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Lessig's Thoughts On Eldred v. Ashcroft Arguments
yokem_55 writes "Lawrence Lessig has updated his blog giving his thoughts on how the oral arguments for Eldred vs. Ashcroft went before the Supreme Court on Wednesday. He discusses the goals and methods he used in framing his arguments to convince the court to overturn the Sony Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, how he felt he did in presenting his arguments, and also provides some analysis on how he thinks the court might rule."
always keep a trump, never reveal your hand.
Sonny Bono
Sony Boner
Why would someone fight to preserve a copyright that is not being used? It's too greedy.
All of this just causes people to look for ways to violate copyrights. Talk about inverse psychology. People will do whatever it is forbidden because it's tempting
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from the front line
So there's an extraordinary (and extraordinarily interesting) range of reporting about the argument before the Court. As I was on the front line, let me add a bit more. My hope in doing this is to put this in a bit of context, and to highlight at least what we should be looking for. (EV predicts a 6-3 victory, which is significant, because he and I have a bet, and he took the other side.)
Aaron reports Brewster's statement to him that "it was a dance for which I don't know the steps." That's close. I think the better analogy for someone viewing an oral argument for the first time is the first time you see a cricket match. There are some moves you are certain you know are bad (a swing and a miss); but there's lots that plays into something you can't quite get till you know the context of the game. Here, then, the context of the game, as well as the moves from last Wednesday.
the aim
Our aim from the start was to get this Court to view this case in the same frame that they viewed another important line of cases limiting Congress's power -- the commerce clause. In those cases, the Court has said, ours is a constitution of enumerated powers (i.e., the only powers congress has are the powers the constitution gives it); it follows that Congress's power must therefore be interpreted in a way that is limited; in the context of the Commerce Power, the government had argued for a standard (Congress can regulate anything that "affects" interstate commerce) that essentially meant it had no limit; therefore, in a line of cases beginning with Lopez, the Court said we need a different interpretation of "commerce" that actually recognizes limits. Limits, not control of Congress's discretion. Congress has discretion within the limits set by the constitution; but it has no discretion over what, or where, the limits sit.
We want the Court to think in the same way about the Copyright Clause. As Judge Sentelle argued in dissent in the Court of Appeals, the Copyright Clause too is an enumerated power. It too therefore must have limits. But under the government's interpretation of that clause, "limited times" has no limits. Under its interpretation, Congress has a perpetual power to extend subsisting terms. Thus, under the Lopez-line of reasoning, that interpretation must be wrong. Instead, we wanted the court to adopt one of the plain meanings of the term "limited" (limited as in limited edition print) that would also produce an effective limit on Congress's power (that it could not extend existing terms) and would also achieve the ends that the framers sought to achieve (no continuing incentive of Congress to reward, as the Supreme Court said in Graham, "court favorites," but instead to create an incentive for "new" creativity only).
Now that strategy was controversial from the start, especially because some of our natural allies (Stevens, Souter, Breyer) were so strongly opposed to the Lopez line of cases. But our call early on in this case was that they could be brought around to see that even if they oppose the results in Lopez, there was no reason to oppose the same reasoning in this case. Indeed, they could use this case to show why they were right in Lopez: They could argue that unlike the Copyright Clause, the Commerce Clause has no express limitation built into it; unlike the Copyright Clause, the limit the Court has found is wholly implied; thus, they could say, it is not appropriate to imply limits where not expressed. But, they could also say, where a limit is plainly express (as it is in the copyright clause, which is one of only six clauses in Article I, sec. 8 (the part of the constitution with the core grants of power to Congress) that expressly limits a grant of power (the others are clauses 1, 12, 15, 16, 17)), then it is appropriate for the Court to find a way to enforce those limits. In other words, they could write, "for the reasons given in Lopez, you were wrong in Lopez, but it would be right to limit Congress here."
the fear
The greatest fear we had about this strategy (beyond the backfiring point) was that it all presupposed that the Court got it. It presupposed that the Court understood the problem with extensions of existing terms; that it understood the harm that would do to the internet, and the ability of people to build on the internet; that it saw the law as useless. And before the argument we struggled over and over again with how best to focus the Court on the costs, if in fact they didn't get it.
the argument
(1) The most important first indication that was absolutely clear from the argument is that our fear was misplaced. The Court clearly got it. Though the other side had written literally 300 pages trying to show all the good CTEA did (and pronounce it like it is a disease -- sateeeya), the Court hadn't bought any of it. Congress was not acting to promote progress, it was acting to reward "court favorites." The only question the Court was struggling with is whether it has the power to do anything about it.
Now pause for a second to think about how important and good this struggle is. First: It is a rare but valuable exercise for any branch of government to worry about the scope of its own power. And the greatest virtue the Court exercises is the virtue of self-restraint. This is a reason to respect the Court, not criticize it (though how they exercise their restraint, or where, can be criticized, as I suggest below). But the general idea that it will restrain itself, despite believing a law is stupid, is a feature, not a bug in our constitutional tradition.
And second: that they are struggling with this question of restraint means they clearly get the problem. They are motivated to do the right thing; they are resisting the right thing for the right reasons. Both sides are good.
(2) Though it took some hammering, they clearly understood by the end of my argument the dynamic of the argument that we were making. I said, over and over again, that we were advancing an interpretation of "limited times" that had the virtue of actually imposing limits, because otherwise the clause would have no limits. The aim, and I think effect, was to repeat this idea so many times that they had in their heads a simple picture: There was a way to read "limited" so that Congress would not have unlimited power.
Thus, for example, when I said that limited should be read like "limited edition print," Justice Souter interrupted to say that this was a different kind of case (not a contract, etc.), and I said, yes, but we are simply showing you that there is a plain meaning of the term "limited" that actually produces a limit. He's a very careful justice; he got the point, as did the court by the end. That's not to say he bought it, but he clearly gets the dynamic of the argument: if you believe you must impose a limit on Congress's power, here's a way to impose that limit.
(3) The government then helped us immensely by simply confirming what we had said: under their theory of the case, there was no constitutional limit on Congress's power to extend terms; it was always a matter of Congress's discretion. Congress could perpetually extend existing terms; it could even extend a copyright to works within the public domain.
The Court clearly did not like this answer. They had bought the idea that the Constitution intended there to be a limit; the government's interpretation meant that this was a limit that was solely a matter of legislative grace. (Compare: "Under our written Constitution the limitation of congressional authority is not solely a matter of legislative grace.") They were not comfortable with the idea that they would simply say that though the constitution expressly limits Congress's power, it is Congress that gets to say what that limit is.
