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RIAA Sales Compared to Download Statistics

OneInEveryCrowd writes "According to an article at SFGate, although the recent crackdown and lawsuits have caused a 22% drop in downloading, the drop in CD sales actually accelerated during the same period. My own response to the RIAA crackdown was to get a Netflix account, get into fansubs, and swear off CD purchases for life. If this was mainstream behavior CD sales would have dropped to zero. I was still pleased to see that many people responded in a similar fashion though." An EMI executive has a piece giving the standard industry view, but this piece about Universal slashing CD prices may be more telling.

40 of 694 comments (clear)

  1. Looks Good by Doesn't_Comment_Code · · Score: 5, Interesting

    [despite a] 22% drop in downloading, the drop in CD sales actually accelerated during the same period

    Yes! So it wasn't the downloading that caused poor sales afterall. It was the
    crappy music + high prices + strongarming.

    Also, congratulations to all who have not purchased CD's in protest. Keep up the good work.

    --

    Slashdot Syndrome: the sudden, extreme urge to correct someone in order to validate one's self.
    1. Re:Looks Good by harley_frog · · Score: 2, Interesting
      Lots of the new popular music completely misses the target for me and I am sure much of the music buying public. For me, I have been focusing on expanding my collection of older bluegrass, jazz and finding all that punk stuff that never made it to CD.

      I, for one, think that 99% of the music being pushed out by the RIAA today is sad waste of perfectly good CD blanks. I guess I'll start my collection of opera CDs. Sure beats the hell out of the bubblegum garbage being thrown to the consumers.

      --
      It's all fun and games until someone loses the key to the handcuffs.
    2. Re:Looks Good by Damn_Canuck · · Score: 3, Interesting

      For many, it is the high prices. It appears that Universal Music got the hint, and are dropping all prices in Canada and the US. Their top selling CDs will sell for a max of $14.99 (Canadian), and new artists for a max of $9.99 (Canadian). (Information taken from a CBC news story.)

      These days, music just keeps getting crappier and crappier. I am not a fan of rap at all, and that is all that seems to be thrown at me on certain days no matter where I am (the radio in the car, heading out to the bar with friends, etc.). Other days it is hip-hop, again which I am not a fan of. But, this seems to be the current bandwagon. Gone are the bars here in my town with different themes - we used to have a retro 70s/80s bar, which was great! A nice change from the normal bar scene, but that has now been replaced with a bar that plays exclusively hip-hop and rap, not even rock or dance music. Have all of these genres just been tossed out the window?

      Oh, and I have only purchased one new CD in the past 4 years - the recent Weird Al Yankovic CD, "Poodle Hat". My last purchase before that was Weird Al Yankovic, "Running With Scissors". There is something to be said for continuing to support an artist that continually creates things you enjoy, not just one good song and 11 crappy ones. As others have said, concerts and in-person promotions are great, as are small venues with local and independent artists who make most of their money off of these sales and genuinely continue to love making music, unlike many "large" artists who it seems have the creative ability to turn out one or two good songs for the love of the music, and the rest for the love of the dollar.

      --
      Given that God is infinite, and the Universe is also infinite, would you like some toast?
    3. Re:Looks Good by jjhall · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I'll second that motion. A good majority of the music I purchased was as a result of looking for one song, and downloading several incorrect matches. Part of the time I actually ended up liking better than the song I was originally looking for!

    4. Re:Looks Good by de+Selby · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I watched part of the MTV music video awards and never felt so out of touch with the music industry which any marketer will tell you is death. Lots of the new popular music completely misses the target for me and I am sure much of the music buying public.

      That's exactly how I felt. I've been totally out-of-step with the music being pushed for the last few years. I was thinking, maybe I just got old. Then I realized, I'm just 22 right now...

  2. Re:Well it worked elsewhere by Neophytus · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I was watching a live feed from a popstars-style show the other day and one of the people from the industry itself accepted that the single was a defunct medium. I think they forgot that this was being broadcast to anyone sad enough to watch it.

  3. How will this affect classical music? by Misfit · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Since most classical CD's are already $10, will their prices go down as well?

    I know I can download it, but I really like having the actual product and I want to support the orchestras and what-not that produce the music.

