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New Largest Prime Found: Over 7 Million Digits

Jeff Gilchrist writes "On May 15, 2004, Josh Findley discovered the 41st known Mersenne Prime, 2 to the 24,036,583th power minus 1. The number is nearly a million digits larger than our last find and is now the largest known prime number! Josh's calculation took just over two weeks on his 2.4 GHz Pentium 4 computer. The new prime was verified by Tony Reix in just 5 days using only half the power of a Bull NovaScale 5000 HPC running Linux on 16 Itanium II 1.3 GHz CPUs. A second verification was completed by Jeff Gilchrist of Elytra Enterprises Inc. in Ottawa, Canada using eleven days of time on a HP rx5670 quad Itanium II 1.5 GHz CPU server at SHARCNET. Both verifications used Guillermo Ballester Valor's Glucas program." Read on for more on the discovery, including how you can help find more primes.

Gilchrist continues "If you want to see the number in written in decimal, Perfectly Scientific, Dr. Crandall's company which developed the FFT algorithm used by GIMPS, makes a poster you can order containing the entire number. It is kind of pricey because accurately printing an over-sized poster in 1-point font is not easy! Makes a cool present for the serious math nut in your family.

For more information, the press release is available.

Congratulations to Josh and every GIMPS contributor for their part in this remarkable find. You can download the client for your chance at finding the next world record prime! A forum for newcomers is available to answer any questions you may have.

GIMPS is closing in on the $100,000 Electronic Frontier Foundation award for the first 10-million-digit prime. The new prime is 72% of the size needed, however an award-winning prime could be mere weeks or as much as few years away - that's the fun of math discoveries, said GIMPS founder George Woltman. The GIMPS participant who discovers the prime will receive $50,000. Charity will get $25,000. The rest will be used primarily to fund more prime discoveries. In May 2000, a previous participant won the foundation's $50,000 award for discovering the first million-digit prime."

73 of 305 comments (clear)

  1. Legit uses for Mersenne Primes by DarkHelmet · · Score: 4, Funny
    It's gonna be a little obvious to crackers when I use two mersenne primes to help create my public and private keys.

    But Pseudoprimes? Probability of primeness? Hah! You people cut corners!

    --
    /^[A-Z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Z0-9.-]+\.[A-Z]{2,4}$/i
    1. Re:Legit uses for Mersenne Primes by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting
      It's gonna be a little obvious to crackers when I use two mersenne primes to help create my public and private keys.

      Don't use one that's based on factoring, then. Go for a discrete-logarithm based cryptosystem, like ElGamal. Mmmm... 23-megabit asymmetric key... (Now we just need a 3-megabit hash function to make the signatures worthwhile. Oh, and some serious silicon to push the electrons required for a digital signature with a key that size. Ooog.)

    2. Re:Legit uses for Mersenne Primes by UnknowingFool · · Score: 3, Funny

      Forget keys. Now I have to change the luggage combination again.

      --
      Well, there's spam egg sausage and spam, that's not got much spam in it.
  2. I hate to be a pushover... by Capt'n+Hector · · Score: 4, Interesting

    ... but why exactly is this so important? Can we use this number in any way, or is it just another prime?

    --
    Quid festinatio swallonis est aetherfuga inonusti?
    Africus aut Europaeus?
    1. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by barcodez · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Well we can make a perfect number with it.

      Every Mersenne prime gives rise to a perfect number.

      To answer your question a little more seriously the number is not much use in itself but like many peices of research the route to the goal often turns out more interesting information than the goal. GIMPS pushes back the bounds on many levels such as highly optimised coding and mathematical DC.

      --

      ----
    2. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by irokitt · · Score: 5, Funny
      This is of course an attempt to impress chicks.

      Hey baby, did you know I discovered the longest prime number?


      Notice I said it's an attempt, I didn't say it would work;)
      --
      If my answers frighten you, stop asking scary questions.
    3. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by DarkHelmet · · Score: 4, Informative
      A mersenne prime is the easiest form of prime to prove (easy being least computationally expensive).

      So right now, this is the largest proven prime number at this point in time. It is 1,000,000 digits larger than the next largest known prime number, (which is also a mersenne prime).

      There very well may be a day where primes this large will be used for encryption purposes. But this may be a long way off.

      Keep in mind, that so much of the underpinnings of today is based on mathematics from the 1600's to the early 1900's. The math we pursue today will most likely reach a practical application point next century.