(4) This gave me the opening I wanted in the rebuttal to say: On the government's view, the Copyright Clause means Congress has total discretion; but that is plainly inconsistent with 125 years of Supreme Court authority. The very first time the Supreme Court ever struck down a law of Congress because it exceeded a particular grant of power in Article I, sec. 8, was in 1879 in a Copyright Clause Case. Since that time, the Court has repeatedly and unanimously imposed limits on Congress's power in the name of Copyright Clause. All of those limits so far have been implied limits. The Court has held that of all the "authors" and "writings" that might be granted copyright, only those that are "original" are allowed copyright; and it has held that of all the inventions or writings that can get patent or copyright protection, only works that are not in the public domain can get the benefit of the copyright and patent clause protection. Both of these limits are implied. Yet here, with the only express limit on Congress's Copyright Clause power, the government was arguing that in effect, the limit was limitless. This, I argued, is fundamentally inconsistent with this 125 year history, and shows the government must be wrong in its view.
(5) Finally, the government's repeated invocation of the "delicate balance" that Congress has struck became too much to ignore by the end. My final point before the Court is ultimately the most compelling politically, though not directly relevant to the constitutional argument: Under the current term of 95 years, under the most conservative assumptions about royalty income and interest rates, the current term gives authors 99.8% of the value of a perpetual term. Put differently, the current "delicate balance" between author and the public is 99.8% to the author,
after thoughts and advice on interpretation (read: clues on the game)
Lots of people have made tons of noise about what the court asked questions about and what it did not ask questions about. In my experience, this is not an indicator of anything. One hour is an extraordinarily small amount of time to consider the issues in this case. They ask question about things that need to be discussed. They let go things that they get from the briefs. When I clerked, oral argument was irrelevant to 90% of the cases; that is because they do their work based on the writing, and unlike most branches of government, they actually do their work.
That said, there was lots I was unhappy we didn't get more of a chance to discuss. Here's an enumeration of what's open and what we've got to win.
(1) 1790 Act: We lose if they are not careful about the interpretation of the 1790 Act. We need the originalists; we therefore need to defeat the government's claim that "CTEA = the 1790 Act." The arguments here are not even close if you pay attention to the history. It is simply and absolutely false to say that the 1790 Act "undoubtedly extended existing terms" as the government says. The 1790 Act (1) did not extend any term (since there was no federal term before 1790); (2) it did not, on balance, effectively extend existing terms (because the law at the time included both state common law and statutory law granting copyrights, and while it may have extended the term of the works protected by the state statutes, it shortened the term of works protected under the common law); and finally (3) even for works protected under the state statute, 3 states expressly stated they didn't mean their statute to displace the common law. Thus, it is more likely the 1790 Act shortened, not lengthened, terms.
That conclusion is supported by the numbers reported by William Maher. He actually counted the number of copyrights granted to works published before 1790. Of the 21,000 works published between 1790 and 1800, we have record of just 699 copyrights. Of the 699 copyrights, only 12 are for works published before 1790. Of the 12, 5 are for works protected by state statute. The remaining 7 were presumptively protected by the common law. Thus, of the records we have, the majority of terms were plainly shortened, rather than lengthened. And the clearest reading of what the framers thought they were doing was simply moving to a new federal regime, and ending the continuing effect of the old state regime.
We need to win this point. Of all the arguments in this case, it is the only one that I am 100% certain of (the rest I'm at 99.8%). But it wasn't discussed much, which creates lots of anxiety.
(2) The Lopez-Eldred link: The other point that seemed lost on the Chief Justice was that this was a Lopez case -- or more importantly, it was a Lopez-plus case. If the Commerce Clause must be interpreted to imply limits, then the Copyright Clause must be interpreted to give effect to express limits. There is no principled way to distinguish them, except to say that between the two, it is the Copyright Clause that more clearly demands judicial enforcement of its limits. Yet the Chief Justice (author of Lopez and this line of authority) didn't seem to recognize the link. If it is not made, then again, we lose. Yet of all the parts of this that will be hardest to accept, it would be a decision that is inconsistent in just this way that would be worst. What possible reason of principle could there be for restricting Congress when it comes to federalism interests, but not when it comes to the public domain, except the ugly reasons? For someone who must teach constitutional law every year, this is the part I fear most.
(3) Which Bright Line: Justices Souter and Scalia were trying to figure out which bright line made most sense: that Congress can't restore copyright to works in the public domain, or that Congress can't extend the term of existing copyrights. The obvious question which no one asked is: Why do we expect works will be allowed to pass into the public domain again? Look at the pattern:
The effect of term extension is to toll (stop) the passing of works into the public domain. In the first 100 years of the republic, the public domain was tolled like this for only 14 years (14%). In the next 50 years, the public domain was tolled for 14 years again (28%). But when CTEA expires, the public domain will have been tolled for 39 out of 55 years, or 70% of the time since 1962. If the Supreme Court says ok to this, then why would anyone expect 70% won't become 100%? The line that says Congress can't restore copyrights to works in the public domain may be bright, but it is in a very dim world indeed.
final thoughts
I am obviously extremely happy with where we are. The Court is struggling with the right issue; they are motivated to get the right answer; they have a clear and simple way to give the right answer; the government has made it very hard to accept its answer. It is always hard to get the Court to strike a law of Congress, but this law is so universally flawed, and the case against it is so universally strong, that I continue to be confident that the Court could choose to strike the law.
I am obviously also unhappy with those "swings-and-a-miss" that happened in the argument. As I said before the argument, if we win it will be because 4 years of activism by many many people have changed the public's view about the importance of these issues. But as someone who believes this the rare case where the law, properly and carefully read, yields one right answer, there is no way I will ever be able to escape the thought that if we lose, it is because I am not the advocate that some could have been. It is the particular hell for lawyers that after an argument, we live in the purgatory of constantly reliving the argument. Every night since Wednesday I have awoken in the middle of the night, to spend the rest of the night reanswering Justice Ginsburg, or asking Chief Justice Rehnquist just how he could distingiush Commerce from Copyright. The kind words of so many notwithstanding, I know and have always known I am not Larry Tribe, or Kathleen Sullivan. And if, after getting this so close to the right result, I have lost this by not being them, then I am not quite sure how I will live with that fact.
So please, no more of the bullshit about "rockstars" or "visionary." I've lived this struggle every moment of the last 4 years; it will take a long time for me to escape it, especially if we don't prevail. I want to turn my head elsewhere, and my heart elsewhere too. So I apologize if I don't follow up on this, or the arguments this might begin. Please, in the spirit of the best of this sphere, carry these argument along, and correct the many mistakes I have made. But I need a night when the limits of this lawyer don't keep this lawyer awake.
