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Estonia: Where the Internet is a Human Right
securitas writes "The Christian Science Monitor reports on technological change in Estonia, where an enlightened post-Soviet era government believes the Internet is essential for life in the 21st century and backs that up with legislation declaring Internet access is a human right. Estonia is a country where hot, running water was a luxury a decade ago. It's now a place where farmers have broadband Internet, 80% of the people use online banking, Internet usage and broadband penetration rates are comparable to Western Europe, and the government conducts most business (meetings, votes, document reviews, etc.) virtually through a system of networked computers. Not bad for a country that only 10 years ago was a crumbling, bankrupt mess with a network infrastructure to match."
This story is interesting but I think it's a little vague; it would be much better to ask what *kind* of internet is a basic human right (i.e. democratic, decentralized, or centralized, top-down, corporate, or other models). The Estonians seem to be answering this question correctly but it's hardly something that an article like this should gloss over.
I always love downloading my ISO's from Estonia mirrors. I always seem to get my max download speed. Good for them!
How can something that's only been developed the last few decades become a fundamental human right? Before that, humans were all witheld that right? The creation of the internet was one of the higher goals of mankind?
I sure hope not.
I don't see why this is necessary, either. I understand the Internet is becomming more and more important for a lot of people, and I'm very much in favour granting as many people as possible access to the net, but only because it is a right to have access to those things you need to survive. If those things are moved to the net, you need to make sure everyone can still access them. That doesn't mean the Net is a right, though - just the things you really need to use it for.
You don't know what those wacky Estonians will do with thier "rights" and their "freedoms" ....
They might start a decentralized peer-to-peer network and start trading files or something!
---- "Logoff! That cookie shit makes me nervous!" - A. Soprano
I'm wondering, where is all the money coming from for everyone to have high-speed internet access. I know the government probably takes more taxes than in the US. But, how can a country that was almost bankrupt not too long ago afford this?
Where did you get this crap? Estonia was one of the most well-doing republics of the Soviet union. Hot water stopped to be a "luxury" around 1940's, as far as I can tell (I'm a former Soviet citizen).
Not bad for a country that only 10 years ago was a crumbling, bankrupt mess with a network infrastructure to match
Taking this into consideration, their system seems pretty natural. Estonia (unlike say the US) is starting their tech infrastructure from scratch. They don't have to deal with ancient systems kludged together with duct-tape or deeply entrenched telcos. If the US had an oppurtunity to start from square one, many of the problems we have wouldn't exist.
This is also a bit like the MS/Linux situation. MS made some bad decisions early, and has to deal with these decisions and peice together work-arounds. Linux was built from nothing, and has the obvious advantage of seeing what mistakes others have made and not repeating them.
As long as Estonia analyzes mistakes others have made and are careful not to repeat history (bad things), they may well end up with an example for all others on how to assemble a tech infrastructure.
I think you are confusing Estonia and Lithuania. Estonia has always been one of the better organized of the Baltic republics, even in the era of the USSR, and one of the first to define and push towards a new west-facing economy thereafter.
Dramatise if you must, but get your facts right.
Ceci n'est pas une signature
I live in Estonia, in Tallinn... :D
We have some users in bigger towns and even in farms who are using good ADSL Internet access (with, say, 512 Kbit or 1 Mbit/s connection)... In smaller towns people are using shared Internet access, that means "divided Internet".
In Tallinn it is almost normal to have a Cable or ADSL Internet access, because it is relativelyy cheap compared to the comfort of use. And almost 66-75% of families (mostly those with kids) have a PC at home with Internet access in Tallinn...
It might have something to do with being larger than a couple of Australia's
I was at Estonia last year, and I really have to disagree with article because way too rosy picture of country. Computer prices are at sky high. GNP is quite low ($10,900), country has problems with criminality, prostitution, drugs, mafia etc. Tallinn is quite safe and prosperity city, mainly because all of tourists who carry *lots* of money there. But, at countryside. Lot's of Soviet era problems. ...But I can get there cheap booze :D
http://archonon.sytes.net/
Iraq is one of the richest countries in the world so developing a high-tech infrastructure isn't difficult (Iraq is richer than practically every African, Asian, or Latin American country--excluding a few like Japan, etc). Of course, the issue will be who will want to do something like that? US-installed proxy governments won't (USA will lose control if it does)... and internal Iraqi governments won't either (hard to control people when they have access to information).
