. It was the old black man. She tried to push his hand away. He just
leaned over and kissed her neck. He kissed his way down to the tops of her white
breasts. As he moved his hand upto her shorts. He kissed the tops of her breasts
as he rubbed her crotch. He then unbuttoned and unzipped her shorts. Even though
she liked the sight of his black face to her white chest area. She knew she had
to do something before he got any further. She thought to herself (that she
shouldn't have teased this old man) As the old black man started pulling at the
young white girl's shorts. Stop. Or I'll scream. At this time an usher was
making his rounds. Kelly got up to leave. The usher stopped her. your not old
enough to see this movie. I know. I came into the wrong movie by acident. Kelly
left and went home.
It had been several weeks since the incident with the old black man. School had
started. Pro football season had started the week before, and Kelly's school was
going to have their first game tomorrow morning. Today they were having a pep
rally at the end of the school day. Kelly stopped over Stacy's house for awhile.
It was about 6:00p.m. Kelly hurried home to help set up things for her dad's
party. Every month her dad and some of his friends would get together and have a
few drinks and discuss sports. This was her dad's turn to have it at his house.
When she got home. Her dad told Kelly that her mother had went out with aunt Mae
and that she'd be out late. Kelly helped her dad set things up. Most of the guys
were there. Kelly fixed herself something to eat and took it to her room. She
turned on the stereo as she ate.
It was about 8:15 now and Kelly decided she'd take swim as it was unseasonabley
warm tonight. Kelly danced around to the music as she got her bikini out.
Without thinking she took her top and bra off. She was in front of the window
and hadn't pulled the blinds down. She looked outside and noticed Mr. Turner
looking up at her. Mr.Turner was retired runningback from the local pro team. He
was black very muscular. He stood about 6 feet tall and weighed around 235
pounds. Kelly was so embarassed. She hurried away from the window and put on her
bikini. She thought about not swimming. But, after a half hour she went on down
to swim. As she tried to sneak by the rec room. Mr. Turner walked out and almost
bumped into her. Oh! Hi. Didn't mean to run you down. Kelly couldn't even speak.
By the way. I didn't mean to stare earlier. It isn't everyday you see such
beauty. That's ok. (very quietly) As she went onto swim.
Kelly swam and relaxed poolside for a couple hours. She went on upto the
bathroom and took a shower. Dried herself. Then, slipped on a robe. She went
across the hall to her bedroom. As Kelly entered her room she looked to see who
was coming up the stairs. It was Mr. Turner. May I use the restroom. Sure. Kelly
pushed at the door. The door sounded like it closed. But, it came open slightly.
Kelly saw Mr. Hicks looking through his upstairs window towards her. He must be
around 73 years old. Kelly turned on the radio and started dancing. Her robe
came open. Mr. Hicks just stared as she danced. Kelly turned off the overhead
light after turning a lamp on. She thought to her self. She'd realy give
Mr.Hicks a surprise. She slipped her robe off. Exposing her totaly naked body to
him. After all he was in his house and to old to do anything. She danced around
for a few more seconds. Then she layed down on her bed. Mr.Hicks still had view
of her. Kelly was turning into a real tease and was liking it. She rolled over
onto her belly, so that Mr.Hicks would get a good look at her butt.
She heard the bathroom door open. She glanced at a mirror across the room, and
noticed her door was open slightly. She thought about getting up and closing it.
But it was to late. Mr.Turner was in the hallway next to her doorway. Kelly
acted to be asleep. After a few seconds she heard the door close. Kelly figured
that he pulled the door closed. But, when she heard some movement. She became
terrified. She kept her eyes shut as if she was sleeping. She then felt
Mr.Turner run his hand up the back of her white thigh. Kelly trembled as he
caressed her young white buns. She instantly felt herself getting wet inside.
Mr.Turner kissed her white butt. Kelly liked this but knew it was wrong. She
turned over onto her back. Don't!
Then she saw him. Totaly naked huge black man. Huge biceps, a very muscular
chest, ripple tummy. Kelly let out a quiet gasp as she noticed his huge erect
penis. It must be 11inches long and realy fat. She couldn't get her eyes off of
his huge black monstercock. Mr.Turner walked upto her face. Suck on it. No! as
she thought ( that would be gross) He rubbed his black cock across her lips a
couple times. He then went to the foot of the bed and knelt down. He kissed the
young white girl's thighs working his way up. Don't! Stop! I'll scream. As
squeezed her legs together. He kissed her blonde pubic hair, then lower belly.