I am grateful to an extraordinary number of people, most importantly, Eric Eldred, but also the hundreds who have worked on this case, the people, like Lisa, who slept out at the court to watch this argument, and Brewster who drove across the country to teach the lessons -- too many to count. If we have won, it is your work that has made this happen. That the press chooses to focus differently does not change that fact. At least this space can speak the truth about this fact.
Peace, quiet, and may terms be limited.
posted on [ Oct 13 02 at 4:51 AM ] to [ eldred.cc ] [ 13 Comments ]
keeping focus
Tomorrow the Supreme Court will hear arguments in Eldred v. Ashcroft. In the past weeks, and especially the past week, I've received an extraordinary amount of mail, ranging from wishes of good luck, to demands that I "win." And as well has the press been extraordinary. (Check out Google's cool new service for a list. Even Declan is reporting the story, if only to report that the Ayn Rand Institute has pronounced me a Marxist (along with Milton Friedman, Ronald Coase, James Buchanan and Phyllis Schlafly I assume.)).
When we brought this case 4 years ago, there were many allies who said that there was no way we could win. The reason they were right four years ago is that the world did not yet see how important these issues are, and just what's at stake. In four years, that has changed. Not because we brought this case, or because of anything I've done in this case, but because of an extraordinary number of people who have been pushing to make this issue understandable.
It is extremely hard to win a case like this. I have given it everything I have, and I believe we are right, and have a good shot in showing it. But the important lesson from the attention this case is getting now is this: There is an extraordinary passion and energy out there for the ideals that Eric Eldred and others represent, and that if we do something to push these ideas, we can have an effect.
Thank you for the extraordinary outpouring of support. But please, regardless of what happens here, let us not lose the momentum. Freeing culture is what our framers did; we can do it again, regardless of what 5 justices on the Supreme Court say.
posted on [ Oct 9 02 at 5:09 AM ] to [ eldred.cc ] [ 18 Comments ]
This is a reason to respect the Court, not criticize it (though how they exercise their restraint, or where, can be criticized, as I suggest below). But the general idea that it will restrain itself, despite believing a law is stupid, is a feature, not a bug in our constitutional tradition.
So the framers specifically state their intent in giving Congress this power. A trillion years may be a limited time, but it cannot be reasonably seen as a promotion of the "Progress of Science and useful Arts".
The idea here is that even the stuff before that first comma is important. Lessig et al. argue that, by extending copyright over too long a time, you're actually doing more harm (aka, arresting spin-offs and adaptations) than good (convincing creators to create by making it financially attractive).
So it's not black and white. You absolutely cannot cimply ignore any of the words or phrases in the Constitution.
Every year during my review, I just pray the words "slashdot.org" aren't mentioned.
doesn't anybody code any more?
Sigs are bad for your health.
Psst! We're talking about copyrights here. While this decision could potentially impact patents as well, I think we're getting ahead of ourselves.
Every year during my review, I just pray the words "slashdot.org" aren't mentioned.
The problem with Lessing is that he doesn't understand that the problem *is* copyrights. And when you let people believe that they have the right to extract value by limiting the copying practices of others, then what we have today is bound to folow as those who own them will try to secure those "rights"
Oh how it reminds me of the people in the past who didn't want to believe that the problem was marxisim, but rather how it was implemented. Or the people who didn't want to believe that the problem was slavery, but how the plantation masters treated them. If only people would understand that the root of all these problems we're having is the belief system that copyright monopolies are somehow like property rights. That restricting what people can copy freely is some kind of basic right rather than the act of copying itself. Nothing he does will change the fact that the right to copy is a basic moral human right that will sure outlast any government that opposes it.
For those of you who are too lazy to actually follow this, here's the quick summary of where we are at:
Remember that just because a law is "bad" and horribly unbalanced towards lobbists doesn't make it illegal unless there is some specific legal reason the law is unconstitutional.
Basically, Eldred is arguing that because we have a Constitution of enumerated powers (Congress can only do what the constitution specifically allows), that the power to extend copyright must be limited. In other words, the Constitution grants Congress specific powers. If Congress continually extends copyright, than it has unlimited power (which the Constitution doesn't give it).
So far it seems the court is buying this argument. The court seems to be unsure though if it has any power to do anything about it. This is good news to Lessig, because it means the court buys the limited power argument.
The case was also helped by a government bumble. The government argued that there is no constitutional limit on the ability of Congress to extend copyright, thus the extention was legal. This actually helped Eldred because the court did not like this view at all. The court did not support the idea that the constitution limits the powers of Congress, but that Congress gets to set what the limits are. In effect, the government proved Eldred's point themselves.
So there is a fighting chance that Eldred might win. Everyone say a big thanks to people like Lessig who are fighting hard for the public's right to the "creative commons".
To quote Lessig:
"Peace, quiet, and may terms be limited."
Uninnovate - Only the finest in engineering.
That said, I hope this thread doesn't get hijacked into another gun control discussion.
Every year during my review, I just pray the words "slashdot.org" aren't mentioned.
If congress can 'extend' those protections as often as they like, is it really limited? If so, what is the limit?
ie: if you say it's 10 yeras, but 8 years from now extend it to 20, then 2 yeras before it's up extend it to 30, and before that is up, extend it to 75, etcetera, is it really limited? Could you not do this indefinately and still technically say "there is a limit"?
The government argument goes basically like this.
Who gets to decide what it takes to "promote", and what exactly "limited" means?
Congress, the Court?
Or, maybe you and I?
If Congress is doing wrong by the people, it is their RESPONSIBLITY to vote them out. Or so the story goes.
Fact is, the majority of voters are flat out stupid. Sad, but true.
Here's how stupid they are. I was at a party, 20 people or so. A friend underwent radiation for cancer and was told to stay away from their kids for 3-4 days. By the end of the arguments, the clear majority of the attendee's were convinced the reason was the kids would "get" radiation. Fact is, radiation kills the immune system and kids are loaded with germs.
That's a fairly clear insight into the way the "majority" of America "thinks". There's a reason propaganda works so well.
Sad to say, but the American system is broken and neither "judicial restraint" nor the people's recall of "congressional grace" (voting them out when they've gone evil on us) isn't going to save us.
the level of ignorence that exists in the general public.
they see the public domain as a system the steal works legaly fromt he creators....
they just don't get it.
and part of the problem is that hollywood has mushed that idea into there heads.
it is a very sad situation
I am the Alpha and the Omega-3
Until I started following this issue I had never considered the 'length of copyright' laws, but did always wonder who had the 'rights' to classical music and Shakespeare, etc.
I have lived my entire life in a period where termination of a copyright is a non-existent thing. This situation is 'normal' to us because we have never experienced life without it. We never think to check up on if a copyright has expired so that we can make a derivative work... we just assume that we can't use it because it hasn't expired. The very idea of making a derivative work has simply become unthinkable... in a very literal sense.
