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Delta 2 Rocket Launches 50th GPS Satellite
wetshoe writes "This CNN article reports that 'the 50th U.S. Global Positioning Satellite has lifted off aboard a Boeing Delta 2 rocket.' It was sent into space to replace an aging GPS satellite. One more reason why geocaching is so much fun."
Its just you (and maybe some friends), no real pressure. Plus its an actual trek (ranges from in-city, to some caches are ones that need Scuba or moutain gear or whatever).
;-)
And with geocaching you've just got your GPS, a compass, and maybe a topographic map (if you can get one). None of this fancy cell phones with internet to tell you answers stuff
There is no god
The launches you should worry about are the launches they don't announce! But I guess it's no fun being paranoid if you can't point to actual new items that "justify" your paranoia!
No, i wonder about the one's we do know about...much easier to sneak a toy or two into space. ;-)
damn, this foil is itchy.
Doesnt say if this is capable of GPS-2 or whatever its called. As someone who uses GPS to manage infrastructure, I'd like to see some more precise GPS without having to spend $20,000 on Trimble or Leica equipment.
The Doormat
If you're not outraged, then you're not paying attention.
Have you ever thought that conspiracy theories are a conspiracy to make you buy tin foil? I'd worry about why it itches!
I'm well aware that the EU has plans of a GPS type system, however it does seem a bit unfair that the United States foots the bill for virtually the entire world's navigation system. While the system is primarily there for military means, the US could have encrypted the system from day one to avoid non-military use (which is what many other nations would do), or have offered decryption codes to US organizations to give them a competitive advantage. Instead they've offered it free of charge worldwide, even turning selective availability off so that geocaching adventure is even less of an adventure. Perhaps there's an insidius underlying motive (for example getting the world hooked on GPS while keeping their finger on the conceptual power button), but overall it's a praiseworthy thing they've done.
We have our moments.
I'm not sure how much fuel is required to break orbit and send a satellite to the sun, but I'm pretty sure that an old GPS I satellite doesn't have it. It's easier just to slow the satellite down a bit so it burns up in the atmosphere as it falls to earth, which is what they do. Every US Air Force satellite that goes up nowadays has some sort of end-of-life plan.
It's off topic because it's a GPS launch, not a recon sat launch.
It's also more than a bit stupid because a Delta II isn't a heavy SLV (space launch vehicle) and a GPS satellite weighs a significant chunck of the possible lauch weight. (The article didn't say what model GPS sat was launched, but assuming it was the newest model, the IIF, then the Delta II couldn't handle two of them, let alone one of the NRO's monster satellites.) If I can look up the sat weight (3758 lbs) and the Delta II lauch capacity (4971 for the configuration used) in under five minutes, then he can look it up too.
Geocaching is fun because they replace old GPS satellites with new ones? wtf?
Burn the land and boil the sea, you can't take the sky from me
if there is any one appropriate physical activity appropriate for geeks
stop right there; short circuit the rest of the statement.
Wouldn't it be more accurate to say that the GPS satellites make geocaching *possible*? Whether or not it's fun has little to do with a rocket launching a satellite. Of course, you could say that it wouldn't be fun at all without a GPS system, since you'd have to navigate with less convenient methods. :)
"Destroy science and religion. Science would re-emerge exactly the same; but not religion." - Penn Jillette, paraphrased
First.. Space Junk.
GPS is launched into an orbit some 12,000 miles above the Earth's surface. That orbit has a grand total of about 50 satellites split into 6 different, non-overlapping planes and slightly different altitudes. There are very, very few satellites that go out that far and none have a circular orbit within a few hundred miles of the GPS satellites. Very, very little chance of a collision.
Also, from that height, the satellites lack enough fuel to deorbit or be sent into the sun. In 1992, my Univ of Colorado aerospace engineering lab went down to the control center and we had a nice tour. I asked the officer giving the brief if they intended to establish some sort of parking orbit for dying satellies as they get phased out. He indicated that it was something they would consider as the constellation gets built out.
Secondly..
Paying the bill.