......The worst thing in my life happened when the stock market started mattering more than the economy
Yeah it's strange, but hey who are you to judge?
m
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/815978.st
-- taking over the world, we are.
Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
Just to clarify Estonia is not an 'ex-Soviet' republic. It is an independent country that was forcibly occupied by Soviets in 1940 and regained their independence in 1990. Even their language has nothing to do with Russian. It shares its roots with Swedish and Norwegian.
Your pizza just the way you ought to have it.
Per capita, Estonians are currently spending more time (67 hours/year/capita) playing first person shooters online than Canadians (57 hours/year/capita). They're almost matching South Korea (70 hours/year/capita). By the way, the US comes in with 109 hours/year/capita.
This is quite a feat for a former Soviet republic.
Full Article
Uttering logically derived and empirically supported truths to the disciples of the orthodox establishment.
"...broadband penetration rates are comparable to Western Europe" is another hot one. The article says that "Internet usage and broadband access are approaching West European levels." Hell, all that means is that Estonian rates are (a) lower, and (b) increasing relative to WE levels.
The article itself gives information that conveys almost nothing about usage: "Farmers are ordering broadband lines, and motorists on rural roads frequently pass blue information signs pointing them to the nearest place to access the Web." Wow, so at least 2 farmers have ordered broadband. And there are at least two signs on country highways - of course motorists frequently pass them, people drive down those roads all the time!
Free speech:
Free speech and exchange of ideas are theoretically (scientific definition) important to societal, technological, and other human advancement. If you can say whatever you want but can't say it to anyone, then you don't have free speech. Free speech must be available to the public or it is without value. The internet is generally accepted as the newest and most advanced method of enacting free speech. Though it may be a bit drastic to say that internet itself is a human right, it is a very good way of allowing free speech.
This would assume that Estonians have the right to free speech, which I expect but am not certain of.
How much different would the discussions below look if it had been German, England, Brazil, or the U.S.?
Perhaps /. has become too Estonia-centric? ;-)
Oh yeah, IMO, it is preposterous to propose Internet access as a basic right when literacy, healthcare, housing & even potable water aren't universally accepted as basic rights, regardless of the country. No slam against Estonia intended, of course.
"Obviously, I'm not an IBM computer any more than I'm an ashtray" (Bob Dylan)
I assume you have not read articles from The Christian Science Monitor. I would not consider myself a religious person, let alone a Christian. However, I have found this publication to be valuable in its content, mainly because they have their own writers and do not rely as significantly upon wire services.
I pulled some info from their about page for you and anyone else not interested in clicking through to read.
Consider this quote from _1908_ about the intent of the publication: Here is another quote to chew on: Try reading some of their articles. I think you will find it a valuable source of information, regardless of the connotation in their banner.
Christianity is Americas biggest problem.
Intolerance is America's biggest problem.
As an Estonian it's pretty interesting for me to read about "the magical technoparadise of Estonia". While it's definitely true that internet access is extremely widespread and pretty cheap (my 512kb connection costs about 17$ per month), in most other areas Estonia is still far behind Western Europe and the US. For example, the majority of people in Tallinn live in what Americans would call "the projects" - huge concrete buildings built during the Soviet era. Also, healthcare and other public services are often on the edge of chaos (often you have to wait for over 2 months for a dentist's appointment, for example). But there is one other area in which Estonia is WAY ahead of the West and that is our women - every foreigner i've met has told me that the women in Estonia are the most beautiful in the world :)
I agree. I'm very happy that Estonia is making such good progress in getting people hooked up. But the issue of the misuse of the word 'right' remains.
