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UbiSoft Blocks Virtual Drives With Raven Shield Patch

Thanks to EvilAvatar for their story discussing UbiSoft's new patch for PC stealth action title Rainbow Six 3: Raven Shield, which "checks PCs for ANY clone or virtual drive programs and then fails to launch the game if such devices or programs are found." The article explains: "What this has, in turn, done is disabled thousands of consumers who use programs like Daemon Tools, CloneCD or Alcohol 120% from playing their UbiSoft games even if they have their own physical CDs in an actual drive." The writer is furious, pointing out: "Irregardless of what the virtual drives or virtual clone programs on your system are for, you will not be able to play Raven Shield with patch 1.5 unless you remove them completely off your system", and wondering whether this action is allowed under the EULA for the product. There are also similar discussions on the official UbiSoft forums for the game, though many sympathize with UbiSoft's anti-piracy efforts "telling you that in order to use the product you have to keep the CD in."

43 of 152 comments (clear)

  1. so use a crack by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    that's what they're for, isn't it?

    1. Re:so use a crack by strangel · · Score: 4, Informative

      if you use a crack, you modify the checksum of the .exe...which alot of game servers check when connecting to play online. I don't know anything about this game, but I know that BF1942 does it.

    2. Re:so use a crack by Goldberg's+Pants · · Score: 2, Informative

      So does Warcraft 3 now (it never used too), which sucks as the latest Securom won't load on my system, so I can't play without a crack, but can't play online with a cracked exe... Yeah, thanks Blizzard. I've always liked Blizzard, but I won't be buying any future products. I'm sick of companies using "security" measures that do nothing to prevent piracy, but screw over people who paid for the product.

      As for not working with virtual drive programs etc... This is not new. Supposedly some versions of Safedisc and Securom do the same thing.

      I would not buy from ANY company that used protection like this.

    3. Re:so use a crack by mystran · · Score: 3, Interesting
      You just need a crack that in addition to going around the virtual drive checking routine, replaces the routine which replies to servers query of the checksum, either returning the correct (original) checksum it it's static, or using the unmodified binary to calculate the checksum.

      While this is a bit harder to do than just jmp:ing over the checking routine, there's no fundamental reasons why you would have to return the real checksum of the binary. It's just more work for the cracker.

      Actually, even adding something like PunkBuster there to do the checksumming doesn't help. There's no reasons why ANYTHING on your computer could be trusted by the server. It's just a matter of adding yet more things that must be cracked before the game works.

      That said, this whole thing is ridiculous. What's the point of playing games on PC if you have to search for the stupid CD. Game makers that try to force one to do this are just trying to kill the PC gaming. Those people that can't use virtual drives have most likely already gone to consoles.

      --
      Software should be free as in speech, but if we also get some free beer, all the better.
  2. Not a problem by Txiasaeia · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Safedisc and whatnot have been doing this for sometime now. Daemon Tools will release an update that will bypass the blacklist and all will be merry.

    --
    Condemnant quod non intellegunt.
    1. Re:Not a problem by gl4ss · · Score: 3, Interesting

      afaik they're only been checking the name of the virtual device, not actually checking if the programs are installed and refusing to run if they are.

      --
      world was created 5 seconds before this post as it is.
    2. Re:Not a problem by ctr2sprt · · Score: 4, Insightful

      And I'm sure there's a no-CD crack out already. This sort of move really baffles me; I don't see what UbiSoft could possibly hope to gain. Clearly the only users who will be affected by it are those who bought the game, as those who didn't are already using cracks: they have no need for virtual drive software. The only reason for ever using virtual drive software is convenience, and the convenience can be appreciated both by legal and illegal users of the game.

    3. Re:Not a problem by KronicD · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Exactly, all these companies purchase copyprotection such as safedisc because of macrovision's (and other companies) marketing hype about "protecting your investment" and such... Then the marketing droids get quite exited about this idea, oo another "feature" to make sure our consumers only get a "high quality product" and not some "pirate copy" by mistake... These people have no idea how things actually work.

      Look at windows xp for example, product activation... a very annoying feature that you have to live with if you buy the product legitimatly (excluding corporate versions), however when you get a nice pirated copy all that horrid protection is removed and you get a peice of software that doesnt try to stop you from using it (ok maybe windows was a bad example).