GPS was encrypted from Day 1. The lower resolution receivers we use just are allowed to decrypt the satellites. It is very difficult to get the higher resolution channel.
The US government is perfectly willing to let the other countries contribute to the costs associated with running GPS.
But..
You might want to consider why the other countries are willing to spend billions on a redundant system rather than pay into GPS or use it for free.
When someone spend billions rather than use a free service, something is up.
The US military adamantly refuses to free any of the control of the system up. It is a US *military* asset. As such, it has military utility. They have completely thrown off the commercial channels in the past while engaging in military activities in a region by jiggering with the output to cause the locations to be off. (They can also turn off all the commercial channels on satellites flying over Afghanistan, then turn them back on before the reach the US, for example).
The rest of the world seems to have some qualms about handing the world's major navigation system to a single provider, for some reason.
The article says the satellite costs $45 million. I Googled a bit and found that the launch cost for a Delta 2 is around $50 to $60 million. The article also said the satellite being replaced is 11 years old, and at the end of its useful life, and that there are 50 GPS satellites.
Crunching the numbers, we have about $105 million to put up a GPS satellite, with about 11 useful years; call it $10 million per year. Multiplying by 50 satellites, we have $500 million per year cost for GPS. I never knew. Also, on average, each year 4 or 5 launches must happen to replace aging GPS satellites.
Note that the launch costs are actually higher than the cost of the satellite. Also, the satellite could probably be made more cheaply if launch costs were lower (instead of over-engineering it to never break, they might just launch a cluster of two in the same orbit, or just design it to be easily repaired). If and when private companies build reusable spacecraft that can carry a GPS satellite, the cost of GPS will go down a lot. A Boeing Delta 2 is completely used up in each GPS launch right now, so truly reusable spacecraft should be able to dramatically cut launch costs and still make money.
steveha
lf(1): it's like ls(1) but sorts filenames by extension, tersely
I think he just hid his cache in the satellite before it went up. Darn, that is going to be hard to get.
"There is no teacher but the enemy."-Mazer Rackham
Comment removed based on user account deletion
How naive of you.
US, and specifically those who wrote and otherwise endorsed PNAC have been doing everything possible to stop the development/deployment of Galileo - GNSS (EU GPS initiative). US isn't providing the rest of the world with global navigation technology out of its heart's content. It's a tool which gives corporate interests as well as military complex a dominant role. There are billions of dollars involved ($12bn and growing), as well as geo-political element of control. Imagine if there was a conflict between China and US in the next decade. Do you honestly believe Pentagon would let the Chinese to utilize GPS in order to strike US targets?
Paul Wolfowitz was one of those people who was (and still is) opposed to any kind of GPS which isn't under direct jurisdiction of United States. Now that the deal has been reached, it leaves no choice for the hawks to accept the fact that US GPS hegemony will be broken in few years. Competition helps everyone.
There is also the commercial aspect to it. Galileo, once fully operational by 2007, would suck a huge amount of revenue from GPS. US officials had many reasons to stifle competition in order to ensure GPS monopoly.
Read the paper on detailing some of the drama and US' sabotage of EU independent GPS system here
I used to work with Guidance & Navigation systems (late '70s, early '80s). One of the test sites was in the Pacific Islands. Most of the maps were originally made by the Japanese Military during WW2. It was fun finding some landmarks so we could get accurate data -- then use this data to extrapolate coordinates for the rest of the map. There's a lack of permanence to sand & coral, especially since it had been subjected to naval bombardment.
It really was great fun searching the islands for these sites, and I got paid for it too!
"Glory is fleeting, but obscurity is forever." --Napoleon Bonaparte
Get over the ambiguous wording.
Have you ever USED WAAS? I have it turned on in my GPS and only get a WAAS signal if I am at about 4000' ASL or higher. And I use my GPS a lot. So far WAAS has not helped me all that much. (I also know the map & compass way too) Nick Butte County Search & Rescue
- it's three dimensional space (different sat's orbit at different altitudes)
- the imaginary "surface area" for any given orbital altitude is much larger than that of the Earth (and the Earth is really incredibly large, especially when you include the 70% that's the oceans, and the fact a typical satellite or other "space junk" is smaller than a yugo).
