Slashdot Mirror


Nobel Prizes for Physics Awarded to Smart People

bobol6 writes "The 2002 Nobel Prize for Physics is out. The $1 Million is split two ways: Riccardo Giacconi gets half for building the first X-Ray telescopes, and Raymond Davis, Jr and Masatoshi Koshiba split the other half. Davis invented the water tank neutrino detector, and Koshiba used a more sophisticated one to discover neutrino oscillation. The original press release is available . News articles can be found at Science Daily and The New York Times. (Free Blah di Blah)"

140 comments

  1. Smart people eh? by eggstasy · · Score: 5, Funny

    Thank God. Wouldn't want any dumb people getting a Nobel prize, now would we? :)

    1. Re:Smart people eh? by Munra · · Score: 5, Funny

      Did everyone hear about the farmer who won a Nobel Prize? Apparently he was out standing in his field.

    2. Re:Smart people eh? by BaronVonDuvet · · Score: 2, Insightful

      They may be smart, but I bet they still had to write down the apparatus, method and observations (dedicated to everyone that studied science at school)

    3. Re:Smart people eh? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny


      That was not the Nobel prize, he got the Fields medal... ;-)

    4. Re:Smart people eh? by Spiffy+McPerson · · Score: 1

      Hmm... Sometime it's going to be said that dumb people should be given nobel prizes too because it's politically correct. Nobel prizes will be used for doorstops in homes of the mentally-challenged. Just wait - you'll see.

  2. Chemistry prize shared between by jeorgen · · Score: 5, Informative
    Chemistry prize is shared between John Fenn, USA, Koichi Tanaka, Japan an Kurt Wüthich, Switzerland. Prize is awarded primarily for the development of powerful metods for analysing biological macro molecules, such as proteins.

    With these methods researcher can now quickly reveal what proteins are present in a sample.

    It's also possible to visualise proteins in 3D with these methods.

    The methods have revolutionised the development of new drugs and show promise in areas as food qualit control and diagnosing breast cancer and prostate cancer.

    (all according to a Swedish on-line article)

    /jeorgen

    1. Re:Chemistry prize shared between by richie2000 · · Score: 5, Informative
      Official site.

      Motivations: "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" (John B Fenn, Koichi Tanaka) and "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" (Kurt Wüthrich).

      --
      Money for nothing, pix for free
    2. Re:Chemistry prize shared between by DrLudicrous · · Score: 1

      I work on imaging biological proteins in micron to sub-micron regime. Very interesting technique that everyone here would be familiar with, but I won't say more about it till our group gets a published paper out. I just hope it works as well as we have seen so far in smaller and smaller length scales.

  3. Re:lets have more winners by BaronVonDuvet · · Score: 1
    split it 10 ways

    If you're talking about the atom that would definitely win the Nobel Prize.

  4. The Golden Globes, meanwhile, struggle on by Brento · · Score: 5, Funny

    In related news, the Golden Globes continue to be awarded to the opposite end of the academic spectrum, according to industry analysts. "Just look at Jennifer Connelly," said an unnamed source, pointing to this year's winner for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role. "Sure, she's easy on the eyes, but she couldn't tell a neutrino from her elbow. And don't even get me started on Sissy Spacek - the woman keeps trying to reserve the periodic table at restaurants."

    Ron Howard has repeatedly gone on record that his work on 'A Beautiful Mind' puts him in the appropriate Smart People category, but that is still in dispute. Judges point to his work in Happy Days as proof.

    --
    What's your damage, Heather?
    1. Re:The Golden Globes, meanwhile, struggle on by WillyElectrix · · Score: 1
      From A Tribute to Jennifer Connelly

      I was very interested in physics when I was younger and I had thought that when I got to college I would major in physics. Yale is quite a rigorous university and I soon realized that I was not going to change the world with my aptitude in physics and that we would be no more enlightened because of my presence. It was on a whole different level from high school physics and although it was fascinating, I struggled with it more than the other kids.

      -W.

  5. google by ObitMan · · Score: 3, Informative
    --
    Who run Barter Town?
  6. Re:lets have more winners by lars_stefan_axelsson · · Score: 5, Informative
    Split it ten ways.

    Not possible. Paragraph four of the statutes of the Nobel foundation clearly states that a maximum of three people can share a prize.

    It's even been mentioned in the television series (where the laureates of the year are interviewed) by some US physicists that they did indeed have that in mind when applying for grants etc. I.e. not to be more than tree eligible researchers not to spoilt their chanses.

    Check out the statues of the Nobel Foundation.

    --
    Stefan Axelsson
  7. Kamiokande by photonic · · Score: 5, Informative

    I believe the Japanese guy that received the prize worked at the Super-Kamiokande detector that damaged half of its photo-multiplyer tubes in a big implosion.

    Famous quote at the time of the incident: Thank goodness we got our Nobel already cooking

    --
    karma police: arrest this man, he talks in maths; he buzzes like a fridge, he's like a detuned radio. [radiohead]
  8. In other news... by kcbrown · · Score: 5, Funny
    It was recently announced that Olympic gold medals are awarded to physically fit people, Baseball Hall of Fame entries are awarded to good baseball players, and the Nebula Award is given to really good science fiction authors.

    People in the entire U.S., but especially the editors at Slashdot, were astounded and amazed by this announcement.

    "I never even suspected" said chrisd, an editor at Slashdot.

    The Dow rose 78 points today, largely in response to this announcement.

    --
    Use 'slashdot stuff' in the subject line in any email you send me if you want to get past the spam filter.
    1. Re:In other news... by Rupert · · Score: 2

      Except for the olympic medals in small bore rifle shooting and equestrianism.

      Not to disparage the skill and physical effort that goes into these events, but physical fitness per se is a minor advantage at best.

      --

      --
      E_NOSIG
    2. Re:In other news... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Physical fitness is essential in any target shooting. Perhaps not so much strength as stamina and well-developed hypoxic metabolism.