      The LEGITIMATE users are the only ones who end up getting screwed, the people who have pirate copies never even notice the protection because its all been removed before release.

      So once again legitimate paying users are left with a barely useable product and the pirates can actually play the game.

      Good Going UBISoft

      --
      "Those who would give up Essential Liberty, to purchase a little Temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety"
  3. the usual deal.. by gl4ss · · Score: 4, Insightful

    the users who paid get screwed.
    and patching daemon tools won't take that long.

    theres shitloads of other programs though as well. like nero(which iirc has nowadays a virtual drive of it's own. and comes pretty fucking standard on all pc's that have a burner).

    nice move. you just crapped yourselfs ubi! why do you even except people to have their cd's in the drives? when you know that you can't trust that. most games just have keys for limiting online play to legit customers, much more effective and less annoying for the users.

    --
    world was created 5 seconds before this post as it is.
    1. Re:the usual deal.. by Zeio · · Score: 3, Insightful

      I agree. I cracked GTA Vice City and GTA Liberty City and I bought them both. The frigging CD-check bullshit would clam up the game in mid-M16-shot. So fucking annoying. This crap encourages cracking. In fact, if it weren't for the crack, I would have had a shittier gaming experience.

      Apparently UbiSoft and Macrovision, which I believe makes SafeFuckDisc, have had a major falling out. Several corporate and Academic pundits have all said : don't waste shareholder money on copy protection. The tow words that close together are a misnomer.

      --
      Legalize the constitution. Think for yourself question authority.
  4. FADE by pcbob · · Score: 4, Informative

    FADE system, used by Codemasters (Pro Race Driver, Colin McRae Rally...) does the similar thing, and considers virtual drive software to be a sign of piracy and degrades the game slowly if it detects something fishy.

    1. Re:FADE by grotgrot · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Does anyone have a list of companies doing this sort of thing? I am a daemontools user. I buy all my games. I got sick and tired of switching CDs. I got annoyed having to buy new copies when old CDs got scratched.

      Given how many PC and console games there are out there, and how much time I have, I think I will just avoid these companies.

      But I need a list of who to avoid ...

    2. Re:FADE by BrookHarty · · Score: 2, Insightful

      I've been using no-cd patches for years. Started when the cdrom spin up would pause the system, a horrible pause ruins a nice fragging experience. Still need a legit cdkey to play online, so its not piracy.

      I wonder, how many legit gamers have to use "freedom" utilities to play games normally? I hate lugging all my cd's to a lan party, when you dont know what games people are going to be playing.

    3. Re:FADE by grotgrot · · Score: 3, Insightful

      I also daemon tools on my laptop when I travel. I really don't want to drag the original cds around and potentially lose them.

  5. Course you know, this means war... by complete+loony · · Score: 2, Interesting
    How long until the developers of these programs change the application signature that Raven Shield looks for?

    Or some other 3rd party discovers a way to hide them?

    This patch will only be a short term problem, as other virtual drive programs are written or the existing one's modified to avoid the issue.

    --
    09F91102 no, 455FE104 nope, F190A1E8 uh-uh, 7A5F8A09 that's not it, C87294CE no. Ah! 452F6E403CDF10714E41DFAA257D313F.
  6. EULA by NetDanzr · · Score: 4, Informative

    Ubi's EULA is one of the most restrictive in the industry, which is why I don't buy their games anymore. Unlike other large publishers, such as Infogrames, which routinely include the permission to make a single backup copy, UBI expressly forbids making backup copies, modifying the game, creating and distributing "unauthorized levels and/or scenarios", and many other things. While I am aware that EULAs may not have a legaly-binding power, I personally would feel bad if I didn't follow something I agreed to, which is why you won't find any recent game released by UBI Soft on my computer.

    1. Re:EULA by Danse · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Kinda sucks since I was gonna pick up Raven Shield from Gogamer.com since they have it for $25. Instead, I emailed UBI to let them know that I changed my mind because they pulled this crap. Would be nice if other people would email them as well and let them know you're pissed about this. Maybe they'll get the message if enough people do this. Worth a shot anyway.