This is concept-destruction, using concepts in ways that contradict their meaning, and if we let people get away with it people eventually forget what a real right is. They aren't the only ones, of course, but it's still very sad to see.
A right is something that you can have without taking away someone elses, that's one of the key qualities of it. Your right to free speech doesn't stop me from talking. Your right to practise the religion of your choice, or not, doesn't stop me from having the same right. But when you're talking about goods and services, such as medical care or internet access, these aren't things that you have as long as no one interferes to take them, rather they are things that someone must work to produce. So, if you claim a 'right' to these things, what you have done is claim a 'right' to someone elses labour, a right to enslave others, essentially. There is no right, there can be no such right, it is contradictory to the core of what rights are.
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Friends don't let friends enable ecmascript.
I visited Estonia about two months ago (I'm an American) and will be moving to Tallinn, the capital, in about three months. I was fortunate to meet an Estonian studying in western Maryland. She has to head back to Estonia soon to finish her degree, and I will be following her, working remotely for my current US employer.
I was very personally impressed with the internet infrastructure there. It was an encouraging sight to enter a very small town by car and see a sign that said "this area covered by public wireless internet". And if they weren't covered by wireless, one of the first informational signs you'd see as you entered a town was "Internet this way -->" (usually directing you to a library).
Of course, seeing signs is different than working and living there, but from visiting my friend's family members, it does seem that fast internet is ubiquitous and inexpensive.
As the "Security guy" for a medium-sized datacenter, I saw that Estonia is perhaps second only to Belaruse in terms of number of attacks on our network. The number of Estonian crackers is extremely high, more so than Korea/Vietnam/anywhere in Asia.
# wrote sig.txt, 23 lines, 31337 chars
Ok.
I saw a programme on DW-TV a few months ago on this subject. Why has Estonia made such progress while its neighbours are still languishing in the soviet era?
The reason of such a profound change in Estonia is because of one main reason- change of guard. Young people control the majority of Estonia's power. Be it politics, architecture, medicine..you name it. The older generation has handed over a lot of the responsibilities.
The prime minister himself is 35 years old. All the members of his cabinet are younger to him.
Leaders elsewhere in the struggling economies of Europe could learn something from Estonia.What is so special about young people? They carry no baggage. They want more economic progress and they will do whatever is needed to achieve that. Politicans/businesspeople/engineers work towards a common goal i.e economic progress. Nobody cares a damn about communist crap.
Here is a quote taken from (DW-TV).
YOUNG ESTONIAN LEADERS
One of Estonia's youngest politicians was asked this week to be the country's new prime minister. 35-year old, Juhan Parts - who was 24 when he started in politics - was chosen by the victorious Res Publica party after recent elections in the Baltic state. Described as 'boyish and brainy', Parts belongs to a tradition of young leaders in top positions within Estonia's government. The country's first prime minister after independence was Mart Laar who was 32 years old when sworn in.
Here is a related article about young people in Estonia.
Just some statistics from someone who lives in Estonia:
Starman Cable
64/32 = 149EEK = 11$ = 10
512/128 = 295EEK = 23$ = 20
1024/320 = 495EEK = 38$ = 33
Estonian Telephone ADSL:
256/128 = 295EEK = 23$ = 20
512/256 = 495EEK = 38$ = 33
Cable is only available in the bigger cities, ASDL is available almost whereever there is a telephone line. There is no limit on how much you can download. 11$/month for an always-on connection which is faster than a dialup is quite cheap IMO.
And whereever even the telephone lines don't go, you've got GPRS which is relatively cheap compared to other countries (from ~2.5 to ~0.7 $/ per MB!)
All of my friends have internet access. Only one of them has dialup. Even my grandmother surfs on the net! My grandfather doesn't though... Some older people fear the internet.. (i'm not touching that computer, i'll brake it!), but almost everybody (at least in the cities) has used internet/computer in their lives..
marius
as a citizen of Estonia, I can confirm that:
;-)
a) hot water was NOT a luxury 10 years ago.
b) broadband internet is NOT available for most of the territory outside major cities.
c) telephone network was in very poor condition 10 year ago, indeed. i started using FidoNet back in 1992 and it was a real mess for next few years.
today, it's much better.
for me, this is typical overdramatic artice from foreign media.