- that all sats' orbits will decay over time, either inward or outward (and really, any sat with a normal decay rate typically won't be around longer than 10 years, sometimes all it takes is a few days or weeks if they can intentionally alter its speed). It's actually quite hard (ie. takes a lot of small course corrections) to keep a sat in perfect orbit.
- that it's really expensive to put stuff up there, so as a result there really isn't that much physical man-made junk currently in orbit.
When you visit a site that tracks the orbits of various satellites, it can appear to a layman that there's a whole bunch of stuff up there, but that's usually because each sat is shown as a big blinking dot over a tiny map of the earth. If viewed to scale, of course that dot wouldn't be visible until you zoomed the map in to where you could see cars on the street.The only problem is that the space junk can be traveling a few hundred mph relative to each other, so it can make for some pretty spectacular collisions should it ever happen (and its been speculated that certain impressions and chips in the Hubble, for example, were caused by "paint chips", although I'd speculate it's just comet dust or other natural space debris).
But really, the odds of two bigger-than-a-breadbox man-made objects colliding in orbit has to be astronomically small (forgive the pun). I just don't get what the big fuss is about.
Mostly the US has declared that it is 'unnecessary' for the EU to develop their own system or that the planned sytem would disrupt GPS (the planned improvements to GPS due to similar frequencies). Recently the US has come to an agreement with the EU about how the satellites will work. So it does appear that Galileo will become a reality.
Forbes magazine
EU viewpoint
Our founding fathers removed the guys in charge. Be American. Vote incumbents out.
I went back to double-check and I misread the capacity as being in pounds when it was actually in kilograms. Curse you, conventional "English" measurement system. I go now to hang my head in shame.
As a pilot with a WAAS capable IFR GPS (Garmin 430), I've looked into this. There just aren't that many WAAS ground correction transmitters yet.
The problem isn't the big stuff, it's the small things. Taking your example of collisons, suppose you have a small piece of metal colliding with a satellite. If the relative velocities are large enough, you get a nice spray of particles from the collision. Now each of the particles is potentially dangerous if it's of a fair size (paint chip size) and it's relative velocity is great enough.
Although there is a lot of space up there, there aren't as many useful orbits. Take for example geostationary orbits. There's a small band where you can park satellites to get this orbit. Of course that is where debris is most likely to be since the satellites are the ones presumably generating the junk through a variety of ways (shedding material, collisions, etc).
"When you sit with a nice girl for two hours, it seems like two minutes. When you sit on a hot stove for two minutes, it
Why not set them for a collision course with the sun?
Obviously spoken by a person with a firm grasp of orbital mechanics and orbital energy levels.
2. The satellite launched was a Block IIR vehicle. Block IIR-M and IIF vehicles are still in a very low orbit (close to sea level..haven't been launched.)
3. We can't burn satellites in from semi-synchronous orbit (the GPS orbit) using today's technology. When they're disposed of we kick them away from the earth a couple of hundred kilometers. Orbital degradation is slight at semi-synchronous, but the satellites will interfere with each other in about 6,000 years. I hope we'll be able to clean it up before then.
4. GPS Signals arrive on two frequencies, L1 (L1 = 1575.42 MHz) and L2 (L2 = 1227.6 MHz). C/A code (which is FREE as in air to civil users) is modulated onto the L1 carrier signal. It has never been encrypted. It has been degraded (selective availability, the method of degradation, was turned off in 2000) but is now every bit as accurate as the military signal. The only significant advantage the military receivers have is the ability to correct for ionospheric defraction using both frequencies.
5. The major driver behind Galileo (EU GPS) is economics. Basically the US has a handle on a 12 billion dollar industry and the EU wants its share. They're expecting to charge money for the same service the US gives out for free! Somebody failed economics.
Feel free to respond with any questions, I'd love to answer them.
You are WAY off.
But in reality, space does not clear after an explosion near our planet. The fragments continue circling the Earth, their orbits crossing those of other objects. Paint chips, lost bolts, pieces of exploded rockets--all have already become tiny satellites, traveling at about 27,000 kilometers per hour, 10 times faster than a high-powered rifle bullet. A marble traveling at such speed would hit with the energy of a one-ton safe dropped from a three-story building. Anything it strikes will be destroyed and only increase the debris.