  9. Ig Noble Prizes awarded a few days ago by maxwells+daemon · · Score: 4, Funny

    The prizes are awarded in various categories, including physics and chemistry:

    PHYSICS
    Arnd Leike of the University of Munich, for demonstrating that beer froth obeys the mathematical Law of Exponential Decay. [REFERENCE: "Demonstration of the Exponential Decay Law Using Beer Froth," Arnd Leike, European Journal of Physics, vol. 23, January 2002, pp. 21-26.]

    http://www.improb.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig2 00 2

    1. Re:Ig Noble Prizes awarded a few days ago by proj_2501 · · Score: 1

      The best Ig Nobel prize is this: (from everything2.com)

      Keita Sato, President of Takara Co., Dr. Matsumi Suzuki, President of Japan Acoustic Lab, and Dr. Norio Kogure, Executive Director, Kogure Veterinary Hospital, for promoting peace and harmony between the species by inventing Bow-Lingual, a computer-based automatic dog-to-human language translation device.

      I can imagine the output: "HEY HEY HEY! HEY!!!! HEEEEEEY! HEY HEY HEY!!!"

    2. Re:Ig Noble Prizes awarded a few days ago by quintessent · · Score: 2

      I believe the latest was awarded to Australians who studied the properties of belly button lint.

    3. Re:Ig Noble Prizes awarded a few days ago by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      PHYSICS
      Arnd Leike of the University of Munich, for demonstrating that beer froth obeys the mathematical Law of Exponential Decay. [REFERENCE: "Demonstration of the Exponential Decay Law Using Beer Froth," Arnd Leike, European Journal of Physics, vol. 23, January 2002, pp. 21-26.]


      Cool, now we can test the validity of the "Born On Date"

  10. Re:title : dumbest ever by spakka · · Score: 5, Funny
    do give us an example sometime of nobel prizes being awarded to dumb people.

    Ask again after the Peace prize is announced Thursday...

  11. get the experiments right! by Alien+Perspective · · Score: 5, Informative

    Davis built the Homestake experiment, which was a radiochemical experiment to look for solar neutrinos. NOT a water-Cerenkov experiment.

    Kamiokande (Koshiba's experiment)was a water-Cerenkov experiment, however the IMB experiment (another water-Cerenkov experiment, near Cleveland) also saw the neutrinos from supernova 1987A *and* IMB had an atomic clock, so they could get accurate arrival times, which the japanese experiment couldn't.

    Kamiokande confirmed Davis' results, but so did gallium experiments in what was then the USSR and in Italy.

    1. Re:get the experiments right! by Lars+Arvestad · · Score: 3, Interesting
      Kamiokande (Koshiba's experiment)was a water-Cerenkov experiment, however the IMB experiment (another water-Cerenkov experiment, near Cleveland) also saw the neutrinos from supernova 1987A *and* IMB had an atomic clock, so they could get accurate arrival times, which the japanese experiment couldn't.

      Would that make such a difference? I was at the actual presentation yesterday, and they had registered arrival times at Kamiokande too. Maybe the precision was lame, but since they actually only registered 12 neutrinos from that supernova, it seems a wristwatch would do well enough...

      --
      Reality or nothing.
    2. Re:get the experiments right! by Alien+Perspective · · Score: 2, Informative

      You seem to think that someone was watching the experiment and could look at their watch when the neutrinos arrived. Wrong.

      The neutrino events were found on the data tapes some days (or weeks) later. The Kamiokande experiment just had a drifting computer clock to tell the time. No GPS. No NTP. IIRC, they were several minutes off and had no way to correct.

      There are important results that hinge on having the correct time (to within milliseconds) of the neutrino burst (neutrino mass limits, supernova models, etc.), and Kamiokande had to try and match their events with IMBs to try and get the time.

      Frankly, I think IMB and Kamiokande should have gotten the prize for 1987A, but they don't like to split Nobel's too many ways...

    3. Re:get the experiments right! by Lars+Arvestad · · Score: 2
      I do not care how they collect the information. What I learned from the Nobel seminar was that neutrinos are registred quite rarely, but they had found that they suddenly had 12 neutrinos over a short time span.

      I am simply asking what the arrival times are good for. To the unitiated, it does not seem to matter if the precision is by the second rather than the microsecond, and that it doesn't really matter if the computer clock is off by several minutes and has the precision of a wristwatch.

      Just curious...

      --
      Reality or nothing.
    4. Re:get the experiments right! by guybarr · · Score: 2, Informative


      disclaimer: IANA astrophysicist.

      I am simply asking what the arrival times are good for. To the unitiated, it does not seem to matter if the precision is by the second rather than the microsecond, and that it doesn't really matter if the computer clock is off by several minutes and has the precision of a wristwatch.

      This is in the context of the uspernova event, I guess.

      IIRC neutrino bursts from SN tell us about events deep inside the supernova, since EM radiation interacts with the plasma the star is made of, it is absorbed and reemited, and therefore all the efects are slower than c. IIRC the shockwave is about 2 orders of magnitude slower.

      Neutrinos, however, (almost) do not interact, so they leave the star at c. To get the speed of the shockwave, you need to compare the time of nutrino and EM bursts.

      The radius of the sun is about 3 light-seconds. A SN star is typicaly not very much larger, so comparing the time of neutrino-burst with the time of EM radiation pulse needs to be done at seconds, or tens of seconds accuracy, so mircoseconds will not help you, but OTOH minutes will probably hurt you.

      --
      Working for necessity's mother.
    5. Re:get the experiments right! by esonik · · Score: 1

      Neutrinos, however, (almost) do not interact, so they leave the star at c

      Latest results indicate that neutrinos have mass and therefore they have to move below c. As the SN are lightyears away even a small deviation from c could be important. So the question remains: is this effect negligible compared to the time differences you mentioned ?

    6. Re:get the experiments right! by habig · · Score: 1

      Kamiokande confirmed Davis' results, but so did gallium experiments in what was then the USSR and in Italy.

      Kamiokande could tell the direction the neutrinos were coming from (the Sun), the radiochemical experiments can't. That's a pretty important piece of the puzzle.

    7. Re:get the experiments right! by fstanchina · · Score: 1

      IANAA either, but I guess that if you know how much slower than c they are, *and* you know how much energy they give out when they interact, you can calculate their supposed mass pretty accurately. Now that would be an interesting accomplishment.