      --
      It's not enough to bash in heads, you've got to bash in minds. - Captain Hammer
  7. Funny, I crack all of my games. by cgenman · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Keeping a CD around is a real pain. They get lost, they get scratched, they require storage in a binder, and as games copy themselves to the HDD now anyway, they are totally unnecessary. I can store maybe 40 retail games on a HDD, and can play any of them at any moment. Feel like a round of Worms? Boot. Feel like a game of Empires? Start it up. It's that kind of instant gratification you get with consoles, and it should be even faster on a computer. But it isn't. Despite checking my valid registration code on their server when connecting, they still require a crack to run without flipping through 40 pages of CD's looking for that safedisk. U.N.N.E.C.E.S.S.A.R.Y. Don't make your paying clients lives a pain, just to protect against a group of people who aren't going to pay anyway.

    My impulse game of choice is Typing of the Dead. Why? It copied itself to the hard drive nicely, and has played solidly every since. Except for the fiasco of pressing F4 to quit, it has performed admirably... like something I own, not something I'm borrowing for money.

    Come up with a better copy protection scheme, or come up with a better customer.

    1. Re:Funny, I crack all of my games. by avalys · · Score: 2, Insightful

      "It's that kind of instant gratification you get with consoles, and it should be even faster on a computer."

      And ironically, you have to use CDs for consoles.

      --
      This space intentionally left blank.
    2. Re:Funny, I crack all of my games. by Daniel+Wood · · Score: 2, Interesting

      As an owner of a modified Xbox, I cringe whenever I play games off the disc. Playing of the hard drive is a much more pleasant experience. The loading times are reduced DRAMATICALLY, scene changes are almost instantaneous, no studdering at all. So in the end, the Xbox users who willingly violate the EULA get the better gaming experience. Whether or not they actually paid for the game(I have a gamefly subscription so I don't have to buy games anymore, I just rent and usually stick with a game while cycling the other disc I have.)

  8. Any developer who uses "fade" is an idiot. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    What developer in their right mind would use a program like Fade?

    Fade may stop pirates from playing your game, but if a screen doesn't pop up saying "this game's performance has degraded because..." then the users will assume that your game is BUGGY, or SLOW, and tell their friends, and people online, that the game sucks.

    Look at all the bad press Doom 3 has gotten because of the demo that played poorly. And people know that's an unfinished E3 demo never intended for public consumption! I'm sure a lot of people are concerned now that Doom 3 will run poorly on their system and will not rush out to buy it. I know I'm worried.

    Now extend that to your ACTUAL game performing poorly on someone's system. They're not going to assume that it runs crappy because it's a pirated copy. They're going to assume it runs crappy because the game is written poorly.

    And those same people who pirate the game, may just decide that they want to purchase the full game later on down the road because they want cutscenes and music that the pirated version of the game stripped out. But if the game runs crappy, you'll lose those purchases!

    Stuff like Fade will NEVER work FOR you and INCREASE purchases of your game, because of how it works. Only a system which pops up an error window and says the game won't run because it is pirated would have a chance of working.

    1. Re:Any developer who uses "fade" is an idiot. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      "And those same people who pirate the game, may just decide that they want to purchase the full game later on down the road because they want cutscenes and music that the pirated version of the game stripped out."

      Dude, what year are you living in? Pretty much 100% of warez releases today are full ISO copies with nothing taken out and the only change being a crack applied to the executable to get around copy protection.

    2. Re:Any developer who uses "fade" is an idiot. by one4nine4two · · Score: 2, Informative

      All the Fade message says is "Original games do not fade." It pretty bluntly states right there that you did not purchase the game, so you shall be punished.

      If the Doom 3 pseudo-demo turns anyone off, it will be those who won't purchase the game anyway. When id releases a real demo it will be a huge deal to those even remotely interested in PC gaming. The real demo will be the real litmus test to those on the fence.

      But my defense of Fade may be biased, since I feel Operation Flashpoint is an incredible and very underrated game. As long as it works as intended, wherein I paid for the game and never got the Fade messages, I have no issues with it.

  9. Is everyone else sick of this? by actor_au · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Game companies treat everyone that buys their games like thieves, but the real thieves just crack it, never patch the game and then laugh loudly at the poor bastards that had to spend extra money on a product to subsidise the thieves.