We all know that tomorrow's ideas build on yesterday's. Since the wording of the constitution is apparently open to interpretation in this case, I hope the court considers the potential benefits to the populous of freeing these works. I hope the court does not find the idea 'unthinkable' just because it is the familiar status quo.
Well the Court *can*.
What they'd do is establish a logical "test" which could be applied to decide what constitutes promotion (probably be called the Eldred Test). A good example of this is the Lemon Test, written by Justice Warren Burger in Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), which can be applied to any future law concerning (in this case) school prayer.
Every year during my review, I just pray the words "slashdot.org" aren't mentioned.
Scalia writes the majority decision.
As the lead plaintiff in the case, I want to extend my greatest appreciation to Larry Lessig for taking on this case and arguing it so skillfully before the Supreme Court.
No doubt all of us will agonize over what we could have done better. But in the last four years we have raised the level of debate significantly on the role of copyright in the digital age. Today it would likely be impossible for legislation such as the CTEA to be passed.
What we need to do now is transfer some of the momentum from the Eldred case toward fighting some of the bad legislation beginning with the DMCA and including the Coble bills. After the Eldred decision, we can plan our next moves for new legislation that promotes the public interest.
Please support the public domain now by freely publishing your own ideas from your own website. Make new derivative works by digitizing works that are now in the public domain. Support the EFF, EPIC, Public Knowledge, Creative Commons, and Project Gutenberg and other online libraries.
And thanks for your support in all this!
Actually, it is you whom we ought to thank, firstly for all the work you are doing with the library and also for pressing the case and having the tenacity to take it all the way to the Supremes.
:-)]) to music in a modern setting, bringing the great works to a whole new audience. If you win, and I sincerely hope you do, then it benefits not just you, not me, but everybody.
Regardless of the outcome, you have raised this issue in the media and finally people are starting to become aware of the awesome power of the copyright holders and the great potential of the public domain that may be lost if it weren't for you.
I do have a vested interest: I put a lot of poetry (Dickinson, Poe, St. Vincent Millay [if you win
Thanks.
Karma: Excellent Birds (mostly as a result of listening to Laurie Anderson)
As you say, this is an off-topic thread, of course.
I think the idea behind "well-regulated" might mean that the people (whoever they are) MUST be in control of the militia. That is to say, the 2nd ammendment in no way justifies private armies, but is designed to encourage every able-bodied man (or person, nowadays) to take seriously his (or her) obligation to defend the country against hostile takeover.
Here is a URL to a (pro-gun) discussion of this idea:
http://www.2asisters.org/unabridged.htm
Since I admit that this is off-topic, and posted with "No Score +1 bonus," and since this is a reply to a reply to a reply, and thus will not be read by many people, please don't mod me down!
MM
By including this sig, the copyright holders of this work or collection unreservedly place it in the public domain.
I really didn't want to go off on the slavery tangent because slavery was so much more brutal than restricting someones ability to copy. But at the same time, this restricton is getting out of controll to the point of destroying freedom od speech. I think we seriously need to re-evaluate it.
Another thing about copyrights is that if people want to support them, then fine. But arguments like we have no incentive, I put money and effort into making them, how will such and such make money, the industry in America is good from it, etc .... were all hashed out about another false property right, slavery. I have no incentive to grow cotton.... look at the wealth in the south it created .... how will the plantation masters make the same .... they put so much money into buying and training them...
Cmon, I tired of the same BS logic PLEASE GIVE ME A REAL REASON FOR COPYRIGHTS
Of course, when it comes time for Disney to give something back to the commons from which they've drawn so much, it's "different".
Scientists restrict study to entire physical universe; creationist
This post brought to you by Grammar Man, promoting Truth, Justice, and clarity by relentless nitpicking of errors great and small.
Scientists restrict study to entire physical universe; creationist
...Somebody ought to put together a little DVD collection of the earliest Mickey Mouse shorts that would now be public domain. And donate proceeds to the EFF.
A little thanks to Lessig, and a little fsck you to Disney.
Section 8, Clause 8: To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
What this says to me is that copyrights should be non-transferable. No signing away copyright to some big corporation unless you're doing "work for fire". This, and a sane policy that recognizes that authors don't have any incentive to create Writings and Discoveries after they're dead, would pretty much wrap it all up.
The idea here is that even the stuff before that first comma is important. Lessig et al. argue that, by extending copyright over too long a time, you're actually doing more harm (aka, arresting spin-offs and adaptations) than good (convincing creators to create by making it financially attractive).
So it's not black and white. You absolutely cannot cimply ignore any of the words or phrases in the Constitution.
Careful! Next thing you know, we'll have to pay attention to stuff after a comma as well, and then we'll all get to tote guns! ;)
With the right balance:
"If I had seen farther than others, it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants."
With too much rights in the favour of the copyright holder:
"If I had not seen farther than others, it is because giants are standing on my shoulders."
With too much rights in favour of the public:
"If I had not seen farther than others, it is because giants are standing right in front of me."
"ASHCROFT!"
"ELDRED!"
"ASHCROFT!"
"ELDRED!"
over and over again
Imagine a world without copyrights. A movie is created, and instantly people with professional equipment are in there getting cam copies of the movie.
... ?
Yay. This brings the power of duplication to those who want to duplicate, which is good.
They sell it in legitimate stores.
This does not follow. They can TRY to sell the duplicate at legitimate stores, but anyone who would really want the duplicate could simply, well, copy it, which is good.
More copies are made.
Which is also good.
A DVD is released, and since it is very easy to make a perfect copy, these are made. There are sold in legitimate stores, as this is perfectly legal.
I'm not sure how I follow that these bogus DVDs would be sold on the market. Why wouldn't I just copy the damned DVD myself, since, well, duplication wouldn't be illegal.
A CD is released, and perfect copies are made and sold for $1 each in stores. Software is made and immediately sold for the cost of the media in stores.
Which is still too expensive, imho. That's what makes the net so much better than a music or software store, because bandwidth is cheaper than media (or something like that), and the media that I am forced to buy and maintain can be erased and reused when I get sick of the information on it.
See the dilemna here?
No.
the fact is that there is much quality content created as books, audio CDs, movies, and software, that takes a large initial investment in order to create.
Then let the people who want to make those large initial investments pay for it. If the only reason that rock band X or movie company Y creates a product is for money, then why don't they just print their own money instead and stop infecting society with their vomituous, base spew. Take out the middle man, so to speak. If you want to make art, paint. If you want to make money, counterfeit.