      --
      /^[A-Z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Z0-9.-]+\.[A-Z]{2,4}$/i
    4. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by vrmlguy · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Well, you can use it to make a *really* big RSA encryption key.

      --
      Nothing for 6-digit uids?
    5. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by eidechse · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Binary math was once thought to be a useless curiousity.

    6. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by kunudo · · Score: 3, Funny

      "To answer your question a little more seriously the number is not much use in itself but like many peices of research the route to the goal often turns out more interesting information than the goal."

      Kinda kicks you in the ass when people say "ok, what good is it?"

      I know what good it is. It's a way of keeping 'scientists' employed (scientific welfare) so they don't pollute the job and gene pools.

      I'm considering doin research on the 'how', 'why', and 'classification' of belly button lint. I'm sure there's a government funded grant in it. We REALLY NEED TO KNOW THESE THINGS 'just in case' they are usefull in the future.



      Yeah, let's keep the scientists out of the gene pool, maybe even replace them with Christian Scientists(tm). I mean, why would we want people to have even the slightest hint of intellegence, I mean, the public, dear lord. You should let the current administration know you have devised such an excellect scheme for them...

      Not that I'm saying this guy is a scientist, but whatever... Oh yeah, and you're a troll, but I couldn't help myself.

    7. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by azav · · Score: 3, Informative

      And why do we care about the perfect numbers?

      In the end, what does this get us?

      Please elaborate for those of us who need a reason to care about primes, perfect numbers & the like.

      --
      - Zav - Imagine a Beowulf cluster of insensitive clods...
    8. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by shigelojoe · · Score: 5, Funny

      Which is why I'd hate to be a math student in the 22nd century:

      Teacher: Ok class, your homework for tomorrow is to find a Mersenne prime longer than 1,000,000 digits. *By hand*. I don't want to see any computer printouts.

      Class: *Groan*

    9. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Nothing. And we all die, too. Might as well kill yourself right now, avoid all the unnecessary hassle of life. Ya know.

    10. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      Not sure about perfect numbers, but primes are used in certain public-key cryptography schemes like RSA. Of course a prime as large as that mersenne prime isn't of much use in RSA as the primes they use there are never usually bigger than 512 digits (4096 bits) which is more than adequate if chosen with care.

      Oh, and more specifically (correct me if I'm wrong, I probably am) using mersenne primes (ie primes of the form 2^p-1) prevent certain factorization algorithms from succeeding. And if you manage to factor n (part of the public key in RSA) you've broken the cipher and can obtain the private key and decipher.

    11. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by Paradise+Pete · · Score: 5, Funny
      I have pi tattooed on my dick. It usually says 3.14, but man when it gets angry, it goes all the way to 3.141!

      Wait, I didn't tell that right.

    12. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by PsiPsiStar · · Score: 3, Funny

      But remember the original question. What are they good for.

      In other words, it's not the size of your prime number, it's how you use it that counts.

      --

      ___
      It's the end of my comment as I know it and I feel fine.
    13. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by WalksOnDirt · · Score: 5, Informative

      "Are Mersennes really the easiest numbers to prove prime?"

      Yes, because of the Lucas Lehmer primality test, which you can google if you want to see the details.

      The standard proof of primality involves factoring the number one less than or one greater than the prime. Obviously, the number one greater than 2^p-1 is easily factored, which is the basis of the test.

      --
      a,e,i,o,u and sometimes w and y (at be if of up cwm by)
    14. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by tannable75 · · Score: 2, Funny

      I can just see it now. Women saying "you should see what my husband thinks is a 10 million digit prime. No wonder he can't figure out how to leave a tip in resteraunts.

    15. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by jayhawk88 · · Score: 3, Insightful

      They're not useful now, but in another 200 years when we're all carrying around pocket quantum machines it may be useful.

    16. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by matlhDam · · Score: 2, Funny

      I'm considering doin research on the 'how', 'why', and 'classification' of belly button lint. I'm sure there's a government funded grant in it. We REALLY NEED TO KNOW THESE THINGS 'just in case' they are usefull in the future.

      Sadly, you've been beaten to it.

    17. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by Markus+Landgren · · Score: 4, Informative

      I am not sure about any use for perfect numbers, but the Mersenne primes themselves can be used to create random number generators with extremely long periods. That takes some additional work, although not as much work as finding this prime among tens of thousands of composite candidates.

    18. Re:I hate to be a pushover... by ComaVN · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Don't say that out loud on a star trek convention.