  12. Re:title : dumbest ever by kcbrown · · Score: 2
    Ask again after the Peace prize is announced Thursday...

    "Nobel Peace prize awarded to ... er ... peaceful people".

    :-)

    --
    Use 'slashdot stuff' in the subject line in any email you send me if you want to get past the spam filter.
  13. Re:title : dumbest ever by Hittite+Creosote · · Score: 3, Insightful
    "Nobel Peace prize awarded to ... er ... peaceful people".

    Peaceful? I bet it's not hard to find people who wouldn't describe Theodore Roosevelt ("No triumph of peace is quite so great as the supreme triumph of war"), Henry Kissinger or Yasser Arafat as peaceful...

  14. Not one single useful comment by raahul_da_man · · Score: 1

    Come on? Is there no bitchiness? Can't we at least hear if these guys deserved their Nobels, or did their grad students deserve it instead?

    I would like to hear physicists comment if Physics nominees at least were deserving. From a layman's viewpoint it seems so.

    1. Re:Not one single useful comment by aiabx · · Score: 1

      Ok, I'll bite. How come no one involved with SNO was recognized?
      -aiabx

      --
      Just this guy, you know?
    2. Re:Not one single useful comment by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Just one thing to note with Nobel Prizes is that there is such a great amount of science done all the time that it can be very hard to sort through it all. This summer I heard Leon Lederman(Physics Nobel-1988) speak about both winning the Nobel Prize and the project that was the cause of that. He remarked on how a lot of winning a Nobel Prize is about who you know. The project that he was working for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize(along with two other people) actually had many people working on it. He for one reason or another was one of the ones chosen out of the group. Hopefully that gives some perspective. These days with all of the collaborative physics experiments, it could be very hard indeed to be picked out from the rest.
      Also, for anyone that cares.. neutrino oscillations (indicating that a neutrino has mass) were not found with either of the two neutrino experiments for which Davis and Koshiba were awarded the prize. I believe they've only been found with one experiment to date and MiniBooNE at Fermilab is going to be testing those results to confirm or disprove them. Neutrino oscillations have been predicted for a long time though from what I understand.
      As to whether or not the Nobels were given very worthily, I think Davis at least deserved it. From what I know, he stuck by his results despite everyone telling him he was wrong because he was so very scrupulous about his methods. Also, the experiment has led to a lot of new theory as further testing was spawned. This has happened in many cases that have been very important such as the Michelson-Morley experiment showing that the speed of light is constant independent of the observer's motion. Davis' experiment may not have quite as much of an effect, but it is pretty big still in the physics world.

  15. Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by kfg · · Score: 5, Interesting

    "Lots of people have won the Nobel Prize, but to win it with an IQ of only 124, now *that's* an accomplishment!"

    He always took great pride in being a "dumb" winner.

    Of course there are many who would consider 124 pretty damned smart, but Feynman hung out with people like Hans Bethe, Neils Bohr, Albert Einstien and those other "dummies."

    KFG

    1. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0, Insightful
      Just goes to show that raw IQ is a defective metric.

      In addition to the geometric, mathematical and linguistic skills the IQ test should include tests for emotional IQ (empathy), non-logical IQ (intuition) and ethical IQ (religion).

      What's the point in having an IQ of 200 if you're an unfeeling logic machine with only secular morals that are always flawed at best?

    2. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

      You don't need to be a genius to discover new things, just accident prone.

    3. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by swm · · Score: 2

      I assume from this that Feynman once scored 124 on an IQ test.

      OTOH, he recounts in one of his books that he sees equations in his head in color: the exponents in brown, the coefficients in green, etc.

      A standard IQ test may not accurately measure the intelligence of someone who's brain comes with font-lock.

    4. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by DrLudicrous · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Well, I guess my ethical IQ would be zero, since I have no religion. That's bogus, and shows your bias. You don't need God/religion to be ethical. Most atheists are 10X more ethical than certain fundamentalists (especially kooky Christians who bomb abortion clinics, zealous Zionists who founded Israel via the terrorism they bitch about now, and morose Muslims that fly planes into tall buildings and blow up busses).

    5. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by DrLudicrous · · Score: 1

      KFG, I find that fascinating. Makes me rescind something I have been telling people- that in order to succeed in physics at the Nobel level, you have to be a supergenius with an IQ over 160 (which I don't have). Guess that's no longer a good cop out for my mediocrity...especially since Feynman is one of my great personal physics heroes who drew me into this field in the first place.

    6. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by proj_2501 · · Score: 1, Offtopic

      Most PEOPLE are 10x more ethical than abortion clinic bombers. Hell, most FUNDAMENTALISTS are more ethical than that.

      As Israel being founded by terrorism, that's ridiculous. Israel was created by the UN by charter and was immediately ATTACKED by the surrounding nations. Israel did not strike first until 1978.

    7. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by Daniel+Dvorkin · · Score: 3, Informative

      The history of the world argues rather strongly against the proposition that there is any correlation between religion and "ethical IQ" at all.

      --
      The correlation between ignorance of statistics and using "correlation is not causation" as an argument is close to 1.
    8. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What does ethics have to do with religion? You can have one without the other, which has been proven many times throughout history...

    9. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful


      > What's the point in having an IQ of 200 if you're an unfeeling logic machine with only secular morals that are always flawed at best?

      I'd say if you had no sense of ethics at all, but IQ of 200 you could still do fundamental work on mathematics, physics and what not. You don't need ethics doing hard science.

    10. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by Effexor · · Score: 0, Flamebait

      Just a thought, but he might be referring to the use of terrorism by Jewish groups in Palestine from 1944 to until the establishment of Israel in 1948.

      For example the bombing of the King David hotel in Jerusalem in 1946, bombing of the British embassy in Rome, bombings of police stations, railways, oil refinerys, kidnapping and murder of british soldiers by Irgun; the assasinations of Britain's minister of middle east affairs and of the UN mediator in Palastine by the Stern gang.