    Its not the companies fault for the main part because for years the idea of free games have been a part of the gaming world and now they have the ability to fight back they are, its just that their means are insane.

    The major strength of PC games is that they install straight to the HDD, making them easier to access, in theory, than console games which require a disk, the fact that I have to give up a few precious gigs for each game (gigs that could be used for important things like porn or mp3s or pornographic mp3s) and the image files that take up even more space os that my CD doesn't get damaged(because even though they protect it so you can't copy it thye won't give you a new one if you do somehow damage it).

    Valve and iD have the right idea, you don't need the CD in the drive to play it, just the CD-Key to play over the net.

    I wouldn't mind if they made it so that for the first two or three patches they kept the check-cd in but after that got rid of it, because having to have a CD in the drive to play a game over the net becomes annoying and after a while it just gets ejected and eventually forgotten.

    --
    Read Errant Story.
    1. Re:Is everyone else sick of this? by thing12 · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Game companies treat everyone that buys their games like thieves, but the real thieves just crack it, never patch the game and then laugh loudly at the poor bastards that had to spend extra money on a product to subsidise the thieves.

      They treat everyone like thieves to protect against casual copiers. If it were trivially easy to copy games then everyone would do it. Instead just the warez kiddies do. Adults have money to buy games, so they're not the ones targetted by this. And I'd say many (not all) 12 year old kids out there don't know how or where to find cracks for games. If they all did, then you'd have one legit copy per school or neighborhood.. instead, because it's not trivially easy to do it, most kids get their parents to buy legit copies for them.

      But, as everyone else has been saying, selling the box gets you profit, online play - unless it's fee based - is a drain off the bottom line. So it only makes sense to limit online play to those who have actually purchased the game. I've played through lots of games on single player only to buy the game afterwards because I wanted to play online. All that really needs to be done is to make it difficult to get updates, additional levels, etc without a valid serial number... or just require product activation. Anything other than having to have an original disk. What happens when manufacturers decide to go to electronic distribution? It's so much cheaper, probably would save $5 per unit sold.

  10. another unhappy voice..... by strangel · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I know I'm being redundant, but the more voices crying out in horror, the better right?
    Here's my situation, just as an example. I only have 1 optical drive. I don't want to keep my 1 drive filled 24/7 just because I want the game to actually RUN when I start it up. But if I take it out of the drive and put it back in all the time, it's GOING to get scratched up, and you can't make a backup of it. If you crack some games, they won't run online, even with a valid CD key. So, I make an image of the CDs that I use alot.
    Ubi, this is a bad idea, because it angers your REAL customers. Virtual drives have uses other than piracy and the convenience factor I mentioned above, and the people who buy the games are the same people who would have a real use for virtual drives.
    What also should be obvious is the futility of blocking the software - there will be a way around it soon enough. There always is, for better or for worse.

  11. Pointless by Datasage · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I can understand the plague of piracy but that affects all creative fields.

    Using technological solutions to block piracy will just inconvenience legal users of the software. Those who want to pirate it, will reguardless of what protection is used. There is no copy protection that cannot be broken. Its just that some schemes take longer than others to break.

    Although the DMCA outlaws reverse engineering. But like any law its only effective if one chooses to follow it. Those who want to pirate the product, certainly wont.

    I would say the best solution is make games cost less then $50-60. Dont adjust prices for piracy. All your doing is making the legit users pay and encouraging more piracy due to high costs. Electrontic diribution can cut costs, but the price should reflect that.

    Thats enough for now.

    --
    In America we are imprisoned by our fear of them.
  12. I *completely* agree by WhiteBandit · · Score: 2, Insightful

    I've had similiar experiences in some games. Civ 3 (granted it's a "wussy" game yes :P) would check for the CD in my drive every 5 minutes and in the process, would freeze all processes in the game up for a few seconds. Quite annoying with how often it checked for the CD. I finally just ripped the ISO with Alcohol and mounted that as a virtual drive. Works fine now (At the time I couldn't find any no-cd cracks, now I see them all over for it).