Kelly became speachless as he kissed white belly and licked at her bellybutton.
Mr.Turner wasn't going to take a no for an answer at this point. He kissed his
way to her teenage white breasts. He kissed and sucked at her nipples at the
same time ran his hand to her young pussy.
Kelly let out a moan, as he inserted his finger inside her. She tried to push
him away. Even though she was enjoying what he was doing. Kelly knew this was
bad and besides he would most likely rip her in half. Mr.Turner rubbed at her
teenage pussy for moment to lubricate the outside of her pussylips. Mr.Turner
climbed onto the bed to mount her little white body. Kelly held her legs
together. Please don't It will hurt me. It only will hurt for a moment. Ohhh! As
Mr.Turner rubbed his huge black cock up and down her little pussy. He pushed
forward. No penetration. He gave big shove forward. Still no penetration of the
little white girl's pussy. He pushed again and finaly managed to get his
cockhead inside her. Kelly tightened up. He pushed a little deeper. She felt his
huge black cock press against her hyman. She knew that one more push would pop
her cherry. Just as he drew back. A knock at the door. Kelly! Kelly! Are you
awake. As the door opened. Mr.Turner jumped off the side of the bed.
Hi dear. Mmmom! Yes. Are you ok? ya. Dad, said you'd be late. The movie was sold
out. So, I came home early. Are you sure? That you are ok. Yes. Just tired. I've
told you to pull the blinds down. You are old enough now that guys will love to
see you dress and undress. You sure seem nervouse. Is there anything wrong? No
mom! Well, you look flush and sweaty. I'll get the thermetor. No. That's ok. I'm
alright. Ok. Call for me if you need me. Goodnight. Goodnight mom. Kelly was
trembleing. Mr.Turner jumped up and dressed and quietly went back downstairs
where there were still a few men gathered having their last drink. Kelly finaly
fell asleep a couple hours later. But, within another hour she woke up from a
bad dream. Her mother rushed in and comforted her. Kelly couldn't tell her
mother that she dreamed about being raped by twelve black men.
After this Kelly quit teasing men for a couple weeks. She started slowly once
more. She would mostly like old black men. She would go without a bra and leave
a button undone then lean over in front of them. During the holiday vacation.
When her parents were at work. Kelly even went totaly naked. Except a long
winter coat. She rode the public bus all the way downtown. She aboat croaked
when an old black man sat beside her. They talked awhile. He was headed to work.
He was going to retire in the spring, after 40 years of service. When he looked
the other way. Kelly undid the top button of her coat. Which exposed just a
little of the tops of her white breasts. Your a very pretty young lady. You need
to be careful. Someone may try to have their way with you. I can take care of
myself. Here's my stop. Take care.
Kelly felt ashamed. She stopped such things. Untill the last day of school. She
had worn her white blouse and plaid skirt.(the catholic school girl look) She
decided to walk home since it was very nice day out and school let out early.
She was walking through the park. She was nearing the walk bridge across the
creek. She heard some voices coming from under the car bridge nearby. There were
three black hobos. There was nobody else in sight. They were washing theirselves
in the creek. She starred at them. They only had their pants on. But, she liked
the sight o their black chests. Kelly also knew that they would most likely see
her cross the walkway. She was realy excited. After a moment she slipped her bra
then pantys off and put them in her backpack. This excited her. Even though they
were to far away to notice. She only had two blocks to go to get home from the
park. When she walked across the walkway. The men whistled and yelled to her.
They were close enough to see that she was a pretty girl. Kelly liked this but
ignored them. But, then she noticed they were following her. She picked up her
pace. A short distance from the street. They caught her. One of the black hobos
grabbed her. Turned her around. Man! We're goin to have a good time today. As he
saw her quarter sized pink nipples poking through her blouse. Then a cop drove
by. Then backed up. The men ran off. Mam! Were they bothering you? As the cop
walked upto her. No sir. He was a tall black man in his fortys. He took a double
take when he noticed her pirky breasts through her blouse. You need to watch how
you dress. Your asking for trouble.
That night she dreamed of Mr.Turner fucking her. She woke up in a sweat. She was
showering when her parents yelled in at her. Honey! We're headed to work early.
Kelly wondered more and more what it would feel like to be fucked by a black
man. Mr.Turner was very gentle with her. She couldn't believe how close she came
to being fucked. Kelly thought to herself-(I know it's wrong. But, I'm going to
find out today) She put on her bikini pantys then bra and her summer sundress.