      Please note that these were actions against Britain and the UN, I'm leaving out anything involving attacks on Arabs for fear that you will accuse me of being biased. The fact does remain that terrorism was used to achieve the ends of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and that many of those involved in what were terrorist actions (and if you disagree that those are terrorist acts please define the term more clearly) went on to form the government of Israel.

      --

      As the air to a bird or the sea to a fish, so is contempt to the contemptible -W.B.

    11. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      israel was not created by UN charter. They tried to, but some israelis jumped the gun. learn you history. The terrorism he is refering to was perpetrated on the british (then in occupation) by jewish terrorist groups agitating for a state of israel. Of course, that didn't create the state...

    12. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "You don't need ethics doing hard science."

      I beg to strongly disagree.

      Doing "hard science" allows you to do that which the vast majority of people not only can't do, but also can't understand. A large part of being a scientist entails the responsibility to society to apply that which you know to goals within the bounds of a generally accepted ethic. "Hard science" is not a playfield for the scientist to do as they please "because I can." I say that as a "hard scientist."

    13. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by CentrX · · Score: 1

      That doesn't mean you can't do it though.

      --

      "The price of freedom is eternal vigilance." - Thomas Jefferson
    14. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Assume a rational being, completely devoid of ethics, working in science, mathematics, etc. The most logical thing to do, to first approximation, would be to take other people's work and pass it off as your own. Not exactly groundbreaking, and it doesn't really demonstrate one's brilliance, and the scientific enterprise would never survive if everyone was stealing work and no one was doing it...

    15. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by proj_2501 · · Score: 1

      It is my opinion that the word "terrorism" is only good for specifying violence or the threat of violence when you want to make something look bad. It's turned meaningless.

      I stand corrected, though.

    16. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by richie2000 · · Score: 2
      A standard IQ test may not accurately measure the intelligence of someone who's brain comes with font-lock.

      Ah, but were they anti-aliased?

      --
      Money for nothing, pix for free
    17. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      "That doesn't mean you can't do it though."

      Yes, but what it means is that a responsible scientist won't do it. We've had the Manhattan Project, with incredibly bright people working on a wonderfully elegant "hard science" project. Then ... seeing what they had done, said basically "Oh, sh*t"! The players spent years afterwards not apologizing for what they had wrought, but rationalizing it. The same discoveries could have been made by the same minds without the end goal of vaporizing hundreds of thousands of innocent people.

      We face the same situation to today with biologicals, though the entry fee is lower. You don't need to be a Bethe or Feynman to construct an incredibly devastating organism. Are we prepared for another collective "Oh, sh*t"?

    18. Re:Richard Feynman used to boast. . . by nomadic · · Score: 1

      Uhhh..point of fact, Israel struck first in 1967 when they attacked Egypt by air. And, the United Nations didn't really own the land to give it away in the first place. There WERE people leaving there beforehand.

  16. Re:title : dumbest ever by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0, Insightful
    You forgot about Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin.

    The leaders of a country that's occupying another get a peace prize... ridiculous.

  17. Go to the source! by Lars+Arvestad · · Score: 5, Informative
    I would like to recommend the Nobel prize homepage. There is a lot of information there. In particular, go check out the "further information" links for the public, where nice presentations of the science is available.

    --
    Reality or nothing.
  18. The Legacy of Einstein by InodoroPereyra · · Score: 5, Interesting
    Such a phenomenal genious was A. Einstein that he even influenced the social perception of what physics is. Being himself a theoretician, the prototype of a physicist is some sort of a lunatic doing fancy calcuations on a blackboard. However, voila, most Nobel prizes go to experimentalists. And that is the way it should be. Physics is an experimental science. If you cannot measure it, it ain't. Einstein himself understood this better than anyone, and he based his theories in solid experimental evidence.

    Now let me disgress: how does it feel winning a part of a Nobel prize ? I see it coming: "Our next speaker, Prof. Inodoro Pereyra, 1/8th of the Nobel Prize 2004"

    ;-)

    1. Re:The Legacy of Einstein by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

      -- However, voila, most Nobel prizes go to experimentalists. And that is the way it should be. Physics is an experimental science. If you cannot measure it, it ain't.--

      Ahhh!!!! Ye olde "experimentalist" vs."theorist" argument of physical relevance. Perhaps if you're an experimentalist and you can't measure it, you need to devise a way to do so ;? Just because you cannot measure it doesn't mean it ain't. Measurable theories are easier to digest, but A. Einstein was not a big fan of QM, and it certainly *is*; And the depths of it's *is-ness* is theoretically based.

      Not meaning to be a troll -- but experimentalists test theory, and theorists learn from the results of the experimentalist. The two are wed, whether they like it or not (I think they like it!).

      Just my two pence.

    2. Re:The Legacy of Einstein by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Einstein "based his theories in solid experimental evidence."? I was under the impression that experiments done afterwards verified his theories, not the other way around. For example, one of his postulates in special relativity: light travels at constant speed relative to all inertial observers (or something to that effect...) was inspired by the urge to fix the ugliness of Maxwell's equations under certain transformations, not the Michaelson-Morley experiment. I don't remember the source, perhaps some Physics people can verify this? :)

    3. Re:The Legacy of Einstein by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      huh?

      Einstein was a theoretician. He got his prize not for all the fancy stuff thought up while his hair was on end, but explicitly for the photoelectric effect, because it was experimentally tractable. (everyone knows the prize was really for relativity though, the wild spooky stuff best explained in a German accent with crazy staring eyes).

      the reason theorists rarely get the prize is that, from Nobel's will: "...prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind". (though in fact as for Einstein theorists are in with a chance as the committee do bend the rules, Hawking might get one if anyone observes Hawking radiation unequivocably).

      It's hard to benefit mankind from a theory that has yet to have had experimental results, almost by definition. that's also why there wasn't one for maths (unless you believe the idea that that's because Nobel's wife ran off with a mathematician)

    4. Re:The Legacy of Einstein by f97tosc · · Score: 2, Informative

      I see it coming: "Our next speaker, Prof. Inodoro Pereyra, 1/8th of the Nobel Prize 2004"

      Well, currently the prize can't be split by more than three people.

      However, there are some discussion about changing that. The reason is that more and more often new discoveries come through joint efforts among many groups. The lone theoretician whith a blackboard is not so common any more.