  4. Bought a "copy-protected" CD... by cjustus · · Score: 3, Interesting
    Didn't realize it was copy-protected until I got to work and tried to listen to it [now I know the logo to look for, but still...]... I only listen to CDs at work (on a computer...) Can't listen to it at all... This kind of attitude from the RIAA is like kicking customers in the b*g everytime they buy something from you...

    Now I have to listen to the CD in 2 song chunks as I drive back and forth to work (and from what I've read - it sounds like I'm lucky to have it work on an in-car player...)

    Not going to buy another music CD for quite some time...

  5. it's painful to watch... by another+misanthrope · · Score: 2, Interesting

    yet somehow I manage - p2p is dragging these guys kicking and screaming to what the customers want and already get (free).

  6. RIAA discovers cure worse than disease by RobertB-DC · · Score: 4, Interesting

    When the RIAA went after Napster, folks here and elsewhere predicted that RIAA was shooting itself in the foot. Instead of embracing the new medium, they tried to destroy it, despite warnings that something even "worse" would take Napster's place.

    Looks like we've found "worse":

    Meanwhile, he noted record stores report that blank recordable CDs are outselling recorded CDs, a trend that shows computer users are not only downloading songs, but copying and burning CDs.

    Instead of an online, somewhat trackable, moderately controllable service, the RIAA is now faced with millions of teens (and pre-teens) with computers and CD burners. No single point of control, just my daughter's friend borrowing her CD so she can rip a copy.

    The RIAA played the role of Darth Vader in their own little cyberspace opera. "If you strike me down, I shall become more powerful than you could possibly imagine..."

    --
    Stressed? Me? Of course not. Stress is what a rubber band feels before it breaks, silly.
    1. Re:RIAA discovers cure worse than disease by Dr+Caleb · · Score: 2, Interesting
      a trend that shows computer users are not only downloading songs, but copying and burning CDs.

      Statistics can show anything you want them to. I use 50-60 blank CD's a month, and have yet to copy a CD. And I still get to pay that wonderful Canadian CD levy.

      I download . . . TV shows. Specifically Stargate, since I'm a fan, and up till season 5 was broadcast locally in my area. I can no longer get it, but I keep up by downloading it, throwing it on a VCD and sharing it with friends who are also fans. What really ticks me? Stargate is produced in Canada, but the copies I download are sometimes from the UK. Why can't I get a show produced in this country. . .IN THIS COUNTRY?? It wobbles the mind.

      --
      "History doesn't repeat itself, but it does rhyme." Mark Twain
  7. Correct me if I'm wrong... by BMonger · · Score: 2, Interesting

    ...and I very well might be but..

    My own response to the RIAA crackdown was to get a Netflix account, get into fansubs

    How does renting movies mess up the RIAA's plans?

    1. Re:Correct me if I'm wrong... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

      He is just saying he finds a better value in the unlimited Netflix movie service than in the products the RIAA offers. Therefore he chooses to spend his entertainment funds elsewhere.

      This is not unique. Many others have also commented on simply focusing on other entertainment activities than music.

  8. Used stores by jargoone · · Score: 2, Interesting

    This lowering of CD prices by the big boys might have an interesting effect on used CD stores. You'd think twice about buying used at $9 if the new one is $13 (yes, some used go for $9 or even $10 around me). This won't hurt the chains, but the mom-n-pop places usually in college towns might suffer.

  9. That's nice! by mcc · · Score: 2, Interesting

    But I think I'm going to continue the plan i've been following for awhile of buying almost exclusively from independent/foreign labels anyway, just becuase I like the music better. My friends have been telling me the new albums by the Rapture and the Postal Service are really good..

    Okay, maybe I'll get that evanescence album eventually. But by and large my RIAA purchases have fallen to nearly nil over the last couple years. And I'm not even trying. If I felt like it I could move into active boycott mode without feeling I'm missing anything from my life. I'm not quite there yet, but either way, I for one am not going to be buying any more Universal albums than before just because in general they don't have the stuff I'm interested in anymore..

  10. The beginning of the end? by Weaselmancer · · Score: 4, Interesting

    So, could this be it? The tip of the iceberg peeking out of the water, leering at the RIAA?