After slipping on shoes she went downtown on the bus. Remembering the first
experience with an old black man. She walked towards the alley where she first
saw him. It was almost 10:00a.m. Ahead was a tall old black man. It might even
be the same man. Kelly acted as if she didn't notice him. She walked as if going
to the library. Hey baby! Don't you say hi to your friends? So, she knew he was
the same man and he remembered her. Oh. Hi. (acting not to be interested) Hey!
You want a puppy. (Knowing this was a ploy) (Even though she was scared-she was
going through with her plan) Sure! Where is it? Down here. In a box. Directing
her to the alley. Kelly nervousely followed. I sleep here and this puppy came
upto me and had no tags. A third of the way through the alley. There were stacks
of large cardboard boxes with blankets on them. There were five other old black
men laying on their blankets. Untill they seen her. Kelly started to leave. Not
soon enough. They surrounded her.
Don't I'll scream! One of the black men pulled out a knife. No you won't.
Unless! Kelly stood there while the black men fondled her. Two of them fondled
her breasts and two others played with her firm butt. One watched the street as
one of the black men unzipped her sundress and slipped the straps off of her
shoulders. Her dress fell to her ankles. Please! Don't hurt me. The man with the
knife walked upto her. Not saying a word. Cut the right strap of her bra. With
the other black men laughing he cut the left strap. Starring into her eyes he
ran the knife across the tops of her breasts. Then suddenly cut her bra in half.
Kelly's bra fell to the ground. Exposing her firm white breasts to the old black
bums. They all got quiet. Starring at the young white girl. The black man put
the knife up. Then with two hands grabbed her pantys and ripped them from her
petite teenage body. Kelly felt herself getting wet. Even though she was
terrified. Here she was a virgin about to be raped by six old black men in an
alley downtown. She didn't even know if they would kill her or not.
Kelly just watched as the man in front of her dropped his pants and undershorts.
He was black as midnight. His cock was hard pointing towards her. It was smaller
than Mr.Turner's. But, Kelly didn't see how it would fit into her. Kelly shaked
like a leaf and tears started to run down her face. The black man's cock pressed
against her belly as he stepped closer. He shoved her down onto a blanket. He
knelt down and pushed her legs apart. She was to scared to fight back. She
looked to the side as he mounted her. She noticed that the other men's dicks
were larger and fatter. He whispered to her I'm the nice one. The others would
just ram it inside you. He rubbed his black cock up and down her blonde pussy 4
or 5 times to slicken her up. He then pushed forward. Without sucess. Then
another, and another. Your one tight chick. One more huge shove forward and
Kelly felt his cockhead push inside her. Then another push and he was touching
her hyman. He pulled back. Then with a smile gave a quick shove forward. Kelly
screamed out in pain as his black dick ripped through her hyman.
The black man took pleasure at the painful look on her face. Your just a spoiled
white brat. As he slammed all 8 inches of his cock into her. Blood ran down her
butt. He squeezed her white tits so hard she thought that they would pop. She
felt his hairy black balls slamming against her white butt. The other black bums
were urging him to hurry. They wanted their turn. The pain subsided after a
couple minutes or so and Kelly was starting to enjoy the fucking she was
getting. She wrapped her legs across the backs of his. Kelly let out moans of
delight as the black man pounded his cock into her white pussy. She was about to
climax when she felt the man cum inside her. With one more lunge forward. He
pulled out of her. Who's next. She's a fine piece.
The next black hobo ordered her to her hands and knees. Like a dog you know.
After penetrating the young white girl from behind another got infront to force
her to suck him. She learned quick how to suck. Kelly first thought it was gross
to have a man's dick inside her mouth. After a couple minutes she even started
enjoying cocksucking. The man behind her fucked her as hard and fast as he
could. Making her buns and tits bounce around. She felt herself building to a
climax again. This time she squeeled in delight as she climaxed and felt the
black man cum inside her pussy. The old black man in front was cumming into her
mouth as the man behind pulled his black cock out and squirted a couple times
across her butt. The two black men quickly stepped away from the petite white
girl. When another layed beside her and directed her on top of him.