      --
      Be wary of any facts that confirm your opinion.
  3. In case you missed it by barcodez · · Score: 4, Informative

    The GIMPS Project found this prime. You too can contribute by downloading the client (for various OSes).

    Thought I would drive the point home as this is a great DC project that doesn't receive half the attention of some of the more dubious DC projects...

    --

    ----
    1. Re:In case you missed it by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

      Good thing you mentioned that the GIMPS project was behind this and told us where the client could be downloaded, since neither information was available in the write-up.

      Phew, crisis averted. Good job! :) :) :) :)

    2. Re:In case you missed it by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny
      The first post was moderated as Redundant, and the most redundant post in the history of /. is moderated Informative. The moderation system have failed miserably. Mod points are given to idiots who can't think to save their lives, and this is what happens. I've pointed out bad moderations before, but they don't seem to pay any attention.

      Moderators, please tell me what is going on in your little heads. I really want to know. It's not hard to moderate properly, you know... You have the opportunity to motivate your actions, but I suspect you wont take it. You'll just mod me down instead, thinking that is a good substitute for explaining your actions.

  4. Even primes by Devil's+BSD · · Score: 4, Funny

    I'm still searching for that even prime number bigger than 2...

    --
    I'm the Devil the Windows users warned you about.
    1. Re:Even primes by mr_jim83 · · Score: 3, Funny

      You keep looking. I'll wait here.

    2. Re:Even primes by DarkHelmet · · Score: 2, Funny
      I'm still searching for that even prime number bigger than 2...

      Proof of that will require a recalled grey market Pentium 1 with an FDIV "feature" added to it.

      All math people wishing to prove / find your number must also "upgrade"

      --
      /^[A-Z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Z0-9.-]+\.[A-Z]{2,4}$/i
    3. Re:Even primes by PacoTaco · · Score: 4, Funny

      Dude, Pentium FDIV jokes are like 9.99904274017 years old. It's time to think of something new.

    4. Re:Even primes by JDWTopGuy · · Score: 2, Funny

      There's a 99.2104999424999% chance that you fail it.

      --
      Ron Paul 2012
  5. Distributed Computing? by drskrud · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Does anyone know if a distributed computing project exists for finding large prime numbers? That would be a pretty cool way to spend some CPU cylces.

    1. Re:Distributed Computing? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

      GIMPS

  6. So... by elid · · Score: 2, Funny

    ...if I add 2 to this number, I just might get another prime and find the new largest prime. :-)

  7. harrumph by maxbang · · Score: 5, Funny

    Say all you will, but Optimus is still the ultimate prime.

    --
    I also reply below your current threshold.
  8. My Hashtable by KidSock · · Score: 4, Funny

    Great. This should improve the distribution of elements in my hashtable implementation.

  9. As a corollary, by kevinatilusa · · Score: 4, Interesting

    He's also found the largest known perfect number, 2^(24,036,583-1)*((2^24,036,583)-1)

  10. Not in this case... by kevinatilusa · · Score: 2, Insightful

    since 2^(odd number)+1 is always a multiple of 3

    1. Re:Not in this case... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful
      since 2^(odd number)+1 is always a multiple of 3

      Theorem For any positive odd integer n, 3 divides 2^n+1

      Proof We will use the Principal of Mathematical Induction.

      Basis When n=1, we have 2^n+1=2^1+1=3. Furthermore, when n=3, we have 2^n+1=2^3+1=9.

      Induction Now suppose n is a positive odd integer, and that 3 divides 2^n+1. We will now show that 3 divides 2^(n+2)+1.

      Since 3 divides 2^n+1, there exists an integer q such that 2^n+1=3*q

      2^(n+2)+1=2^(n+2)+4-3
      =2^2*2^n+4-3
      =4*(2^n+1)-3
      =4*3*q-3
      =3*(4*q-1)
      =3*r, r=4*q-1

      Where r is an integer by the closure properties of multiplication and subtraction.

      QED

    2. Re:Not in this case... by chgros · · Score: 5, Insightful

      More directly (without induction):
      if T = 2^(2p+1) + 1:
      T = 2^(2p+1) - 2 [mod 3]
      T = 2(2^2p - 1) [3]
      T = 2(4^p - 1) [3]
      T = 2(1^p - 1) [3]
      T = 0 [3]
      qed

  11. Hey, this is very important....... by Lexomatic · · Score: 5, Funny

    Who knows, one day you might find yourself struck in the tiger den with multiple doors all marked with Mersenne Primes, and a sign saying, "safe exit thru the door marked with the 41st Mersenne Prime". Yeah, then who is gonna bitch about not memorizing that sucker, huh?