--
fazz
It's hardly suprising that as former Soviet republic would latch on to information technology as a fundamental right. It's a simple reaction to Soviet policy, which even restricted access to photocopiers. Indeed, the revolution in network and media technology played a big role in bringing down the U.S.S.R. -- much bigger than anything Ronald Reagan did. It's only natural for the Estonians to seize on this technology as a safeguard against a return to totalitarianism.
They did use scare tactics. A friend of mine was one of those who organized this demonstration. Kapo (the secret police) called him in for an audience and told him in a very polite manner that he can do whatever he wants, but they won't be there to help him if anything bad should happen. They still held the demonstration, though unoficially and in a smaller scale.
Hell is not other people; it is yourself. - Ludwig Wittgenstein
right
This is my
As someone who comes from Estonia, let me offer a few reasons on how this change happened: :)
1) Geographic and cultural closeness to Finland. Finland is one of the most wired countries in the world, and the multitudes of cell-phone carrying Finns crossing the border to buy cheap booze left a strong impression, creating more demand for telecommunications infrastructure. Never underestimate the power of neighborly envy
2) Liberal and fast growing banking system. Banking was probably the fastest growing sector in Estonian economy in the nineties, being built from ground up and supported by the fiscal policy of the government. Estonian banks invested heavily in technology and as a result I could do more in an Estonian online bank (like sending money to anyone in the country in a matter of seconds, free of charge) in 1995 than I can do today in a US online bank.
3) Prioritizing computer and Internet education in schools. This was a fortunate brainchild of some younger politicians, and as a result computers are a natural thing in younger people's lives now. See this link or the Tiger Leap site for more information.
When men used to be men
I used to write software for wireless (cellular, GSM, CDMA, PCS, etc) network engineers. We sold our software to a company in Estonia that was building out a GSM system.
A little over 7 years ago, I had to go over there for 10 days to do a little customer support for our software. My trip was only supposed to take 3 days, but Fed Ex didn't exactly have next day service there, at least not then.
I was amazed by how far Estonia had come, technologically, in such a short time, and they have continued, obviously, since. They already had pretty excellent wireless phone service and pretty comprehensive coverage.
What I learned while I was there was that the Estonian language is very similar to Finnish, and because of this and other reasons, the Estonians had a very close relationship with Finland. It was through this relationship that they were actually able to grow faster than Lithuania or Latvia (its neighboring Baltic states).
In fact, Estonia is a mere hop from Finland. As I recall, the flight (in a Soviet-era pond hopper, which scared the s@#t out of me) took about 20 minutes from Helsinki. There's also a ferry that moves between the two, and from what I was told, a lot of people went back and forth for business.
My only other recollections of Estonia is that it was freezing cold (I was there in October, and it's roughly as far north as Alaska, in case you're an American and want a reference) and the women were gorgeous. But unfortunately, at least as far as the people I dealt with, I found them to be about as cold as the country.
What good is the right to free speech if nobody is allowed to listen to you?
This should also be considered in the context of a post-stalinist political sensitivity. Stalin considered typewriters to be weapons of revolution -- he knew that, if the people got together and realized that others had the same idea, the recognition of agreement could cause the people to refuse to act like sheep.
In North American we're spoiled. Access to basic telecommunications is so easy and ubiquituos that we consider it to be a right. The fact that we haven't had to fight for it (yet) doesn't make it any less important.
Consider this: When the Chinese censors tried to cut off access to google, we thought that something was wrong. They weren't cutting access to the net... just one of it's search engines. Similarly, many people were upset when the government effectively shut off Mitnic from access to computers (effectively including The Internet). Many of us are living like the internet is a basic right, but we just haven't declared it so.