Kelly sat on his 12 inch black snake. She let out a gasp in dispair as the last
4 inches went inside her. It was uncomfortable as he fucked her. But, after a
moment it felt good being stretched this far. She figured he must have the
biggest dick in the world. To her surprise one of remaining black men knelt
behind her. He pushed her forward. He guided his 10inch black cock to her white
butt. He gave a hard continued push. Kelly screamed and tears appeared again as
she felt like she was being ripped in half. Without hesitation the black men
fucked her hard and unmerciful. One in her white ass and the other in her blonde
pussy. Even though it hurt after a few minutes of being double fucked. Kelly
yelled out in another orgasm. As the black man inside her butt squirted streams
and streams of cum inside her. Then the last black man traded places with the
man that was buttfucking her.
As he started buttfucking the teenage white girl. He yelled out. Hey! we're a
oreo cookie. Kelly was getting exhausted and was going limp. It felt like she
would pass out. Then she orgasmed again. After she came off of her third orgasm,
the man pumped her white ass full of his black seed. He quickly withdrew from
her as the man under her. Rolled over on top of her. He went to fucking his
black 12 inch pole in and out of her as fast as he could. He sucked on her white
breast. When he started cumming inside her he bit down. Kelly let out a yelp.
This didn't stop her from climaxing again, for the fourth time. The man stood
up. She was exhausted and just layed there. To her amazement they were still
standing around naked. We want you to meet Bubba.
Kelly was amazed when she saw Bubba. He was about 50yrs.old 6ft.6in. tall
220pds. His cock must be around 14 inches long. As he mounted Kelly's little
white body. He told her that he was going to fuck her brains out. It looked like
a black monster mounting a little white doll. He entered her slowly. Even though
she had been reamed out several times. It was slow going for him to get his
black cock into her. After getting 10 inches inside her white pussy. He started
fucking her hard. After a few minutes his huge black balls were smacking against
her white butt cheeks. Kelly orgasmed first. Then she felt him shoot a couple of
squirts of cum inside her pussy. He pulled his huge black cock out of her and
finished cumming all over her flat white belly. After he stepped back. She was
surrounded by the other six black men. They jirked theirselves off all over her.
She was drenched in cum. Her hair and face was covered with cum. Her white
breasts, belly, pubic hair, pussy, and butt was also was covered with cum. She
thought to herself I can't move. She figured that she was about to pass out with
exhaustion.
Kelly just layed there naked and covered with cum. The black men were dressed.
When she saw reflections of flashing lights. The black men had went to the
entrance of the alley. Kelly heard them talking to what seemed like police
officers. She slowly got up and peeked around the corner. It was the police. She
grabbed her sundress. As she walked out the otherside of the alley she slipped
on the dress. Her shoes had fallen off during all the fucking. Her breasts,
pussy, and butt ached from the pounding and stretching. She was drenched in cum
which was starting to dry on her now. No place to clean up. Oops. Excuse me. She
bumped into a lady. Are you ok. Yeh! Sure. Kelly walked three block as everyone
starred at her. Since she was such a mess. People kept asking if she was ok. She
got home on the bus. She threw her sundress in the washer, showered. Redressed
and fell asleep on the coach.
--I like to lick the shitty bits off Cmdr Tacos crusty ass
Even if Davies beat Baran and/or Kleinrock to packet-switching, it may be irrelevant (besides, I've read that Baran and Davies came up with working concepts simultaneously and independently; IIRC, there is even a quote from Davies in Where Wizards Stay Up Late that acknowledges this.)
What matters is whose ideas were used to get us to where we are now. This does not reflect on the brilliance of Davies (I know you Brits tend to get a little indignant when you feel you've been downplayed) but rather on the historical relevance of what he did. A lot of great ideas end up being historically irrelevant, for better or for worse.
People often get hung up on this concept of who did what first. What matters is how we got here, where we are now. From what I understand, little of what Davies did matters to how we got where we are, so whether he got there first is sort of a side-issue, and IMO, a bit of a waste of time to debate.
--Rick
--Rick "If it isn't broken, take it apart and find out why."
Read wired issue 9.03 Founding Fathert ml
or go to it on the web at:
http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.03/baran.h
you think people would read documented facts.
all geeks do is argue if we united we really could design a super race but no you gotta argue about dumb stuff like packet switching. oh wah wah wah
i'm really going to pay alot of attention to this story
Algore invented packet switching, and the internet. Where have you been the past couple of years?
0 0. htm
Imagine Algore and the team he would have assembled in charge now, post 9/11...boggles the mind.
Clinton calls terror a U.S. debt to past:
http://www.washtimes.com/national/20011108-4701