  12. I knew it by jmoen · · Score: 5, Funny

    Size does matter :)

  13. Re:wow by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

    Only on Slashdot is the first post modded Redundant.

  14. What happen ? by PurifyYourMind · · Score: 2, Funny

    Somebody set up us the prime.

  15. That poster is a scam! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Funny

    I heard a rumor that some wiseguy in charge of printing changed one of the digits first - you may think you're paying for a prime, but they're really stiffing you and shipping a composite number!

  16. History of Prime #s by NEOtaku17 · · Score: 2, Informative

    http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopic s/Prime_numbers.html

  17. hmmm by challahc · · Score: 2, Insightful

    I guess these people trust the accuracy of these programs.

    Personally I think someone should work this out on paper. Any volunteers/nominations?

    --
    01100010 01101001 01110100 01100101 00100000 01101101 01100101
  18. Picture Frame by KhalidBoussouara · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I understand that producing such a poster will be expensive but this is ridiculous:

    Without frame: $77.00
    With frame: $247.00

    SCO's claim that their code has been stolen sounds more logical than this!

  19. Here is the whole number! by fredrikj · · Score: 5, Funny

    In binary: 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 11111111111111111111111111111111111111...

    Your comment violated the "postercomment" compression filter. Try less whitespace and/or less repetition. Comment aborted.

    Sorry :/

  20. fermat was here by werdnapk · · Score: 5, Funny

    I have discovered a truly marvelous demonstration of a 10 million digit prime which this margin is too narrow to contain.

    1. Re:fermat was here by sam_doshi · · Score: 2, Funny

      So where's Andrew Wiles when you need him, eh?

  21. I will verfiy on my 66mhz running windows 3.11 by Numeric · · Score: 4, Funny

    i'll let everyone know when i am done!

    --
    -- ladies and gentlemen we are floating in space!
  22. Call me Fermat by Alsee · · Score: 3, Funny

    I have disovered a most elegant prime exceeding 10 million digits, alas the slashdot comment limit is too small to post it.

    -

    --
    - - You can't take something off the Internet! That's like trying to take pee out of a swimming pool.
  23. Last digit is a 7 by product+byproduct · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Actually the last 9 digits are 733969407, as this simple C program will show you:

    #include <stdio.h>

    int main()
    {
    int i;
    int p = 1;
    int m = 1000000000;
    for (i = 0; i < 24036583; i++)
    p = p*2 % m;
    p = (p+m-1) % m; // minus 1
    printf("%d\n", p);
    }

  24. What if by vijaya_chandra · · Score: 2, Interesting

    What if the message that your SETI's going to find out happens to contains this prime!?!?

    Isn't it possible that some civilisation is so advanced that their 'bc' would give back the 50th mersenne prime just like our bc would return 3*5

    Wouldn't it be cool to find out that the msg you've just now found on SETI isn't gibberish but a hi from another advanced civilisation

  25. Wow... by displaced80 · · Score: 3, Funny

    7 million digits?

    That primate must have big hands...

    --
    What's the frequency, Kenneth?
  26. Re:Primality is in P by ezzzD55J · · Score: 3, Informative
    True, but that's for general, unstructured numbers, while mersenne numbers are structured so that they're much easier to test for primeness than other numbers of that size. IANANumberTheorist, but it's such a huge difference that I doubt the general polytime test will ever be faster than the special mersenne test...

    BTW wasn't the polynomial order 6 whenever a unproved-but-likely hypothesis was true?

  27. Re:Please! I have I higher prime. by You're+All+Wrong · · Score: 2, Funny

    2^19232891231089 - 1 isn't prime.
    3765761637264764023 divides it.

    IAAM.

    YAW

    --
    Your head of state is a corrupt weasel, I hope you're happy.
  28. Re:Primality is in P by You're+All+Wrong · · Score: 4, Informative

    Primality tests for numbers of the form k*b^n+/-1 have always (since Proth's time) been poly time, in fact O(n^(2+eps)).

    http://primepages.org/

    'proving'

    YAW.

    --
    Your head of state is a corrupt weasel, I hope you're happy.
  29. Re:So an Itanium GHz is worth less that a P4 GHz? by alehmann · · Score: 3, Informative

    Among other things, Glucas is writen in C and Prime95 is mostly x86 assembly that's heavily optimized for SSE2 and the P4.