      Swedish Tor

    5. Re:The Legacy of Einstein by boomka · · Score: 2, Informative
      physics person here... :)

      first was Michelson-Morley experiment (Michelson 1881, Morley 1887) with the goal of measuring the drift speed of the ether with respect to the Earth.
      The result, if I remember correctly, could not really be explained by either moving or immobile ether (ether was believed to be a light carrying medium).

      That was when Lorentz came up with his famous Lorentz transformations to explain the results (1892) - I don't know why so many people believe Einstein developed everything in relativity theory alone and from scratch. It was Lorentz of course who came up with the Lorentz transformations, as the name suggests, i.e. he was the first to suggest that the time and the dimensions contract/expand for the moving objects.

      What Einstein essentially did was to take all the largely empirical formulae, and tie them up in one beautiful theory which explained them all. He said that the Lorentz transformations are themselves only a direct result of the fact that the space is not Galilean, it is in fact not space, but space-time, one and unseparable.

      Einstein abolished the idea of ether, postulated that the speed of light in vacuum is constant (natural explanation for M-M experiment). Basicly Einstein managed to explain all the weirdness seen in the experimental results with a beautiful theory that not only answered the questions of 'how' (Lorentz almost did it) but most importantly the question of 'why'.
      Einstein was also the first to trash the electric and magnetic fields and say that they too were one single entity, an electromagnetic field.

      so yes, Einstein based his theory on experimental evidence - most notably, M-M experiment and the fact that the Maxwell laws (confirmed experimentally) didn't want to obey the usual Galilean transformations.

      --
      Human history becomes more and more a race between education and catastrophe.
      H.G. Wells, "The Outline of History"
    6. Re:The Legacy of Einstein by naasking · · Score: 2

      Einstein was also the first to trash the electric and magnetic fields and say that they too were one single entity, an electromagnetic field.

      Huh? I don't think so. Maxwell's equations correlate electricity and magnetism and they were derived at least 50 years before relativity (IIRC).

    7. Re:The Legacy of Einstein by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      well, maybe, but Voigt came up with essentially the same transformations long before Lorentz (and I think others did too before Lorentz ever noticed them), and Fitzgerald was the first to use them and the physical interpretation of contraction etc (you still sometimes hear 'Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction') to explain M-M.

      and Einstein denied that MM had much importance in his thinking, and got the transformations right out of Maxwell, if we can believe him.

    8. Re:The Legacy of Einstein by boomka · · Score: 1
      yes Maxwell equations were known long before Einstein, but the way the scientists looked at them those days was something like "electric field can generate magnetic field, and magnetic field can generate electric field"

      which is fundamentally different from what Einstein said - electric field _is_ magnetic field.

      Maxwell answered the question of 'how', Einstein answered the question of 'why'.

      --
      Human history becomes more and more a race between education and catastrophe.
      H.G. Wells, "The Outline of History"
    9. Re:The Legacy of Einstein by forgotmypassword · · Score: 1

      Yes, but ...

      Today we consider them to be one force, E&M.

      And we consider them to be one entity, the EM stress energy tensor, not E and B seperately.

      And we don't look so hard for magnetic charge, because we have written our equations in a manner that doesn't suggest their existence as much.

      Technically speaking, Maxwells equations give a coupled system of PDE's between E and B, while SR gives one nice tensor equation. Go see for your self.

    10. Re:The Legacy of Einstein by gorilla · · Score: 2

      It was both. There were experiments done before which couldn't be explained. He made theories, which explained these experiments, and suggested further experiments. These further experiments gave the results that Einstein predicted.

    11. Re:The Legacy of Einstein by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      You might want to read "The Principle of Relativity" by H.A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, H. Minkowski & H. Weyl, Dover Publications, Inc., 1952, to understand the history. It's a collection of original papers by the respective authors. Lorentz's paper entitled "Michelson's Interference Experiment", begins with "As Maxwell first remarked and as follows from a very simple calculation, the time required by a ray of light to travel from point A to a point B and back to A must vary when the two points together undergo a displacement without carrying the ether with them." After some more "simple calculations", the "luminferous ether" theory of electromagnetic wave propagation was history. A medium was no longer thought necessary to "carry" the wave.

      J.C. Maxwell played a huge part in that, by marrying electricity and magnetism under one simple, coherent theory (albeit for static bodies).

      The transformations that A. Einstein used to account for relative motion that produced "asymmetries" in Maxwell's equations with respect to moving bodies came directly from the work of H.A. Lorentz. The deal was that Maxwell's equations involved static bodies, and Einstein and (more so, IMHO) Lorentz used the Lorenz transformation, to further Maxwell's idea to bodies in relative motion to one another. To quote Lorentz: "However, the present hypothesis is more general, because the only limitation imposed on the motion is that its velocity be less than that of light." Lorenz introduced the notion of v^2/c^2.

      The M-M experiment was important because it demonstrated there was no preferred frame of reference, no ether, and led A. Einstein to _postulate_ (with the help of Lorentz's insight) that the speed of light in vacuo is constant and the same in all reference frames. A. Einstein may or may not have disavowed the importance of the M-M experiments, but never did the importance of Lorentz's contributions.

  19. Re:title : dumbest ever by Observer · · Score: 2
    do give us an example sometime of nobel prizes being awarded to dumb people.

    Ask again after the Peace prize is announced Thursday...

    I'm not so sure about that, but some recent selections seem to have been awarded by dumb people.

    (One wants to encourage the positive, of course, but if you're going to fete old enemies who've shaken hands and decided to tolerate each other, at least wait a decent period of time to confirm that the outbreak of sweet reason will persist.)

  20. Davis and Koshiba by Brett+Viren · · Score: 2, Informative

    For a very long time, Ray Davis stood alone in saying there was a deficit of electron type neutrinos coming from the sun, despite criticisms that his experiment must be wrong.

    Koshiba started Kamiokande which begat Super-Kamiokande, which (along with IMB) confirmed Ray's results but also showed oscillations in atmospheric neutrinos and pushed proton decay lifetime limits further than any other experiment.