    Let's hope so. Let's also hope that the record companies represented by the RIAA realize that it has become the albatross around the music industry's neck forcing the value of their product down.

    The price cuts are great - but don't let up folks! We'll know we're winning when the RIAA begins doing layoffs. Until that day - continue the boycott! Don't buy even the cheap CD's. The profits still go towards curtailing your rights.

    Remember, the RIAA will do anything to push their agenda, but only so long as the record companies can continue to line their pockets. Cut off the cash flow, and the RIAA goes away.

    Continue the boycott!

    Weaselmancer

    --
    Weaselmancer
    rediculous.
  11. Nice spin doctoring ... by molarmass192 · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Meanwhile, he noted record stores report that blank recordable CDs are outselling recorded CDs, a trend that shows computer users are not only downloading songs, but copying and burning CDs.

    That's a gem, using the same logic, if guns outsold waterpistols, that would show that more people are commiting murder. This may come as a shock but CD-Rs can also be used to record data (gasp) or am I the only person in the free world who uses them for this purpose? Also, what if people are creating mix CDs of music they legally purchased? Nah, impossible.

    Also, we need to do a little lesson in math:

    50 CD-Rs == $10
    50 CDs == $750

    Does anybody want to bet that even if music CDs were $0.20 each, CD-Rs would STILL outsell CDs.

    Nice job distorting the data to fit their pitch though.

    --

    Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws-Plato
  12. Nice.. by cK-Gunslinger · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Later, through an RIAA spokeswoman, Sherman said the "issue is not the decline in CDs; it's the decline in people paying for the music that they acquire. We need to get people back into the habit of paying for music, whether it's from record stores or a legal online service."

    While I may be somewhat divided on the whole RIAA/Filesharing issues, this statement just gripes me. Why is the attitude always about changing what "everyone else" is doing? Why didn't Sherman say "We need to make a product that people are more willing to pay for with their hard-earned money. We need to create value in the eyes of our customers and address their needs more directly?"

  13. Last bought in 2002. by eddy · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I haven't bought a CD since Dark Tranquillity - Damage Done which I think was late 2002.

    My next buy is going to be the forthcoming album of Machinae Supremacy. They're recording new tracks (Advocacy FAQ) for it, if you were wondering.

    --
    Belief is the currency of delusion.
  14. Single as the commodity by the+Man+in+Black · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I think the major problem with the RIAA's slump in sales is the de-commoditization of the "album". We've had several years as consumers of being able to download just the songs we want. Most major record labels will put together an album with one or two singles that are actually decent. Consumer interest in these songs is what drives sales of the album; you have to buy the album to get the song you want. p2p and iTunes have eliminated the middleman. Now you can get the song without the crap.

    I forsee the music industry switching to marketing and sales of individual tracks, rather than entire albums, once it's proven that the public is not interested in plucking down $15 for 14 mediocre tracks and that one song that ClearChannel/RadioOne is shoving down our throats.

    What would be even better would be if sales/downloads of those tracks were reported to SoundScan. Then labels would know how popular x song was, and have an idea of where to go with the next single. Keep it at the $0.99 price point set by iTunes, and you're in business.

  15. RIAA vs. Economics by 31415926535897 · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Economy to RIAA: Your CD prices are too high. Market equilibrium is much lower, about half of what you're currently charging. And if you lower your prices, I promise to help you profit more!

    RIAA: Damn you evil, stealing, pirate P2P users, you're the reason our profit isn't as high.

    Evil P2P users: ..|.. (imagine that as a hand)

    RIAA: Alright, we're going to lower the prices and listen to Economy, but we're still going to blame you pirate-thiefs for this.

  16. Re:CD Sales by bugnuts · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Your quote is more telling than you may think. Record stores generally sell only "music" blanks, which sends a tax to RIAA through the American Home Recording Act. You have full permission to burn a music CD borrowed from a friend onto a music disk, by law. If all the songs traded over Napster were burnt onto music blanks (which, coincidently are exactly the same as data blanks), there probably wouldn't have been a case vs Napster.

    So, saying that blank cd sales are up (especially from record stores) is in effect saying that consumers are giving money to RIAA and exercising a right (which they paid for!) to copy CD's for home use.