If some company spends $8 million creating a piece of software then how are they going to recoup their profits
I don't see why I should care what they spent on it. It's their money, let them spend it the way they please. If this is what they wanted to do with it, fine, but if they view it as a problem, then it's THEIR problem, and not mine, yours, or the guy down the street who thinks he's Jesus'. As far as I'm concerned, if they wanted to staple 8 million dollar bills to each butt cheek of 4 million monkeys and call it art, go for it (provided that the monkey don't rebel and take over the world). It's their money to do with as they please, and I for one am not going to stand in their way, and in fact, I will support their right to blow their own money however they like.
So, you say they're worried about how their going to recoup their profits. Well, you know, they damn well should be! Hell, if I blew $8 Million dollars by stapling it to the asses of 4 million monkeys, I'd be worried about it, too. If they're worried about saving their money, then maybe they shouldn't be inconveniencing those poor innocent monkeys.
I should call PETA on them. Well, at least the monkeys will have toilet paper now.
This is my argument for why limited copyrights are needed.
That I can agree with. The copyright law would certainly make better monkey toilet paper than single dollar bills. For starters, it would be printed on full sized paper, so they wouldn't have to worry about accidentally getting shit on their hands. Also, singles don't flush well.
Sig (appended to the end of comments you post, 120 chars)
Remember that just because a law is "bad" and horribly unbalanced towards lobbists doesn't make it illegal unless there is some specific legal reason the law is unconstitutional.
Exactly right - and the Supreme Court would be correct in maintaining a law passed entirely by lobbyists over the objections of 90% of the American people. Why? Because the Constitution doesn't prevent it. And in the U.S., there is no law higher than the Constitution. Immoral, yes, but illegal, no.
I even think this is necessary - because think of the opposite. How many laws were passed with the support of 90% of the people over the objections of lobbyists? Answer: a whole bunch of important ones. Taft-Hartley (sp?) on labor laws, Sherman Antitrust, Amendment 19 (?) (women voting). If we want the people to overrule lobbyists sometimes, we need to let lobbyists overrule us sometimes - because the people can always re-elect a more favorable Congress.
So far it seems the court is buying [the limited powers] argument. The court seems to be unsure though if it has any power to do anything about it. This is good news to Lessig, because it means the court buys the limited power argument.
It's actually a very good thing the court is unsure if it has power. In fact, the court almost ALWAYS asks if it has power to intervene... you'll notice that since the court rejects upwards of 90% of the cases appealed to them. A big part of those appeals are cases where the court doesn't feel it should issue a ruling.
Another example, the Florida election stuff. That debacle was an example of the Court deciding it DID have power (and deciding very quickly, and without much justification). IMO, a more correct ruling would have been to just say that "how a state runs its elections is its own business" and just refuse the matter entirely. This was basically the minority opinion. I'm not arguing the merits or outcome of the decision (I would have remanded it with instructions for a re-hearing, but I'm not a Supreme), but most of the mess occurred because the Court jumped too quickly into an area it shouldn't have entered.
Perhaps the Court even feels burned because of the Florida voting episode, and is trying to be extraordinarily cautious with its power (and even more so because more eyes are looking for faults!)
The case was also helped by a government bumble. The government argued that there is no constitutional limit on the ability of Congress to extend copyright, thus the extention was legal. This actually helped Eldred because the court did not like this view at all. The court did not support the idea that the constitution limits the powers of Congress, but that Congress gets to set what the limits are. In effect, the government proved Eldred's point themselves.
As much as the Court hates giving itself power, it likes giving someone else power even less. A better argument might have been that there is a limit but Congress should determine it; but instead, the government chose to try to defend the whole thing. It almost feels like they're giving the case away. Thus: I'm watching carefully to see if someone responds to "an erosion of copyright law" by introducing a new, draconian law with overwhelming support. Cyncial, yes, but I'm very cynical when politicians are involved.
Very good summary, my complements to you good sir.
A witty [sig] proves nothing. --Voltaire
The question about "why would they spend $8 million dollars" is a rhetorical one. The answer is, they wouldn't.
And in response to "why should you or anyone else care about it" is that we'd have a whole lot less good movies, books, music, etc. to copy in the first place.
I think the difference in the arguments lies in "what" is being argued about. One is arguing that, given that ***everything would be created anyways***, free copying gives a great value to the end user (albeit not the producer but who cares anyway [not my opinion by the way]). The other argument, and the one that I think is relevant here is that ***everything would not be created anyways***.
I know that this has been said, and argued, before but I believe the importance is that the "free for all" and "limited copying" groups are actually arguing two different things.
Sunny
Sunny
Be my Friend
One of the scariest things about this last extension is that some copyrights HAD expired, then were reinstated.
That is what is the most obscene thing about the extension, IMHO. Republication of several volumes which have long been out-of-print because it made no economic sense for the IP holder (the cost of tracking down the heirs could easily exceed the physical costs of a low volume publication run!) have been forced to be suspended with no renumeration to the parties who had already spent good money to prepare for publication of the material once it entered the public domain, for absolutely no benefit to anyone except that it protected a few corporate logos.
Quick, when was the last time Mickey Mouse appeared in a Disney animation? I think there was a short released with one of the animated films a few years ago, but before that you would have to go back to the 50s. When was the last time Steamboat Willie appeared in any theater outside of the Disney theme parks? Mickey is still protected as a trademark, but you can't credibly claim that the early works still need copyright protection.
For every complex problem there is an answer that is clear, simple, and wrong. -- H L Mencken
What people are forgetting here is that Congress represents the people of the United States. Representatives and Senators serve at the pleasure of their constituents. If they consistently pass laws which the people of the United States hate, they will lose their jobs.
This is why the Supreme Court is hesitant to overturn such laws, because there is another check on unjust laws, namely the ballot box. It is only when Congress is overstepping its bounds in a matter where the people support them that the Court is really needed to step in. When the majority takes on too much power and infringes on the rights of the minority, the Supreme Court can act to limit these excesses.
But this does not seem to be what is happening in the case of copyright extensions. It's not like there's a powerless minority whose rights are being infringed by policies supported by the majority of the American people. Rather, these copyright extensions are technical matters that most people simply don't care about. They aren't important enough to make or break a Congressman's career.
What needs to happen is that this has to be solved in the political arena. People who think that copyright policy should be changed need to convince others of that fact, to get them interested in the dispute, to attract supporters and political power. Then they can convince Congress to change its policies.
This issue is a simply and fundamentally a matter of politics. The dispute needs to be resolved in the political arena. It may seem easier to convince 9 members of the Supreme Court than the American people. But ultimately it will be more just and more fair to effect change by convincing people, the American people, that these changes are worthwhile.