    If it weren't for that, I probably would lit the CD on fire before I was able to discover how buggy Civ 3 actually is. :-X Hehe. But regardless, it is a more enjoyable game experience. Things load faster, when you play multiple games you don't have to worry about switching CD's all the time. Don't have to worry about getting your cd case stolen at a LAN party, etc.

  13. Irregardless? by wrenkin · · Score: 4, Informative

    Irrespective, or regardless. Pick one.

    --
    -- "Is this death or is this Ohio?"
  14. It's a distribution method, stupid! by sreeram · · Score: 4, Insightful

    These dumbass companies seem to have forgotten what a CD is all about (same goes for RIAA). They seem to think of a CD as proof of something - ownership, legitimate copy, etc.

    It's not. It's just a distribution medium. Like floppies, analog tapes, radio-over-airwaves and other media, it's just a convenient means of getting the game/goods from them (the publishers) to us (the consumers). Once the goods have been delivered, forget about the medium already!

    When the medium becomes outdated or cumbersome, people will look to other media. It is stupid (and ultimately their ruin) to try and lock us into their media of choice.

    RIAA should accept that ftp/file-sharing and the Internet in general are more convenient media for music delivery. Stop forcing CDs on us. Learn to deal with the new delivery mechanisms.

    Equally well, UbiSoft should also accept that the huge hard-disks we have are more convenient to store games and game images. Stop forcing CDs on us.

    I personally find it extremely inconvenient to keep swapping CDs in and out (I play many games). I have only one physical CD drive, but I can have many virtual drives! Not to mention that the hard-disk is MUCH faster than a CD drive.

    1. Re:It's a distribution method, stupid! by Thing+1 · · Score: 2, Interesting
      Once the goods have been delivered, forget about the medium already!

      Exactly. And it's not really stopping piracy, either, because pirates who download ISOs and "play" them through DAEMON Tools also have CD burners, which they can in about 1 minute produce a CD which will allow them to still play the game with this patch.

      I don't have any Ubi games myself, so I'm not sure how valid this suggestion is, but here's a potential workaround for those people who absolutely have to pirate:

      1. Download VMware with serial from Kazaa/BitTorrent/etc.
      2. Make ISO using Nero/Undisker/etc (also obtainable through the above).
      3. Connect the virtual CD-ROM to the ISO . As far as the Guest OS is concerned, it's a real, physical CD-ROM, and you don't even have to run DAEMON Tools on the Host OS.
      4. Profit!!!

      I just don't see why companies will produce such crap. I don't even care about this game, and in less than 10 seconds I've got two workarounds (assuming, that is, that the game functions correctly while running in a VM; and even if it doesn't, the pirates can still burn CDs from the downloaded ISOs).

      I buy all my games, and I loved that I figured out how to use DAEMON Tools to run Starcraft without putting the CD in the drive. Making your users hate you is taking a page out of the playbook of the RIAA/MPAA.

      --
      I feel fantastic, and I'm still alive.
  15. EULA's allow for backup copies to be made by servicepack158 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I thought most EULA's allow a person to make backup copies. It's legal to make/keep back up copies of software you purchased. I would think this control is improper. Granted they uses these imaging products to make illegal copies too, but that shouldn't prevent a user making legit backup copies from playing online.

  16. Call of Duty as well by Murrow · · Score: 2, Informative

    Call of Duty from Activision/Infinity Ward has this problem as well. You can see on their support site here their recommendation to shut down both Alchohol and Clone CD's virtual drives. This was indeed the necessary fix to get it to run on my machine.

  17. Really, this is just stupid by McCarrum · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I use CloneCD to create images of any CDs I purchase - and for quite a few reasons.

    1) Ease of use: mounting/unmounting CDs via HD is so much easier
    2) Asset Protection: CDs are delicate things, double so with 5 kids
    3) LAN Parties: I will *not* take my CDs to a LAN Party
    4) Price: Game CDs are more expensive than additonal HDs
    5) Laptop: I have a laptop - and can choose between 2 batteries or 1 battery and CD

    But, these reasons don't mount up to the suits in UBI. Indeed, this sounds like something which some PHB has thought up and pushed through. In all seriousness, the measures used by groups like Valve work - these do not. They've lost (yet another) customer. It's a wealthy market out there people, vote with your cash and walk away.