    If the comment also included data CDs, then the author is completely ignoring the fact that computer users actually write data to CDs. In any case, I suspect the conclusions drawn from that sentence are going to be horribly wrong by 95% of the non-technical folks reading it.

  17. Re:Too little, too late. by MobyDisk · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Why is $12 too expensive? People pay $15-25 for DVD movies, $7-$8 just to see them once in a theatre, $50+ to go to a concert... why is $12 too expensive for the ability to listen at home whenever you wish? I don't get it. I grant you, that anything is more expensive than free, but I don't understand why people are complaining about price. This is what they cost years ago for cassettes (if you include inflation, etc), and that was considered fair. What has changed that it isn't fair any more? What IS a fair price?

  18. Forrester study predicts death of CDs by GillBates0 · · Score: 2, Interesting
    I submitted this story yesterday, but it got rejected.

    According to this story over at the Washington Post, a study conducted by Forrester Research has "predicted" that online music distribution will kill off compact discs as a music distribution medium.

    While this may seem painfully obvious to most of us here on /., since the suggestion comes up in almost every RIAA related article, it is good to see an "authoritative" organization come up with the same prediction. They may be heard better by the record companies and the entertainment industry.

    --
    An Indian-American Hindu committed to non-violent thought/speech/action alarmed by the global explosion of radical Islam
  19. Re:RIAA Price Cuts by Planesdragon · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Then for some reason nobody knows, begins covering Bob Segar tunes, testifies to the senate against Napster, and then wonders why their sales are down???

    Sheesh.

    Firstly, the "reason nobody knows" the same reason that Load had a country tune--they wanted to do it. When you've got millions of dollars and can make money touring, you get to do whatever you want in a studio.

    Second, Napster was a criminal corporation from the get-go. If they had done the same thing with a CD press or a bunch of cassete spools., the outcome would have been exactly the same.

    Third, and probably the most important--Metallica's recent alnum has a bunch of hallmarks that scream "yeah, we know that this is going to sell less." No jewel case, apparantly has a concert DVD included--and the darn thing sells for $6-$8 less than the other alblumns around it.

    I wouldn't piss on Lars Ulrich's head if he was on fire.

    Fine by me--water probably works better (or a fire extinguisher.) At any rate, don't you think the best way to not like a group is to, oh, I don't know, just ignore them?

  20. HUH?!?! by Unknown+Poltroon · · Score: 4, Interesting

    SOme references for this? Ill be happy to buy the music cds for my MP3 use, if the riaa will shut the fuck up, or, conversely, i can tell them to shut the fuck up in court becasue i paid the extra 10 bucks for the music cds.

    --
    All Troll + "offtopic" mods are meta moderated as "Unfair", because you abused the system.
    1. Re:HUH?!?! by Eric+Damron · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Don't listen to this fool. If you burn downloaded music that you haven't paid for it is still copyright infringement no matter if you burn the music to a music blank or a regular CD.

      The "tax" this guy is talking about is given to the RIAA to help recoup losses from illegal copying but in no way gives people the right to copy.

      The bottom line is: Pay for your music. You have the legal right to make copies of the music that you pay for. You have NO right whatsoever to infringe on other peoples copyright no matter what media you use to do so.

      --
      The race isn't always to the swift... but that's the way to bet!
  21. Re:RIAA Price Cuts by MicroBerto · · Score: 2, Interesting
    You miss the point. Yes, Metallica, at one point, was bigger than God, and they can do whatever they want with their music.

    But to have corporate america push it to the kiddies, claiming it's the best thing since And Justice For All? Give me a break.

    The point is that while corporate america is busy suing their best customers, they aren't doing what they should be doing - promoting good music. The metal scene has flown right by Metallica, they longer stand for anything. If only kids out there knew what existed -- the Iron Maidens, the In Flames (the older the album the better), the Nevermores, the Iced Earths, the Soilworks. Stuff that's real metal out there but still palatable. Then you'll see kids buying albums again, if at a decnet price (9.99 or less I say).

    Because I'm sure not going to buy your new crapmetal band of the week because they have ONE catchy tune and no talent for 15.00.

    metallica. hah. that ship has sailed, my friend.