How would you feel if, in the midst of 9/11 or some political crisis, the government managed to shut off access to the internet "to prevent panic"? I've been on the inside of political news stories, and I do not trust the news media to report political events in a completely unbiased manner. For me the question is more one of whether or not the bias is in my direction.
The right to free speech requires the right to be heard. The interned allows people to be heard by whomever wants to listen to us. In my world, the right to the Internet is a corrolary of the right to free speech. The Estonian government has simply codified this concept.
Free Software: Like love, it grows best when given away.
Nice to meet my northern neighbours here at slashdot.
I am from Latvia. I have seen many such articles about my contry. We're behind Estonia in some areas, but not too far. I know what it's like to live in Latvia. And I know it's like to live in Estonia or Lithuania. No big difference. Therefore, all articles like this one are bullshit.
Where such articles come from? Some of our politicians want our countries to join European Union in the near future. This is why they try to present Estonia or Latvia as progressive countries with fast-growing economy and so on.
We're in doubt whether or not EU will be useful for us. EU will bring cheap workers from Asia to Latvia and Estonia. Even cheaper than we are. And no profits. At least seven years.
True. My first girl was from Estonia :) She was nice.
Looking back aren't new rights given in light of their overwhelming need in an ever-changing world?
The point is that rights aren't given by anyone, with the philosophical exception of God. They are merely recognized. Modern governments recognize that people have the right to freely express their opinion, to worship as they choose, to assemble, and so on, because those are intrinsic to being human.
The poster's point is that by adding "and you have a right to running water, and a right to a 40-hour work week, and a right to Internet access, and a right to a refrigerator, and a right to 99-cent cheeseburgers with your Super Club card", governments cheapen the idea that these are fundamental human attributes and reduce them to the level of merely benefits bestowed by the government.
The American model recognizes certain God-given rights in the first ten amendments to the Constitution not to create them, but to acknowledge them so that they cannot be infringed. The Ninth and Tenth Amendments acknowledge that the list is not all-inclusive of the entire spectrum of human rights - it merely enumerates some that are so important that they are worth mentioning on their own. For good or ill, of course, the judiciary has identified more rights over the years which are not specifically enumerated, like "privacy". But the theory is that "privacy" is still not considered a government-given right, because there can't be any such thing - it is intrinsic, and simply doesn't happen to be mentioned explicitly in the Constitution.
ASA
All employees must wash hands before seeking equitable relief.
You are quite right, Tallinn is most developed, there are several parts of countries that dont differ from africa much, i find this story true, but some facts arent right, i'm 19 and 10 years i dont rember thinnking about hot water as luxury, in fact i never relaeased it was luxury before reading this article :)
its just a matter of day or 2 to get broadband here, but country is small and there are only few major isps, the largest is eesti telefon with around 35 000 ADSL subsribers, its a lot for this country as there only 1500k people living here.
I've finished school this year here is small history
2000 - my school got dedicated line, 128kbps
2002 - they upgraded to 8Mbps ADSL
2003 - they are digging STM1 fiber line
thats quite fast i agree
Not really. Obviously Estonian government is not going to give citizens net-access, what they will propably do is to make sure that they have the chance to get a net-access, no matter where they are. Yes it is same thing as with guns. US Government wont buy citizens guns, they just give them the possibility to buy guns.
And my question stands: why is right to internet not valid right whereas right to carry guns is?
Lesbian Nazi Hookers Abducted by UFOs and Forced Into Weight Loss Programs - -all next week on Town Talk.
Any more then reading a newspaper is a right.
The abiity to speak freely is a right. The internet, newpapers, magazines, etc... are just metods in which to exersize the right to speak freely.
Now, gevenment program to ensure the the people have the ability to speak freely through various methods is another matter.
The Kruger Dunning explains most post on
The tax system in Estonia is extremely good and simple. They effectively scrapped all taxes and introduced flat income tax of 26%, VAT, land tax, and a few other taxes.
Recently they abolished corporate income tax. That means that a company does not pay taxes on its income, only the share holders pay tax on the dividends. This makes Estonia an ideal country to do business with.