  18. What's Next by sirsampson · · Score: 2, Funny

    We detected a CD Burner in your system, that _could_ be used for piracy, you can't play our game.

    Now where did I put my radar detector detector.

    1. Re:What's Next by Firehawke · · Score: 2, Informative

      Surprise, surprise, such a protection scheme DOES exist. They detect whether the CD is in a burner or not by using a media type check command that can tell whether the disc is a burnable one or already burned. If the media check gives ANY result, you're running it from a burner and therefore it fails the protection.

  19. Re:get it through your thick skull by WhiteBandit · · Score: 2, Funny

    Irregardless... the definition still considers it a word. ;)

  20. Umkay by Mike+Hawk · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Quite the closed circle you've created for yourself there. So no matter what, you aren't going to buy a game? I have a feeling you never did. What is their incentive to change? Or did you just prove them right, that they need to take steps to combat privacy? Your stance is counter-productive at best. Its posts like this that the industry points to and says, "See, we have to do these things, and we need more laws to protect our IP."

    But come clean, you haven't purchased a game since 1998. Be honest.

  21. Backup copies and (US) Copyright law by moncyb · · Score: 2, Interesting

    IANAL, but I don't think a "no backup" clause is enforceable, at least in the US. If you look in Title 17, Chapter 1, Sec. 117 ("Limitations on exclusive rights: Computer Programs"), it says making an archival copy (I assume this must mean backup) is not a violation of copyrights.

    Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an infringement for the owner of a copy of a computer program to make or authorize the making of another copy or adaptation of that computer program provided:

    ...

    (2) that such new copy or adaptation is for archival purposes only and that all archival copies are destroyed in the event that continued possession of the computer program should cease to be rightful.

    In fact, paragraph 1 seems to say the programs UbiSoft is blocking may be allowed.

    (1) that such a new copy or adaptation is created as an essential step in the utilization of the computer program in conjunction with a machine and that it is used in no other manner...

    It depends upon how the courts will interpet the word "essential." Reading the posts, there seems to be plenty of people on Slashdot who think using a hard drive copy is essential so their CD won't get scratched up. I don't know, maybe I'm stretching a bit.

  22. legitimate uses. by solidox · · Score: 2, Interesting

    cd emulation programs have very good, legitimate uses. for example, i have quite a lot of sample cds (for music production), to swap them in and out every time i wanna grab 1 sample off them would be a real pain in the arse, so i just have them all bin/cued on my hdd and use them through daemon or alcy. for this game to refuse to run on machines with these programs installed is absurd. if you have a lot of games (legit or otherwise) then swapping cds in and out all the time is gunna be a pain, also cds get damaged easily. i'd rather iso all the cds and keep the physical copies in a safe place so they don't get arsed.

    --
  23. 'Irregardless is a perfectly cromulent word' by @madeus · · Score: 2, Interesting

    It's been used in the United States for nearly 80 years. It's been in use a lot longer than most words we use every day. It's also present in many American dictionaries. American English, International English and British English are not the same language any more than Scots is the same as English.

    Further more, language evolves; some people are simply too short sighted to comprehend that the purpose of language is to allow communication. The use of 'irregardless' vrs. 'regardless' does not impede that purpose. You'd have to be particularly dull-witted not be able to infer the meaning even if you had never heard the former before.

    This evolution in the language has some about because it's intuitive and logical for many users (given the use of irrespective and regardless) and that's exactly how the English language (the International, British and American variants) has evolved into what it is today. We have gained many words in precisely this manner.

    There are many other words in the English language which also use redundant prefixes, even simple words such as 'unravel'. One would assume from the beatings of people like yourself that it should not be considered a word and that we should exclusively only use the original 'ravel' instead; the 'un-' prefix being mysteriously so objectionable to linguistic conservatives like yourself, no matter how much more intuitive it seems.

  24. Re:That's not a word! (But this is a troll) by mo^ · · Score: 2, Funny

    It's a word mostly used by Americans usually.. so of course they sound like morons when they say it.

    shit, they sound like morons when they say Good Morning, Hello, or Weapons of Mass Destruction

    --
    bah!*@%!
  25. Re:Irregardless? by nick_davison · · Score: 2, Funny

    I think the author meant nonundeirregardless.