    --
    Berto
  22. People actually delete MP3's? by AzrealAO · · Score: 3, Interesting

    That's contrary to the evidence of all of my friends, those who do download music, tend to have MP3 collections in the multi-gigabytes. I don't think they've ever deleted a song they've downloaded, and they haven't bought CD's in years.

    Sure it's anecdotal evidence, but if people were deleting the crap they download, you'd think the crap would gradually disappear from the P2P, servers since no one would have it on their harddrives to share.

  23. Re:not so B&W by 3terrabyte · · Score: 2, Interesting
    The Recording Industry can rationalize it all they want. In fact, in many ways, you may even be correct. The fact of the matter is, the industry that is robbing the artists are enforcing a monopoly and buying their extended copyright laws (at least here in the States). These are the people /.ers are going after. I say good for them. Just because THEY don't like decreases in sales during a national recession doesn't mean we can just ignore their price fixing, barratry, and 50 years of extortion. It's that simple.

    Posting publicly because the RIAA could subpoena /. anytime for my IP#.

    --

    Why are there only 19 people folding@home for slashdot?

  24. Aborted Business by Mark_MF-WN · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Consider this lovely irony: Linux doesn't support Kazaa, the number one file-sharing utility (if Kazaa disappeared, so would the majority of internet file-sharing). And yet the music industry is working to ENFORCE the Windows monopoly of the desktop by releasing copy-protected CDs that will only play in Windows (or on a Macintosh, which barely counts :P ).

  25. Re:Well it worked elsewhere by PainKilleR-CE · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I know the article mentiones Justin Timberlake, but maybe another part is that the British are not being forcefed the same shit that we Americans are.

    The UK top 20 charts don't look that much different from the US top 20 charts. Whether any of us like it or not, the top 20 is where the majority of sales are made (hmm... maybe that's why they're the top 20).

    They are making real music decisions, and buying real music.

    I think one of the big differences is that the RIAA's numbers tend to be RIAA sales. No one in the US really keeps track of the sales of independant labels. I'm not sure how the UK system works, or where the numbers came from for that article. If there was an increase in independant sales in the US, it wouldn't show up on the normal sales figures the RIAA quotes, and it wouldn't be to their benefit to quote them anyway.

    One British band whose new CD you're going to want? IRON MAIDEN.

    You might have thought Iron Maiden was washed up long ago, but that's quite contrary to the truth. I've gotten my filthy hands on their new Dance of Death release a bit early, and I can say that these guys are firing on all cylinders.


    We shall see, but afaik they're still on an RIAA label for US distribution, so I probably wouldn't even have known they had a new album coming out if you hadn't mentioned it.

    Whereas the classic American metal band, "Metallica", put out absolute slop this year, Britain's best put out a classic. For any metalheads out there, try to find Montsegur on Maiden's new album. WOW.

    Metallica's been putting out slop for years, where have you been? There are plenty of metal albums out there for people that really care about the music without worrying about whether or not Metallica or Iron Maiden are going to manage to hack one out this time around.

    Point is, if the Europeans are sticking to their own music, then that might be another reason why more people buy it. Europeans know better than this Linkin Park Metallica bizkit garbage.

    They're buying just as much of that garbage as Americans are, unfortunately.

    --
    -PainKilleR-[CE]
  26. Not quite true by Andy+Dodd · · Score: 3, Interesting

    "Almost no one buys music blanks any more (unless they happen to own a Philips recorder)"

    s/Philips recorde/any AHRA-compliant recorder/

    Any standalone recorder, whether made by Philips or otherwise, is legally not permitted to record on "data" CD-Rs. This restriction is mandated by law with the Audio Home Recording Act.

    PC equipment happens to be exempt from this law.

    --
    retrorocket.o not found, launch anyway?
  27. Re:Well it worked elsewhere by abischof · · Score: 2, Interesting
    You might have thought Iron Maiden was washed up long ago, but that's quite contrary to the truth. I've gotten my filthy hands on their new Dance of Death release a bit early, and I can say that these guys are firing on all cylinders.

    How does Dance of Death compare to their Brave New World album? I really liked that one, and I was so pleased when Bruce came back to the band. (For those not aware, Bruce Dickinson was Iron Maiden's original singer; he left for a new solo albums, and eventually came back to the band.)

    I also see that you can view the Wildest Dreams video on Iron Maiden's site (from Dance of Death).