Also, unlike any other country I know of that have zero corporate income tax, Estonia has entered into a lot of very favourable tax agreements with other countries. In the post-soviet era, they negotiated some really nice agreements - partly because other northern european countries wanted to stimulate trade with/investement in these new countries.
Not bad for a country that only 10 years ago was a crumbling, bankrupt mess with a network infrastructure to match."
So even thought things might look bad now in the 3rd world that is the USA, with countless homeless people, even more people living the poverty line, California and 5 other states recently bankrupt (failing to meet budget requirements) with a huge national deficit, a shaky international reputation and lack of human rights. Not to mention things are getting worse day by day. Perhaps The sates could use Estonia as a model to help pull them self out of their current slump.
No one in the USSR saw it coming either, a lot of them were laughing at how bad the USA had it, and how lucky they were to be living in the greatest nation on earth.
Guess things are just the same as always, the USA is 15 years or so behind Russia.
If you want to expand the right to free expression to explicity include open communication, so be it. It really is included already, but if you feel better about it with a formal addition, feel free to do so. Adding an explicit reference to just one single form of communication, without reference to others which exist now, or may exist at some future date, is absurd, and weakens those forms not mentioned without adding substantial protections to the one you mentioned.
Hey, the internet got listed, but the print press didn't. Maybe the print press isn't a right, lets just cancel it. The phone, too. And the radio, they can stream that over the net, right? No sense cluttering up the spectrum, it isn't a right like the internet, is it? Does that make the internet any freer than under a blanket right to free expression? No. Did everything else suffer? You bet. Unless you want to add every technology in use, and add others in as they become cool enough that you think it suddenly hits the threshhold of a 'right', then you are left with a patchwork of mindless drivel. A right to satellite radio? Sirius or XM? Hmm, a toughie. Let's just make a right to both, don't want to guess wrong, though we'll have to use tax money to prop them up if they fail.
You don't have the right to stuff. You just get the right to seek stuff. Resources are limited, and no paper decree will change that, declaring that everyone suddenly should have something won't make it so. All you accomplish is to move resources around, which you could do with a law, or you have a 'right' that isn't being enforced. Me, I prefer that only things that can realistically happen be rights - other can allow me to get stuff if I work for it, others can choose not to kill me, and others can leave me alone, and no-one else is affected or put out. No resources are tied up or forced to be allocated for future use, making them unavailable for others. I'd prefer not to set the precedent of rights getting ignored because they aren't feasible, because the next right to get ignored might be one I'm rather fonder of.
The internet is great, it enables us to do things that we only imagined just a few years ago. But it is only a technology. It doesn't live, or think, or occupy physical space. It could be superseded this time next year by a new technology that we can't even imagine today. But Estonia will still have a right to it on the books. They'll have to put money that could go into education, medicine, the arts, anything they want, into funding access to something that no-one then is even using, because someone thought it would be cool to call cheap access to a once useful communications technology a right. What hubris, to imagine that a mere set of computer codes and hardware standards are the end of science---never to be superseded---a glorious revolutionary thing that everyone everwhere at every time should have access to. Why not a right to 8-track tape, or AM radio, or the telegraph? At the time they were wonderful, but are not obsolete. In time, so too might the internet be.
A assembly of rights should be designed like the best computer program. Every possible outcome should be handled by the fewest lines of the most elegant code, reduced to only the cleanest essentials. Once you start adding in piles of extra pieces that don't belong in the core, exceptions and special circumstances that some marketi^H^H^Hpolitician demanded be included, you get bugs, you get failures, you get bad code. Simple. If you wouldn't run your computer on it, why run your country on it? You want a Constitution by Microsoft?
Me, either.
You're just jealous 'cuz the voices talk to *me*
Disclaimer: I am not Estonian. However, I have previously worked for an Estonian company and been to Estonia and Latvia quite often and I still have many good friends there. I also speak decent Estonian, fluent Finnish and bits of Latvian and Lithuanian.