We have a representative government, but that doesn't mean that everything they do is what you personally would want. What it does mean is that you can try to convince people that your ideas are good, and if you get enough support, the government will go along. That is the proper course for political change in a representative democracy.
Why wouldn't I just copy the damned DVD myself, since, well, duplication wouldn't be illegal.
Cost and convenience. Unlike us slashdotters, many people don't have broadband, a DVD burner and time to spend downloading and burning.
That's what makes the net so much better than a music or software store, because bandwidth is cheaper than media
Perhaps some day, but not yet. Mass production of prerecorded media and shipping is still cheaper per unit than broadband and rewritable media. "Never underestimate the bandwidth of a station wagon filled with magtape"
Then let the people who want to make those large initial investments pay for it.
In the pre-copyright days, that was the normal way of funding - patronage or pay-per-opera.
That system is also possible today, but in addition you also have the system enabled by copyright - someone covers the initial expenses and hope to make their money back by selling copies in the marketplace.
I happen to think that copyright is fine as long as it serves the original purpose, "To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts". However, the term of copyright should be sensible - life+70 or 90 years is just plain silly, there must be sensible "fair use"/"fair dealings" holes, and Digital Restriction Management is just crazy.
If J.K.R wrote Windows: Puteulanus fenestra mortalis!
Sorry, I normally don't respond to my own posts, but (a few hours after posting) I realized I had barely glanced one important topic.
The benefit of "imposing" copyrights is the 'other' 98% of works that are created because of the financial incentive copyrights give. Allowing people to freely copy works would essentially abolish copyrights and kill the finincial incentive. With no monetary benefit from creating works, very few people would choose to do it. (Just look how many OSS developers there are compared out of the total number of developers in the world, I think that is a good analogy) It is a fundemental of economics that gift economies are never as large as monetary ones.
Software has few sunk costs. All you need to create it (besides a working knowledge of programming) is a computer. Books, music, and movies has progressively MUCH MUCH higher sunk costs. Who is going to produce a quality movie for $50 million and expect no return. That is why the idea of abolishing copyrights is absurd.
To make laws that man cannot, and will not obey, serves to bring all law into contempt.
--E.C. Stanton
Have you seen all the good movies that have ever been made? You haven't and you couldn't, but you still wan't someone to make movies all the time.
mp3: l33t term for empty.
I think the example of the use of the word limited as in 'limited print edition' is a good one.
To spell it out
someone produces 100 prints in a 'limited edition'
sometime later they say this is still a limited edition but we are going to produce another 100 prints - now it is a limited edition of only 200 prints
again, further down the road they produce another 100 prints but maintain it is still a 'limited edition'
seen in this way their use of 'limited' is obviously bogus - and the analogy carries directly to how the congress is interpreting the use of the term 'limited' in the copyright clause
It is unlikely copyrights would ever be eliminated.
But they could be cut back. Let's assume 7 years, again.
A 7 year old copy of a GPLed work would likely be of little value to corporate interests. Changes to the software along the way reset the clock for the more current version of the work, each author owns their respective updates.
If the 7 year old version of software does still hold value, then it is most likely the case that the GPL failed to add value to the process. It may be better if the corporate interest takes the old copy, adds features, and perhaps re-ignites interest in the GPL community.
How do you know? My understanding is what motivated most the people in these ventures wasn't a guaranteed monopoly, but rather it's own value?
It doesn't matter, since you cannot prove the reverse either. I'm willing the accept the idea that people are more motivated by the creative process than any monitary reward, but you can't prove that copyright is unnecessary for the authors of creative works to be paid for their work. If you choose to place all of your work under open/free terms, then by all means do, and feel free to advocate the same to others, but don't tell all authors everywhere that they must give up all copyright. Why? Because you say? Was somebody appointed dictator when I wasn't looking?
The fact is that copyright exists, and for the US it is explicitely mentioned in the constitution. The legal framework that supoorts the GPL is based on copyright as well. You can't have one without the other.
There is no sense in which the arguments made in this case weaken the prospects for free software. To try to go the purist route with this is counterproductive, and IMHO stomps all over the right of individuals to choose. Lesig and people close to him support the Creative Commons and actively encourages people to release works under open/free licenses. You should know who you are talking about before criticizing.
The problem with you is that you (and, to be fair, most of the posters here) don't understand the true justification for copyright. The assumption (not yours) seems to be that copyrights are necessary to provide incentive for authors to create works. This is wrong in a very important sense: copyrights are necessary to provide incentive for the creation of works that would not have been made without the incentive. It is a subtle but very significant distinction. It recognizes that a certain amount of works will be created regardless of the copyright incentive. Naturally, people like to create, even if they don't get paid for it -- hence the free and open software movements. But everyone should recognize that there are plenty of factors preventing people from creating more works -- overhead costs, the cost of day-to-day living, the desire to get something valuable in return for the labor expended, etc. This is why we have copyright -- to get the marginal increase in creation (marginal in the economic, cost-benefit sense). Copyright should be limited at the point where the costs of copyright exceed the marginal benefit (the amount of work incented by copyright).
Where YOU specifically get it wrong is your response to others' posts about why we need copyright. Since creative work is assumed to be a benefit to society, obviously maximizing benefit to society involves, at least, maximizing the amount of creative work produced. Given the above justification, we NEED copyright to maximize the benefit to society.
You also seem to think that copying is somehow a moral right. Well, you're entitled to that opinion, but our society definitely sees copying as less beneficial to society as the creation of original work (please don't use the elitist argument that Britney Spears or "corporate" work sucks and isn't original -- it's not for you to decide, even if you were Mozart, which you're not). One could imagine a society, though, in which we promoted copying as more important than original creation. But the fact is that our society doesn't believe that (and I don't mean just the lawmakers -- I mean society), and that seems to me proof enough that copying isn't even close to being a basic moral human right.
Interesting, but totally off-base.
Consider the memoirs of U.S. Grant. Their are considered to be a model for military memoirs, and he wrote them while he was dying of throat cancer. He did so with the specific intent of restoring his family fortune (lost in bad business deals) and providing for his family.
That alone demonstrates that heirs should be allowed copyright protection for a limited time.
Every year during my review, I just pray the words "slashdot.org" aren't mentioned.
Dear Mr. Lessig:
Thanks for all your work in helping to provide a better future America, by trying to right (some of) the wrongs that Congress has recently committed. Even if we lose, you have forever changed my impression of lawyers with your two popular books and your work on this case.
As an engineer, I thought lawyers could only be a heinous lecherous drain on society; after seeing your work, I now admit that I was wrong. I'm happy to learn that there is some good in everybody (and quite a bit in you!), even in lawyers.