    --

    Alex Bischoff
    HTML/CSS coder for hire

  28. Re:CD Sales by Lonath · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Do you have any more details on this?

    It's called the Audio Home Recording Act, which basically said that you can make copies of things at home, but in return the **AA's collect a levy on all recording media and recorders sold, and you can only make a copy from a first-generation copy of something.

    A good link is here.

    The main problem is that the law was passed 10 years ago, and nobody had any idea that the Internet would take off so much, and if I read it correctly, it doesn't protect you if you download. I think the problem with downloading is that the downloaded music is not a first-generation recording, so you can't let someone else copy it. Although, I wonder what happens if you use one of those 99cents download services, and then let people download from your server. I think there are other issues in that computers aren't covered devices because they don't have the necessary !copying protection and don't pay royalties. It's a mess, but it appears that doing a CD->CD transfer with a CD player is ok.

  29. Re:CD Sales by fishbowl · · Score: 2, Interesting

    "Almost no one buys music blanks any more (unless they happen to own a Philips recorder)"

    Strange to think of this as "back in the day" already, but even on Philips audio recorders we
    only needed *one* music CD.

    You got ready to record your track. You put the music blank in, and armed for record. Then, you pried (!) the drawer open slightly, pulled out the audio disc, and put in a regular CDRW.

    --
    -fb Everything not expressly forbidden is now mandatory.
  30. Re:Netflix? by canajin56 · · Score: 2, Interesting
    As to the debate on whether or not the food is better for you. I know it can't be worse.

    It sometimes IS worse. Take apples, for example. Apples are sprayed with fungicides. These fungicides have a carcigenic ingredient. So it would be a fair assumption that organic apples are better for you, since they do not contain this nasty cancer-causing chemical. Well, a pro-organic group did a test to prove this. What they found is, on sprayed apples, the levels of this chemical were WELL below concentrations in which they become carcinagenic. But the organic apples, they had this chemical in dangerous concentrations. Why? Because the spray killed a fungus which also produces this dangerous chemical, and produces more of it.

    So there you have it. Organic isn't always better for you, and it is dangerous to make such assumptions without careful investigation. I'm only talking about produce though. Free range, anti-biotic free meat, eggs, and dairy, in my opinion, taste better, and arn't much more expensive.

    --
    ASCII stupid question, get a stupid ANSI
  31. Screw CDs by hoarseandbuggy · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I have made it a point since all of this junk began to cease buying CD's from the major labels. I only buy direct from artists via their websites, where I'm sure that I'm getting a fair price, and the musicians are getting the money, as opposed to some money grubbing self-important corporation Down with RIAA!!!

  32. The labels are getting smart -- why not the RIAA by BanjoBob · · Score: 2, Interesting

    The RIAA recently announced that on-line piracy has further decreased sales in the music industry however, the RIAA continues to ignore other factors such as the current economy, many bad releases, escalating prices and many people boycotting their tactics. The reality of the consumer market may finally be setting in. According to some comments, the consumer is tired of being ripped off. CDs cost considerably less to produce and distribute than their LP albums of the past yet prices continue to be almost double what the LPs cost consumers. The lies about the costs to produce CDs are well known to a majority of consumers to be just that -- lies. Maybe the labels are finally listening to their customers and possibly, other labels will do the same and follow Universal's lead with more reasonable pricing. Much like trends in airline tickets, once one of the majors makes a price adjustment, the trend for all the airlines also go in the same direction. The major labels have been accused of price fixing many times however, they have never been found to be doing anything wrong. As prices of one label went up, others also went up but the rise in prices has always been attributed to other market driven forces. If the other labels also reduce prices, then the arguments of the past will have been proven to be false. It is unknown how this will impact smaller and independent labels."

    --
    Banjo - The more I know about Windoze, the more I love *nix
  33. Re:Well it worked elsewhere by randyest · · Score: 2, Interesting

    First, thank you for posting that. It truly was informative. I had no idea, and I've been paying attention to stories about how whacked the Recording Industry is.

    Second, wow -- that seems as contrived, arbitrary, and complicated (note: not complex, complicated, the distinction is important here) as the US Income Tax Code.

    How did such craziness happen?

    --
    everything in moderation