Language
Estonian is not an Indo-European language; it has very little in common with e.g. English, German, French, etc. Instead, it is a Fenno-Ugric language that is very close to Finnish and a distant cousin to Hungarian.
Meanwhile, Latvian and Lithuanian are very much Indo-Europeans and the oldest living languages of the tree. They feature words that come from as far as India's Sanscript and also have words in common with every branch of the Indo-european family. As such, they share a lot with Slavic (Russian, Polish, Czech, etc.) and Germanic (Dutch, Scandinavian) languages. While my knowledge of Latvian is extremely limitted, I find bits of German, Swedish, Russian and even French in both the vocabulary and grammar. Yet, some of the words sounds like nothing else in the other languages and would probably date back to Proto-European languages or Sanscript.
History
The Baltics have been under the domination of just about every major European power throughout history: Russia, Danemark, Sweden, Germany, Poland. As such, people's roots, particularly in Estonia, are quite diverse. As a former collegue was commenting: "What does it mean to be Estonian? Our ancestors are either Polish, Danish, Finnish, Swedish or God knows what. Few of us have actually got Fenno-Ugric blood all the way back; the only thing we have in common, is that we all speak Estonian."
The two most important phases of foreign dominations were the Hanseatic League and the Soviet Union. The first was Germany's answer to Sweden's conquest of Finland, Carelia, Ingria and Northern Russia in an attempt to control trade routes around the Baltic rim, while the later was the result of sham elections held during the Soviet force invasion near the end of the World War II.
The Soviet era forever altered the ethnic background of Estonia and especially Latvia, resulting in a large influx of Russians (plus some Ukrainians and Bielorussians) from poor rural areas being relocated there as labour force and military personel. Nowadays, Estonia's population counts about 30% of Russian-speaking former Soviet expats, while Latvia has over 40% of them. Lithuania was spared from this forced colonization, having maintained an 80% purely Lithuanian ethnic composition.
Technology in the Baltics
During the Soviet era, the three Baltic states became USSR's key engineering center. Estonia got a top-notch Cybernetics Institute that produced some of USSR's most top-secret military electronics, in the Tallinn suburb of Mustamae, while Latvia produced the railway equipement and home appliances for a large part of USSR. (I am unfortunately not familiar with what role Lithuania played - can someone fill in these blanks?)
During the Glasnost introduced by Gorbachev in the 80s, that engineering know-how started being applied to non-military needs, which produced, among other things, audiophile and video equipment such as those made by the company Estonia. Having personally heard their pristine sound, I can say that they compare extremely well to those pricey Scandinavian audiophile speakers and amplifiers. Latvia also had a similar brand, whose name I forgot, whose success was less noticable.
How Estonia became an Internet and PKI Mecca
While the Baltics had been a somewhat cozy travel destination famous for its white sandy beaches and spas (before and during the Soviet era), its infrastructure started falling appart during the Glasnost. As such, once the 3 countries regained their independance in the early 90s, rebuilding them was among the top priorities.
The phone network dated from the early part of the century and hardly reached rural areas. It was of course all analog. Scandinavian telephone compan
Software is not supposed to be about how to work around a useability issue. - Ken Barber
First off, I'd like to say that I think what Estonia is doing is for the most part a good thing. However, I think they're treading on somewhat dangerous ground with their use of the term "human right" (although the article was a little vague, so I may be wrong about how they're viewing it). Rights are things that no one should be denied. Free speech is a right. Freedom of religion is a right. Freedom to not be searched by the police without a warrant is a right. Freedom to not be denied access to the internet by the government is a right. Where the use of the term "right" gets a bit dangerous, though, is when you say that someone has a right that requires action on the part of someone else to fulfill. People don't have a right to free internet access provided by the government, because limited resources may make that impossible, or at least put that at odds with other so-called rights. It's the same way that people have a free speech right, but no right to free airtime on NBC.
"If English was good enough for Jesus, it's good enough for everyone else."
I don't understand all this crap about: 'No, it can't be a right' or 'governments are cheapening what it means to recognise a right'.