    These experiments fundamentally changed our view of neutrinos. So, yes, I think their originators each deserve a Nobel of their own, let alone 1/4 of one.

  21. The Nobels lost their innocence in 1969 by BluBrick · · Score: 2

    I would like to see, in the context of this excerpt from the Last Will and Testament of Alfred Nobel, a justification for the Nobel Prize for "Economic Sciences", first awarded in 1969.

    --
    Ahh - My eye!
    The doctor said I'm not supposed to get Slashdot in it!
    1. Re:The Nobels lost their innocence in 1969 by cperciva · · Score: 5, Informative

      Simple explanation: There isn't any Nobel Prize in Economics. There is, however, the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel -- but while people call it a Nobel prize, it isn't, and the money for it comes from the Bank of Sweden (not from the Nobel trust).

    2. Re:The Nobels lost their innocence in 1969 by f97tosc · · Score: 1

      Furthermore, it has been decided once and for all never to introduce any more prices, even if they are only 'in the memory of'.

      That would simply cause too many slashdot trolls.

      Tor

  22. Kudos to Riccardo Giacconi by MtViewGuy · · Score: 4, Informative

    Congrats to Mr. Giacconi for winning the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research into X-ray emissions in outer space.

    It was his research with sounding rockets, the UHURU satellite and the Einstein satellite that made it possible to study unusual astronomical objects such as black holes and pulsars and allow us to peer much more closely at nebulas and other astronomical objects that have befuddled astronomers before Giacconi's pioneering work. It was his work that made it possible for the development of the NASA Chandra and ESA XMM-Newton X-ray observatory satellites.

  23. Re:title : dumbest ever by BluBrick · · Score: 3, Funny
    Sure, Marie Curie... TWICE!

    From this site comes this gem.
    "[Curie], who handles daily a particle of radium more dangerous than lightning, was afraid when confronted by the necessity of appearing before the public.""--Stéphane Lauzanne, editor-in-chief of Le Matin


    Note: Not the stage fright, but the daily handling of radium (considering she was probably the most informed person in the world on the safety or otherwise of radium!)

    Of course, I could be applying my early 21st century knowledge to her early 20th century situation.

    Highly intelligent? Yeah, sure!

    Dumb? Absolutely!

    --
    Ahh - My eye!
    The doctor said I'm not supposed to get Slashdot in it!
  24. Serendipity! by drhairston · · Score: 1

    The Japanese neutrino detector, Kamiokande, was constructed to observe neutron collapse. It failed. It has proved, to a certain extent, that neutron collapse is impossible, or that Koshiba's scientific apparatus is flawed. As a side affect, Koshiba found that neutrinos from space were interfering with his experiment. When the supernova of 1987A lit Koshiba's apparatus up like a Christmas tree, Koshiba found that his mistake even provided an early warning system for supernovae. Through this "oops", "neutrino astronomy" was born. All scientists should be so lucky as to have made a mistake of this magnitude and grandeur. It is truly worthy of the Nobel.

    Sadly, Koshiba made another mistake which destroyed his billion dollar apparatus. Another "oops", which so far has not yielded a Nobel.

    Yet!

    --
    Dr. Joseph Hairston
    Superintendent, CCBC
    1. Re:Serendipity! by Tablizer · · Score: 1

      Koshiba found that neutrinos from space were interfering with his experiment.

      And the Higgs Boson and gravity wave interference *really* pissed him off.

    2. Re:Serendipity! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      > constructed to observe neutron collapse.

      Nonsense. Neutron collapse is an everyday thing. You don't need anywhere near the size of apparatus Kamiokande was to observe it. *Proton* decay, now that's a different story altogether. Detector setups like Kamiokande can be used to try and observer it. And they are.

      Anyway, this is exactly the kind of thing you fully deserve a Nobel for: to see what a lesser mind would interpret as a disturbing influence on your experimental reading, as an interesting result in its own right. That's how most of the truly spectacular results are made. Think Penicillin or the Michelson interferometer.

    3. Re:Serendipity! by habig · · Score: 2, Insightful

      The Japanese neutrino detector, Kamiokande, was constructed to observe neutron collapse. It failed.

      You mean proton decay. Neutron decay is easy.

      Yes, it didn't see proton decay - but in that, oddly enough, it succeeded in ruling out the prevailing Grand Unified Theory of the day ("SU5"). That's one way how science works, theorists come up with a good idea, experimentalists go looking for it, and often as not it's back to the drawing board for the theorists. And, by the way, there's little doubt that if a proton had decayed, theyd've seen it (decaying protons are also hard to miss). Proton decay at some very low rate is a feature of most GUT's, and lots of people are still actively looking for it.

      However, the same apparatus turned out to be useful at seeing neutrinos (the background in the proton decay search). Koshiba saw how this could be applied to the solar neutrino puzzle that Davis had found, and modified his detector to be sensitive to these low energy neutrinos. This not only confirmed the presence of these suspected solar neutrinos but pointed them back at the Sun, proving their origin. More science at work - following up on other people's odd measurements to see what really might be going on.

      Lastly, Koshiba had little to do with Super-K's tube implosion accident. Which, by the way, happened after 5 years of incredibly successful data taking. Everyone should be so lucky as to make such a "mistake". And by the way, the first water started flowing back into the newly repaired Super-K last week. It will be back on the air come January.

  25. Fix IQ tests? by Gerry+Gleason · · Score: 4, Insightful
    Good grief! Stick with the first statement that it is a defective metric. Tinkering will not make it better, just different.

    Nobody thinks there is any point to a standard metric of 'beauty' or 'virtue', oh wait maybe they do ...

    1. Re:Fix IQ tests? by espenss · · Score: 1

      Don't you too toss the dice after sex?

      --
      -- ess
  26. Instead of saying "Free blah di blah" every time.. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    ... the story submitter could just gank the NYTimes link from Google News. That way it'd have the affiliate code in there and wouldn't require in blah di blah, free or otherwise.

  27. Well, as it happens, I'm a Buddhist. by kfg · · Score: 1

    Really. And my ethical IQ must be ok because Slashdot says my karma is excellent!

    KFG

  28. Not even close to deserving the mod by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    This is not funny. It's lame.