Keep on fighting the good fight! Don't despair if we lose this battle. There are many more battles ahead (such as the DMCA) for which we desperately need your help. Please stay in the game. Until the last liberty-loving American has given up and emmigrated to a more free society, and while there are many who are too poor to escape the tyranny, we still need you!
Thank you from the bottom of my heart,
Name Withheld (because there are no benefits to associating my name with this noble cause, and many liabilities.)
I think Disney is making the right decision for itself. The big deal about "Steamboat Mickey" is that it contains Mickey Mouse. I don't know if you've ever heard of this Mickey Mouse character, but he is apparently quite well known and profitable. Disney makes lots of money licensing him. With Mickey himself at risk of going to public domain, they'll burn the Constitution if they have to.
However, if he did go public domain, maybe one could only use his old likeness and not his newer one. I'm not sure.
Democracy Now! - your daily, uncensored, corporate-free
Without copyrights, Matlab wouldn't exist. Many expensive pieces of high quality software need massive investment from their users. If they did exist they would be kept in extreme secrecy, and hold users to draconian contracts. They certainly wouldn't give students cheap versions.
Democracy Now! - your daily, uncensored, corporate-free
Free Mickey Mouse is the Economist's story on Lessig, subtitled "Lawrence Lessig wants less copyright protection, including for Disney's famous rodent". Good article.
It begins as follows:
The wheel is turning, but the hamster is dead.
What this says to me is that copyrights should be non-transferable. ..which would also make US copyright law more in line with european droite d'auteur/creator's right laws.
If J.K.R wrote Windows: Puteulanus fenestra mortalis!
The only remaining right to be transferred is the right to create derivative works. Clearly, forbidding anyone but the original author to create derivative works would only cause harm. Furthermore, no one would want to create a derivative work without a contract specifying that they are the only ones making a particular type of derivative work. No one would want to make Terminator 3 unless they were sure that no one else was also making a different Terminator 3 at the same time. So, supposing I also sell the exclusive right to create derivative works to my publisher, I have now effectively transferred my copyright to my publisher. Which of the above steps do you think should be illegalized?
"The question of whether a computer can think is no more interesting than that of whether a submarine can swim" -EWD
I guess I don't really know, but I'm assuming that the supreme court justices aren't treated like jurors and are allowed to keep up in the world. If that's true, and any of them happen upon Mr. Lessig's blog, I can't imagine them finishing it unswayed: not only are his arguments logical and convincing (as I'm sure they were in court, which is why this point is redundant from the POV of a justice), his writing is CONSTANTLY complimenting the court for it's treatment of the issues, from any angle possible. When the court refuses to go along with his ideas, they're exercising "rare and valuable restraint" about deciding when they can exercise their powers. When they agree with him on a point they're demonstrating understanding of his case.
If I didn't agree with Lessig about most everything he's arguing, I'd call him a hopeless sophist, using flattery and reciporical(sp?) reasoning to draw the court into his camp. As it stands, I'm glad we have such a great speaker and convincing logician taking _our_ side for once.
-- Nerds on toast in the new millenium
But without that guarantee, the value of those works is drastically reduced. It's not at all unlikely that that without this protection, the projected returns from any of these undertakings would not have been sufficient to get any of them off the ground in the first place.
Look, your argument is based off a false premise: that people won't create without copyright monopolies, bullshit - the entire renissance happend without copyrights.
And of course the very information age we're trying to protect here is what makes copyrights more significant now than during the Renaissance - there were no tools of mass reproduction at the time beyond the printing press. Thus the potential loss of value was, therefore, much less. How worried do you think da Vinci was that an army of forgers would devote themselves to repainting copies of the Mona Lisa? Getting paid for the original was more than enough
And as for the argument that GPL software shows that software will get written with or without copyrights... time to risk the Ire Of Slashdot:
How much really innovative software has been produced under some form of copyleft? That is to say, software filling or even creating a previously unoccupied niche? Linux is a UNIX-alike; Gimp is a Photoshop-alike; etc. The real innovation open source is usually credited with is the licensing model itself, and its strength is that of many eyes looking at a known problem. Since the stated purpose of copyright is to encourage innovation, I'd love to be able to come up with such an example, but I am personally at a loss. Anyone got any suggestions?
> Anyone who dares to be successful enough to own a property where the public enjoys gathering--e.g., a shopping mall--is
Nobody is "successful enough to own" a property. Nobody.
Land for the shopping mall was undoubtedly stolen under emmenint domain.
Money for construction of the mall was undoubtedly hypothicated on a favorable tax exemption.
The ability to build the mall was undoubtedly had by changing zoning laws that abutting property owners had assumed protected them.
The fact the mall can sustain a buisness is owed to the fact someone other than the so called "successful" owner paid a s**tload of money to build roads getting peopele there.
The rights of way bringing power and telecomunications were stolen from people. Water and sewage service was flat out paid for by others.
I HATE people who think "ownership" in a black and white term. For almost all substantial corporate forms today, the ethics of "ownership" are almost totally corrupt. They don't "own" anything but that which exists having been built on the backs of others -- usually by force.
is that it permits instant experts to spout out about anything. Had Professor Lessig made the argument suggested above, to any extent at all, the case would never be before the Supreme Court, would never have gotten a word of press, and would not have had the potential to make a landmark change in the law.
The problem for our copyright critic here is simply this: the Constitution expressly authorizes the Congress to pass a copyright law. The unsupported proposition that the "right to copy" is a "basic moral human right" has no bearing in United States constitutional jurisprudence. None. (That it is also a meritless proposition is an argument for another day.)
Professor Lessig's "failure" to raise that issue is precisely why the case is now before the United States Supreme Court -- he bent over backwards, and properly so, to avoid appearing to make an anti-copyright claim. The Constitution AUTHORIZES copyright, but that power is limited, he argued. And he argued the point eloquently and intelligently, unlike the two-paragraph blather proffered by the author of the note to which I am responding.
Writing a brief for the Supreme Court in hopes of changing the law, something I have done, is an awesome experience. You feel frighteningly powerful until you file it, and then horribly impotent and humbled from that moment going forward -- even when you win. The emotions Professor Lessig shared with us are common to every advocate who is appearing before the highest Court in the U.S.
He fought the good fight, did a fine job of it, and did it for free. Win or lose, he was a hero -- even if you disagreed with his position.
brilliant! encore, encore!
In other words the 'facto' of any copyright is the original publishing of the work. In other words at the time of the publishing of the work the creator got the right to use the work for X years and the public got the right to use the work after X years. In other words copyright laws give things to both the creator and the public. To, years later, delay the date at which the public gets the rights which they have had since the work was published in fact is taking something from the public after the fact
So in fact congress could set the copyright to whatever limited period they wished but what they couldn't have done is to apply that new limit to works that have already had their copyright length set.