With enough orbiting debris, pieces will begin to hit other pieces, fragmenting them into more pieces, which will in turn hit more pieces, setting off a chain reaction of destruction that will leave a lethal halo around the Earth. To operate a satellite within this cloud of millions of tiny missiles would be impossible: no more Hubble Space Telescopes or International Space Stations. Even communications and GPS satellites in higher orbits would be endangered. Every person who cares about the human future in space should also realize that weaponizing space will jeopardize the possibility of space exploration.
and
These satellites are already at increasing risk from space debris. At any moment, only about 200 kilograms of meteoroid mass are within 2,000 kilometers of the Earth's surface. But within this same altitude range are roughly 3 million kilograms of orbiting debris introduced by human activities, most from about 3,000 spent rocket stages and now-inactive satellites. Most of the approximately 4,000 additional objects several centimeters in size or larger resulted from the fragmentation of more than 120 satellites.
That's from Bullitin of the atomic scientists, the article is talking about the impact of SDI defense on increasing the danger but the general problem exists even without the additional clutter from ABM technology.
There are 4 boxes to use in the defense of liberty: soap, ballot, jury, ammo. Use in that order. Starting now.
Differential GPS sends corrections for errors in the pseudoranges for each satellite (and in some cases, sends improved ephemerides for predicting the sat's orbit).
It can be mathematically shown that "Poor man's DGPS", i.e. "This is the lat/long the GPS says I'm at, this is my real lat/long" does not work, and may even degrade accuracy.
The good news is it's getting easier and easier to create a DGPS source. In the past, it was impossible to get raw pseudorange data from economical receivers. But nowadays, many sub-$200 OEM units are capable of it, as are some handhelds.
These are "cheap" receivers that I know of that allow for raw pseudorange and carrier phase logging:
Garmin 12-channel (Undocumented and unsupported, but it can be done. I've done it myself. Do a search for gar2rnx).
Rockwell Jupiter (Best example is the Delorme Earthmate, which Delorme advertises as being able to provide raw pseudorange/carrier data if you buy their software, GPS PostPro)
u-blox modules, I believe.
retrorocket.o not found, launch anyway?
It's not ambiguous though: this is the 50th GPS satellite, and it's being launched.
Actually, it's not even the 50th GPS satellite up there; prior to this launch, there were only 28 operational satellites. None of the original 11 are still in service, and one of the other 38 blew up on the launchpad.
So, while this is the 50th GPS satellite, it's only the 49th launch.
"Software is too expensive to build cheaply"
The constellation has 4 slots per orbit, with six orbital planes. Since the satellites are at a semi-sync orbit around 12,000 Nm (nautical miles), there is no way to deorbit or send the shuttle up to fix. The shuttle only goes up around 50-100 miles, from what I've read.
Early GPS satellites, commonly referred to as Block I, were experimental and only expected to last around 5 years. These babies turned out to be over achievers and a few lasted 13 years (SVN 3, if my memory serves correct). It usually came down to degradation of the solar arrays. The Cesium and Rubidium clocks will still have one or two operational (they launched with 4), but the solar arrays couldn't generate enough electricity to last through Solar Season (a point in orbital mechanics, where the satellite spends a good amount of time in the sun or moon's shadow). On a few, they made the mistake ( or didn't anticipate) of not insulating one of the batteries well enough, and it failed faster.
Anyway, with technology, they started packing more and more extra crap on the satellites and it didn't seem to make the birds any better. I used to give the Rockwell engineers a hard time by saying, "Strap on a Block IIa solar array on a Block I bird and it'll last 20 years".
The launch schedule is planned around these predicted end of life time periods. We collect State of Health (SOH) data on every pass, since we go up on each satellite at least once or twice a day. This data helps with long term trending and will alert the engineers if it looks like a bird is going to die early.