To me, the situation is simple. The democratically-elected representatives of the Estonian have seen fit to recognise as a fundamental right access to the Internet. So what? Let them recognise whatever rights they want. TO object to a foreign government recognising a right which wouldn't fit into your own country's concept of fundamental human rights is a bit presumptuous, especially when guaranteed access to a further source of de-centralised information is an objectively good thing.
International human rights concepts should be limited to providing a baseline that all human beings are entitled to rely on. If some governments want to go further, so be it.
All these post-Soviet countries are prospering??
...), most of which are totalitarian dictatorships and very far away from prospering.
Belarus perhaps or Moldavia? Certainly not. Also the Ukraine is worse off economically than Russia.
Or did you think of the republics in Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgystan,
The only post-Soviet countries that can perhaps be said to prosper are the three small Baltic republics. It is hardly an accident that it's just the countries that are closest (culturally) to Western Europe. So, there's not really a contrast to the "Western World", they have just joined it with quite some success. They are not that different, there is also economic hardship in the Baltic states, especially in Latvia and Lithuania, although things are improving.
As others have said, the Internet as a right(as in birth->accessability) entail quite a bit of expense.(e.g. computer or similarly capable device, power, telephone, cable, dsl, or other connection) For basic speech, all you need is what you come with.
Now, free speech as it occurs online, the free exchange of information, those, like many nifty things, ought to be protected, but there's a difference between protecting them and declaring them rights.(see all the junk necessary that must be provided to prevent appearing to "obstruct those rights").
*honk*
This is my sig. It's prescription, I swear. I need it for reading things... on the other side of things
About the time Estonia became a "republic".
Estonia was a very prosperous *independent* country until Stalin invaded in 1939 as part of the Non-Aggression pact with Hitler.
However, it has nothing to do with hot water shortage.
The problems with hot water begun in early 90s, when USSR imposed sancitons to Estonia shortly after its declaration of independence, barring it from energy supplies. By that time, there was *plenty* of water, power lines, railroads, highways and other relatively modern infrastructure, while your comment implies that Esti had no hot water until the very fall of the Iron Curtain.
While USSR was sufficiently lagging in some aspects of technology from the Western world, it definitely mastered the craft of warming water and delivering it to households.
Lisp is the Tengwar of programming languages.
Russian language is not supposed to be an official state language, as it has already been a tool of russification. Estonian language is the official state language of Estonia, as is the case in Latvia and Lietuva (Lithuania), with their own national/native languages, respectively.
The stringency of these laws is possibly a logical backlash at russification, which we have had to endure for half a century.
Everyone is not required to pass tests on national language, nor is it IMO forced on other people to speak it (like do or die). There are non-Estonians who don't even bother to learn the language, even if they had an ideal age to do it.
The 'overnight' argument may seem quite rash, but it is the requirement in some jobs to speak Estonian at least in a minimally satisfactory manner, to ensure that the person can interact with other Estonians, some of whom only speak his/her native language.
Some jobs and positions do require the full ability to speak Estonian, and some require that a person be an Estonian citizen (members of parliament and the government, for example).
As it is, if you were to go to live and work in Sweden, the laws of that country would require you to speak Danish. If it's not exactly the laws, then interaction with local officials requires that you speak the language, as it is the official language there.
I suggest you see the film "Interdevochka" ("Intergirl"), where in one scene the main character is told by an official in Sweden that if she wants to get a decent job, she has to go through local high education and fluently speak Swedish.
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These supposed WWII veterans who "fought Nazis" also deported thousands of people from Baltic countries to Siberia, just because they were better well off. Many of the deported died en route, many perished in harsh conditions and many never came back.
Germany has a shameful Nazi past. The Baltic states just don't have this much a shameful past, although some groups of like-minded people like sticking it to the country.
Either way we were caught in a crossfire between the Soviets and Nazis, as during Nazi rule the conscription took the young to that side and during Soviet rule the conscription took the young to their side; in both cases forcefully and both occupied the three countries.