    1. Re:Not even close to deserving the mod by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Hey! Screw you! He can download and install any MOD he wants. Who are you to say you can't use Rocket Crowbar with others? What is the problem? ;-)

  29. Davis didn't invent a 'water tank detector' by pfdietz · · Score: 2, Informative

    Davis's detector was a tank of perchloroethylene. Neutrinos occassionally transmuted chlorine atoms into radioactive argon atoms, which could be swept out by helium sparging and their individual decays detected separately.

  30. Runners up? (Re:Not one single useful comment) by phorm · · Score: 1, Offtopic

    It's hard to grouch overly that somebody else deserved the prize when the runners up aren't listed. One thing that sucks, it seems that for one to become a brilliant Nobel winning scientist, it generally takes a lifetime of research (they all look fairly old).
    What's the youngest age of somebody to win a Nobel? It would somewhat suck if you won a million bucks but were too old to fully enjoy it.

    1. Re:Runners up? (Re:Not one single useful comment) by bmwm3nut · · Score: 1

      last year's physics nobel winners were very young...cornell is in his 30's or early 40's and weiman is in his 40's or early 50's. i don't know about the other guy, but i think that weiman was the oldest of the group that won last year.

    2. Re:Runners up? (Re:Not one single useful comment) by smithmc · · Score: 1

      It's hard to grouch overly that somebody else deserved the prize when the runners up aren't listed. One thing that sucks, it seems that for one to become a brilliant Nobel winning scientist, it generally takes a lifetime of research (they all look fairly old).

      Actually, I don't think it takes "a lifetime of research"; rather, the Nobel people wait a while to ensure that a given invention or act truly has had a profound impact. Therefore, Nobels are often awarded for work done a long time ago. For instance, John Nash's Economics prize in 1994 was awarded for work done in the '50s.

      --
      Downmodding is the refuge of the weak. Don't downmod, make a better argument!
    3. Re:Runners up? (Re:Not one single useful comment) by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      http://www.colorado.edu/NewsServices/nobel/

      Those guys don't look to old.

  31. Karma's better by Tablizer · · Score: 2

    I keep telling myself that slashdot Karma is better. But, I cannot quite convince myself for some reason.

  32. Bob Guccione. . . by Fritz+Benwalla · · Score: 1

    and Sammy Davis Jr.? Wow! Never saw that coming, but my hat's off to the committee.

    And I was rooting for Sherilyn Fenn for Chemistry and David Brenner for Medicine too.

    What a great year!

    --

    Believe me, I'm as surprised by my comment as you are.
  33. when will the discrimination end? by Suppafly · · Score: 1, Redundant

    Nobel Prizes for Physics Awarded to Smart People

    Its about time the dumb people of the world stood up and faught against this discrimination. Its 2002, are we are still just giving Nobel Prizes to smart people. We need to send a message that we will no longer stand for this inequality.

  34. Price for Engineering? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0


    They should have a price for engineering.
    I'm surprised by the "physics" prize for the X-ray telescope. While it was a great technical achievement, it seems more like an engineering project than a "physics" discovery. A lot of theories were (dis)proved by the data it got, but unlike many chemistry/biology inventions, no real new knowledge came out of the actual invention itself.

    1. Re:Price for Engineering? by Tablizer · · Score: 1

      They should have a price for engineering.

      Oh, all the people being laid off from HP are paying a price for engineering allright.

  35. Re:title : dumbest ever by Tablizer · · Score: 2

    was afraid when confronted by the necessity of appearing before the public....Not the stage fright, but the daily handling of radium

    "But we love having her speak at our university. Her essence and charm add such a glow to her presence."

  36. Re:Kissinger by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    not a bad dude? learn some history, kid.

  37. Highly OT but... by yaneti · · Score: 1

    .... This must be the most advanced, stylish, packed with info fan site I've ever seen....thanks for the bookmark, WillyElectrix

  38. uh.. by bmajik · · Score: 2

    Is this an article from The Onion ?

    Come on. What kind of headline is that ?

    --
    My opinions are my own, and do not necessarily represent those of my employer.
  39. Re:title : dumbest ever by joshua42 · · Score: 1
    Yeah. The Norwegian peace prize committee used it politically. That was probably not what Alfred Nobel had in mind. I am sure there are a lot of oppressed individuals that has sacrificed their entire lives for the sake of peace that all deserve the prize better.

    Maybe we can look forward to Usama winning the peace prize next year, if he can be a great philanthropic guy and refrain from massacres and destruction of property for a year or so.

    --

    - El riesgo siempre vive - Private J. Vasquez
  40. nobel prize for dummies! by u19925 · · Score: 1

    wish there was some such category. may be i would qualify or who knows, i might get more competition there than in "nobel prize for smart".

  41. Neutrino Detection Facility in South Dakota by chickenmonger · · Score: 1

    Finally, people will think there is more in South Dakota than just 3 people, 500 miles of interstate and a 75 mph speed limit!

  42. Duh.. No kiddin' by twoslice · · Score: 1

    In my best redneck impression...

    Nobel prize my ass. Fur smart people, they sure is dum... The reel deal is the Darwin Award. It stands for the best of thee best, cream o' the crop, britest one on da porch... Ya know what I mean?

    --

    From excellent karma to terible karma with a single +5 funny post...
  43. Sadly, the Nobel Foundation Obscures This Fact by good+soldier+svejk · · Score: 3, Informative

    You are absolutely correct. However, the Nobel Foundation corruptly obscures this fact and treats the "Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel" just like a real Nobel Prize on its web site. The award is totally politicized, disproportionately awarded to the U of Chicago school, and frequently goes to fringe cranks like Ronald Coase.

    The great economist Gunnar Myrdal, who sat on the board of the Bank of Sweden, argued for the prize's abolition. In 1974 Myrdal shared the award with Freidrich Hayek. Basically, Myrdal felt that if ideologue hacks like Freidman and Hayek won the prize it was meaningless.