When the bird gets to the point it can't maintain its attitude (Z-Axis pointing +/- 2 degrees, at the center of the Earth), or the electrical system is failing (either due to batteries and/or solar arrays), then a end of life burn is scheduled. The satellite is spun up, so that eletricity and hyrodzine is no longer needed to keep the satellite stabilzed, and then it's boosted as far out as it's feasible as to make it's operational slot in the orbit reusable.
In case anyone is curious about the stabilization, the satellites use 4 reactor wheels mounted on a pyramid shaped structure. Basicly, picture 4 flywheels spinning on the Egyptian Pyramids (but smaller, course!). One wheel can fail, and the other three can still keep the satellite 3-axis stabilized. GPS satellites keep the "bottom" of the satellite always pointing to Earth, as that's where the primary L-Band (what you use to get your GPS positioning) and S-band (what the AF uses to perform command and control, etc) antennas. There are electro-magnets that use computer modeling of the magnetic fields around the earth to dissipate stored energy in the reaction wheels. Otherwise, the wheels would eventually spin up to their max and no longer be correcting. Thruster firings are not an option, as it's too drastic a manueuver to maintain a precise positioning signal. A thruster firing will cause the satellite to flag it's data as not usable (almanac data).
Hope this was interesting....
John
However, back in the 80's when Russia shot down that civilian airliner that strayed off course, President Reagan made the decision to make GPS publicly available.
DoD fought off turning off the system all together because we didn't want our enemies to use the system against us. However, with the EU wanting to launch their own and the spreading use of DPGS (differential GPS), it eventually became moot. So DoD turned it off in the mid-90s (I think it was 94...I was still a GPS operator and I remember helping doing it....just can't remember what year that was). They do, however, reserve the right to turn it back on. FWIW, DOT (Department of Transportation) wanted to add their own signal (L5), but I don't know if that got anywhere.
OK....trivia time for those who care: GPS comes with Selective Ability/Anti-Spoofing (SA/AS), which allow the signal to be jam-proof, encrypted and for only authorized users. The frequency can hop, and the signal's accuracy be purposely degraded. It was a security breach to speculate who High Accuracy Users were, but we joked it was a guy on a camel in the middle of the desert. I won't go into detail about how the above works, since I'm waiting for my Top Secret clearance for my new job flying Milstar Satellites (Air National Guard).
The satellites are basicly beacons, transmitting their current position and time to accuracy of a nanosecond. This is why the satellites are launched with 4 frequency standards, although the latest generation (Block IIF, I believe) was slated to only have 3. I haven't been involved with GPS lately, so my info is about 3 years old. There is a chance the Guard may become a backup for GPS, but I'm told its unlikely. Back to the topic. The frequency standards for the Cesium and Rubidium clocks are very precise, with the Rubidium clocks being a little better, however they were also more temperature sensitive. You can appreciate the difficulty keeping a clock +/- .1 degree celcius in space, where temperatures swing greatly from full-sun to being in the Earth or moon's shadow.
The signal leaves the satellite and travels to your GPS unit at the speed of light. The ionosphere and other atmospheric conditions will refract or delay the signal, but that can be corrected. SO if the satellites saying, "I'm HERE at this TIME," and you know the speed it traveled, you can determine the distance (roughly) from you to the satellite. 3 satellites give you 2-D position, and the 4th adds altitude. You actually triangulate to two (2) points. One on the earth, and the other about 22,000 miles in outer space. That outerspace point is thrown away. Today even the cheapest GPS units can track multiple satellites at the same time (early units tracked one at a time) and throw away some for reasons of GDOP. To get the most precise measurement, you want the Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) to be the least by having the greatest angles between yourself and the satellites. If you have two satellites right next to each other (relative to your overhead view...not physically), you throw out the one that creates the narrowest angle with respect to the other satellites.
The other post is correct, 50 is the number of satellites launched (so it would be referred to as SVN50...SVN being Satellite Vehicle Number). The operational constellation only needs 24 satellites, however we'll put additional units up in anticipation of a satellite nearing its End of Life.
Remember....these are DoD assets...we don't give a rat's ass about businesses. Our job is to break the other guy's toys, save US lives and let the other guy die for his country.
John