    Not to mention that you can't expect the threading to scale perfectly. I'm surprised that there are any gains at all because the LL algorithm is so sequential. I remember hearing that Glucas could have done it in half the time on that machine if it had been optimized for NUMA, though.

  30. 6 years by GISGEOLOGYGEEK · · Score: 4, Informative

    Been running prime 95 for 6 years now.

    Started with a p120 laptop, at times had a dozen computers teamed up.

    In that time .. ive found no primes but the work ive done would have taken 307 years for a p90 computer to match... a p90 being the 'zero-point' computer when the project started.

    --
    George Bush + Linux = "I will not let information get in the way of the fight against Windows"
  31. When it is found.. by Mr2cents · · Score: 2, Funny

    GIMPS is closing in on the $100,000 Electronic Frontier Foundation award for the first 10-million-digit prime.

    When it is found that computer will be wondering: 1 $100.000 hookerbot or 100.000 $1 hookerbots?

    --
    "It's too bad that stupidity isn't painful." - Anton LaVey
  32. Verification by timeOday · · Score: 2, Insightful
    Both verifications used Guillermo Ballester Valor's Glucas program
    Wouldn't it be more prudent to do verification with various algorithms?
    1. Re:Verification by tmyklebu · · Score: 3, Informative

      Why? It's not as if doing the verification with different algorithms will lessed the probability of a mistake; a quick Google search shows that Glucas is a deterministic algorithm for testing primality of Mersenne numbers.

  33. Want a simple proof? by product+byproduct · · Score: 5, Insightful

    2^(odd number)+1
    = (-1)^(odd number)+1 [mod 3]
    = -1 + 1 [mod 3]
    = 0 [mod 3]

  34. Re:fun with python! by jfengel · · Score: 2, Funny

    binary digits:
    >>> math.floor(math.log(2**24036583-1,2))
    24036583.0


    I assume you realize that any number of the form 2^n -1 is going to take n bits to represent.

  35. Slashdot Earns It's Name by POLAX · · Score: 3, Insightful

    This story is perhaps the most pure example of "News for Nerds. Stuff that matters."

    I love it! :- )

  36. Want to see the number? by tjackson · · Score: 2, Informative

    $ dc -e '2 24036583 ^ 1 -p' > bigprime

  37. Re:So an Itanium GHz is worth less that a P4 GHz? by Markus+Landgren · · Score: 2, Informative
    And a P4 GHz is worth a good deal less than either a P3 or Athlon GHz...


    No, it's not. Not for finding Mersenne primes anyway. You see, the relative performance of different CPU types depends on the kind of work being done.

    The benchmark charts at mersenne.org show that a P4 1800 MHz beats the Athlon 64 3400+ running at 2200 MHz. Even my own old P4 1600 MHz comes in ahead of the AthlonXP 3200+ running at 2200 MHz.

    So, my guess is that there is some kind of work where the Itanium beats the P4 and the Athlon. Who knows, maybe this cluster was not bought to run MS Word or UT2004, or some other application where the Athlon beats the crap out of an Itanium or a P4?
  38. Re:oye. it is not the largest prime ever by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

    2^24036583-1 + 10^1000000000 is divisible by 13, therefore it is not prime.

    What kind of math background do you have?

  39. heheh by MoreDruid · · Score: 2, Funny

    I just received a notice from my administrator that I should change my password again... this'll teach him!

    --
    The best weapon of a dictatorship is secrecy, but the best weapon of a democracy should be the weapon of openness.
  40. What? by Raven42rac · · Score: 2, Funny

    So many comments, yet not one link to the Prime Number Shitting Bear?
    Not even the slightly more tame Prime Number Pooping Bear?

    --
    I hate sigs.
  41. Re:What a good OS X client for this? by koekie · · Score: 2, Informative

    Since the main routines of Prime95 are in intel assembly it can't be compiled for the Mac. For the mac you can use GLucas (which was also used in the 2 verification runs), you kan find it at http://glucas.sourceforge.net/

  42. Re:Persuit of uselessness != profit by eidechse · · Score: 2, Insightful

    So, just how long have you been waiting for an excuse (no matter how flimsy) to post that rant?

    I ask because your tirade, although vigorous and interesting, is entirely unrelated to my post.

    Since you seem to be articulate and well read I'm giving you the benefit of the doubt and assuming that you have some sort of agenda...

    What is it exactly?