As I said, there must be something that I am missing, because it seems so obvious. Can anybody explain?
as was already mentioned, the justification for copyrights is not protection but bringing works into the public domain. The fact that info can be copied and created more easially is more of a justification for getting rid of copyrights than keeping them.
btw, allmost all the innovations on the early internet were written with free software, without the expectation of a government granted monopoly. thankfully.
Just a point here: You must notice that anything a copyright can do, an enforceable contract can do (for example, shrink-wrap licensing).
So if you think that patents or copyrights are the source of the problem and must be eliminated, then you also have to eliminate the enforceable contract.
Sound radical? Well, yes. But consider: the enforceable contract is a way to extend a current situation indefinitely into the future as individually legislated law. Not just definitely -- for contracts do yield a way to apply the same pressures later that are applied now. So if you provide the contract as a form of power, one man over another, some men will use that power to enslave others.
What's the alternative? I can think of a couple:
(1) the unenforceable contract. Contracts are simply not enforced against anyone who publicly revokes his contractual obligations. The key word here is "publicly". By doing this, he also indicates to others that he is not 100% reliable on his contracts. The wording of his public revokation can go on record, so that others can see where he has historically failed in his contracts.
(2) the moment-only contract: Contracts do not extend forward in time. They are good only for the moment at which they are made. That is enough to transfer property and deeds, but is not enough to force a person into the future.
Whether this is a good idea or not, I do not know. I do think that copyrights and patents go directly against natural law. However, I also think that the powerful will always seek to enslave the weak, and short of an Orwellian state, we can't stop that. Come to think of it, in an Orwellian state the powerful have simply succeeded in enslaving the weak. But there is a limit to how much we are called to *do* to stop injustice; all that we really *must* do is witness to the truth.
The rest is up to individual men's free will, and the Lord of History (God).
Correct Horse Battery Staple: 72 bits of entropy. Enter "Correct H" into google. When it generates the phrase, that's
People do it because they should have been allowed to do it.
Next you will be saying that all people who break the great chinese firewall are doing it for fun, and NOT to get at REAL news
When I first heard the argument against the law, I was inclined to agree with you on the face of it. The Constitution allows for protection for "limited times", and that seems compatible with Congress's actions. I really felt that the burden of arguing the case should fall to the plaintiffs.
However, the more I hear about it, the more my thinking changes. The government brief clearly expresses the opinion that the government may protect a copyright for unlimited times, which is exactly what unlimited renewals allows for.
Given that this is the case, I feel that the burden of argument lies with the government and supporters of the law. The government itself agrees that an single unlimited copyright term would be unconstitutional, but then insists that it's entitled to unlimited renewals. This just isn't consistent, and the burden lies with them to resolve this case in a manner consistent with the Constitution.
Why is it that the proponents of "one nation under God" are so eager to get rid of "liberty and justice for all"?
Yes. Because of technology, yes the person who chooses to work in a medium that is trivially easily copied does forfeit the option of controlling distribution of their work. It's not a moral issue; it's because the only alternative is to turn our world into a police state. When we invent a matter duplication machine, people who work in bronze and clay will forfeit the very same options.
Copyright is exactly that: the right to say who can and cannot make copies. If I as an author sign a contract with a publisher granting them a license to make copies of my work, it is reasonable and legal for them to negotiate a clause in that contract saying that I will not license my work to any competing publisher. I still retain the rights to my work, subject to the limits of my contract. At this point, it is contract law which applies, not copyright law. If you signed a contract, you are bound by it's terms.
Why is it that the proponents of "one nation under God" are so eager to get rid of "liberty and justice for all"?
Smoke crack much? The early innovations were only "free" inasmuch as they were completely unavailable to any but those involved in the government-academic oligarchy which was working on said innovaations.
As soon as the Internet was opened to a wider audience, the real innovations became largely matters of non-free software.
Think about web browsers. Mozilla is the only "free as in speech" browser which is worth anything at all. Even it is inferior in many respects to non-free indie projects like Opera and iCab. And, to top it off, did Mozilla start as a open software. Nope, nope it didn't. It needed a substantial initial investment to get it off the ground--the kind of investment available only by a hope that some of the expenses could be recouped in sales. *Then* it was opened up.
Nobody has the time to sit around and write Photoshop without getting paid for it. The GIMP has taken many coders, much time, the availability of a model to copy, and is still inferior to what Photoshop was doing 8 years ago.
> So what is your suggested alternative?
Speaking as an true American, saving the world is expensive work. I doubt you can afford me.
Anyway, changing the government doesn't matter much any more. Money rules over you (fascism) far more than the US Constitution protects you. Read an EULA lately? Now they're applying them to applicances (X-BOX) -- how long before your fridge, car, etc?
> Do you have any references for your quotes I could look up?
If memory serves, and it likely doesn't do so well, I believe it was Aritotle.
Ok, ok, I'll give you one for free...
Mandate all commerce be excuted in dollars. Ban corporate benefit plans, all plans, all forms of compensation other than dollars. You work, you get dollars. You buy stuff, you pay dollars.
Want Health insurance? Buy it.
Microsoft wants "rights" in an EULA. Well, they can sell you Windows for $X, then OFFER to pay you $Y for the rights they want.
Get Corporations out of the Federal Tax enforcement business. Create a USA Account that lets anybody, ANYBODY, put away funds for a laundry list of basic needs.
See, I give you this one free because it is so basic and really isn't an alternative. It is mear enforcement of that most fundimental "equal application of the law" bit. Start with what you got. If you can't make that work, you're beyond hope.
I made pancakes for my three-year-old daughter this morning in the shape of Mickey Mouse. As I served them to her on her favorite Cindarella favorite plate, I was struck by the thought: Did I just violate copyright law making breakfast?
Does anyone know?
I see all these slashdot posts where someone is outraged about his rights being violated by the Patriot Act, security cameras in public places, the DMCA, etc., which may or may not be valid complaints. But then to turn around and tranmple over the rights of coprights holders seems somewhat hypocritical to me. We should be fighting for an amendment to make copyrighted material permanent property, not laws to make copyrighted material public property. It's a hell of a lot easier to argue that something someone wrote should be their permanent property, than it is to argue that a piece of real estate is yours forever, to will to your children when you die if you like. At least a book is a direct product of an author's work, whereas land was never created by anyone to begin with, but merely claimed by a person or govt. after finding it or taking it by force. Certainly property owners today work to purchase land, and therefore are entitled to it forever. Shouldn't the same rights be given to an author to keep his work forever. Why does the public feel they have the right to a persons work. Sounds like socialism to me.
Vote for Pedro