    --
    It is cowardly, and a betrayal of whatever it means to be a Jew, to act as a white man

    -James Baldwin
  44. what does "blah di blah" mean?... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    What the heck does the "Blah di blah" refer to? Yes, NYTimes is free. They do ask for some information about a user when a new account is created, but you can make it all up and then you're set to read the news for free! You can even let a cookie save your info and you can read it anytime you're free.

  45. college is for suckers by bbuchs · · Score: 1

    This is just beautiful. I was starting to run out of ammunition in my "college is for suckers" argument, and now this. Thank you, jeebus.

    http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/newse/20021010wo33.htm

    Masatoshi Koshiba, one of the three winners of this year's Nobel Prize in Physics, on Wednesday provided evidence of his earlier claim he was the worst student in his university class by making public a copy of a transcript issued by his alma mater, Tokyo University.

    "I graduated from Tokyo University's science department at the bottom of the class," the 76-year-old professor emeritus of the university said at a press conference at the university Tuesday evening, responding to the news he had won the prize.

  46. Re:Free? I like free! by Seehund · · Score: 1

    Is the Blah di Blah free as in Beer or free as in Speech?

    --
    Help savingAmigaOS and a free PowerPC market
  47. Neutrinos... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    so if neutrions turned out to have been just a mathematical invention to make up for theories that were not fully cooked, will they take the prizes back? Or will they go down in history as the people who observed something that doesn't exist? :)

  48. Re:title : dumbest ever by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    do give us an example sometime of nobel prizes being awarded to dumb people.

    Ask again after the Peace prize is announced Thursday...
    ----

    If anyone doesn't get it, it's because President Bush was nominated.

    Of course, the issue of whether or not he's stupid or whether his speech impediment is used to lampoon the policies his opponents disagree with is entirely another matter...

  49. Alfred Nobel himself was not innocent anyway! by itsmarcos · · Score: 1
    Rumours say that the Swedish mathematician Gosta Magnus Mittag-Leffler ran away with Alfred Nobel's wife. That's the reason there's no Nobel prize for Maths.

    Other rumours say that Mittag-Leffler was competing for a similar prize with his own wealth. Because Nobel was afraid that Mittag-Leffler would win a Nobel prize in Maths he never introduce a Maths prize.

    The solution to the mystery can be found here

    --
    Marcos
  50. Re:title : dumbest ever by tim_bissell · · Score: 1

    Aren't her laboratory logbooks still to radioactive to be handled today?

  51. Re:title : dumbest ever by tim_bissell · · Score: 1

    duh!
    ^to^too^

  52. Is it 'used to be smart'? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    One of the prize winners has Alzheimer's. Some day,
    hopefully he'll realize that he won the Nobel prize.

  53. Title of article by EaTiN+cOfFeE+bEaNs · · Score: 1
    Nobel Prizes for Physics Awarded to Smart People

    ...Is it just me or does this sound like an article for The Onion?

    --
    No TiVo and no caffeine make me something something...
  54. Begin much worse than Peres by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
    You forgot about Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin.
    Except for the state terrorists Kissinger and Sadat, Rabin and Begin are probably the worst terrorists ever to win this tainted prize. Begin ran the Irgun and Shamir the Stern Gang. These "Revisionist Zionist" groups were pro-Italian Fascists who essentially fought on the Axis side during WWII. During the '47-48 war Sternists and Irgunists commited horrific attrocities on a scale the PFLP and Hamas can never match. The most famous incident was the March 1948 combined Irgun and Haganah attack on the village of Dir Yassin, just outside Jerusalem. Although militarily neutral, the village was strategically positioned. Haganah officer and later IDF Colonel Meir Pa'el recounts the assault:

    In the exchange that followed four men were killed and a dozen were wounded ... by noon time the battle was over and the shooting had ceased. Although there was a calm, the village had not yet surrendered. The Irgun and Lehi men came out of hiding and began to "clean" the houses. They shot whoever they saw, women and children included, the commanders did not try to stop the massacre ... I pleaded with the commander to order his men to cease fire, but to no avail. In the meantime, 25 Arabs had been loaded on a truck and driven through Mahne-Yehuda and Zichron Yosef (like prisoners in a Roman "March of Triumph"). At the end of the drive, they were taken to the quarry between Deir-Yassin and Givat-Shaul, and murdered in cold blood ... The commanders also declined when asked to take their men and bury the 254 Arab bodies. This unpleasant task was performed by two Gadna units brought to the village from Jerusalem. (interview with Yediot-Ahronot (4/4/1972), Begin And Co. As They Really Are, (Israel Shahak), p.41.)

    Zvi Ankori, the commander of the Haganah forces sent back to occupy the village said:

    "I went into 6-7 houses," said Ankori. "I saw cut off genitalia and women's crushed stomachs. According to the shooting signs on the bodies, it was direct murder." (Nahum Barnes, Dir Yassin: We have returned to you, Davar, 9 April 1982.)

    As commander of Irgun Begin ordered the bombing of the King David Hotel in Jurusalem, killing over 100 British, Arabs and Jews.

    In September 1948 the Stern Gang Assassinated the UN special mediator for the partition, Count Folke Bernadotte. Facing arrest, Shamir fled the country.

    Albert Einstein, Hannah Arendt and several other prominant Zionists had this to say about Menachim Begin in an open letter to the New York Times in December 1948,

    "Among the most disturbing political phenomena of our time is the emergence in the newly created state of Israel of the 'Freedom Party' (Tnuat HaHerut), a political party closely akin to its organization, methods, political philosophy and social appeal to the Nazi and Fascist parties. It was formed out of the membership and following of the former Irgun Zvai Leumi, a terrorist, right-wing, chauvinist organization in Palestine ... Today they speak of freedom, democracy and anti-imperialism, whereas until recently they openly preached the doctrine of the Fascist state. It is in its actions that the terrorist party betrays its real character ... A shocking example was their behaviour in the Arab village of Deir Yassin ... The Deir Yassin incident exemplifies the character and actions of the Freedom Party ... they have preached an admixture of ultra-nationalism, religious mysticism, and racial superiority ... in the light of the foregoing considerations, it is imperative that the truth about Mr Begin and his movement be made known in this country. It is all the more tragic that the top leadership of American Zionism has refused to campaign against Begin's efforts."