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New Radar Sees Through Walls

artemis67 writes "A small Israeli company has developed a radar system that uses ultra-wideband technology to produce three-dimensional pictures of the space behind a wall from a distance of up to 20 meters. The pictures, which reportedly resemble those produced by ultrasound, are relatively high-resolution and are produced in real time. Wow, it sounds like the potential benefits of this device are huge, saving lives of soldiers, firemen, or police; the potential for privacy invasion, however, is similarly large."

50 of 397 comments (clear)

  1. Our gratitude by andyrut · · Score: 4, Interesting

    On behalf of the Peeping Tom Society I say thanks, RadarVision!

    If it's not already Slashdotted, you can download the sample video off of the RadarVision website. The display doesn't give you Superman see-everything-in-detail-through-walls kind of powers (Lois Lane: "what kind of underwear am I wearing?"), but it's still pretty cool that this kind of thing can be done without using heat signatures and whatnot.

    1. Re:Our gratitude by DHR · · Score: 5, Funny

      wow, a glowing blob, what an invasion of privacy.

    2. Re:Our gratitude by Short+Circuit · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Actually, I think a low-resolution system is a worse invasion of privacy than a high-resolution.

      A low-resolution system is liable to lead to much more subjective interperetation in court. So you see the shape of the blob change slightly while he's at his computer. Is he drinking coffee or is he getting off looking at child porn?

    3. Re:Our gratitude by SparklesMalone · · Score: 3, Informative

      Cool link, but it's the "old" Time Domain brand, not the newer Camero brand. The newer brand has better res according to the article. Here's a couple other news sites that popped out of Google:
      Isreali press and an investor announcement.

    4. Re:Our gratitude by geoffspear · · Score: 5, Insightful
      That's why we have that whole "beyond a reasonable doubt" burden of proof thing.

      If they have a low-res recording of you building a bomb, your defense attorney can reasonably argue that the blob the jury sees could be doing anything. I doubt such images would ever even be considered admissible by the courts if they were of such low quality.

      --
      Don't blame me; I'm never given mod points.
    5. Re:Our gratitude by geoffspear · · Score: 4, Insightful
      The reasonable doubt provision does not aim to provide "perfect justice". Perfect justice would be if everyone who committed a crime was convicted and everyone who was accused of a crime he or she did not commit was acquitted.

      Fortunately, the authors of the US Constitution believed, as I do, that it's "good enough" to let some people who commit crimes get acquitted if the government can't prove beyond a reasonable doubt that they're guilty, to ensure that not a single innocent person is convicted.

      The real problem is that our law schools produce people who can, as Socrates was accused of doing, make the weaker argument appear to be the stronger, and convince juries to convict people who not only aren't guilty beyond any reasonable doubt, but who are later proven beyond any doubt whatsoever to be not guilty when new evidence or new techniques of analyzing evidence are used. Just having one person on death row exonerated by DNA evidence shows that the system is horribly broken.

      Of course, the sort of "strict constructionists" who believe that the government should never, ever, even think of overstepping the authority granted to it in the Constitution are, ironically, the exact same people who think it's a "technicality" when an alleged criminal is set free because the Constitution includes specific provisions to protect the People from abuse by the government.

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    6. Re:Our gratitude by hoggoth · · Score: 4, Funny

      > Is he drinking coffee or is he getting off looking at child porn?

      That all depends... is he drinking the coffee in quick little sips over and over again, drinking faster and faster until he appears to spill some coffee and reach for some napkins to clean it up?

      Then he's just drinking coffee.

      --
      - For the complete works of Shakespeare: cat /dev/random (may take some time)
    7. Re:Our gratitude by bckrispi · · Score: 3, Insightful
      You're kind of missing the problem here. The "blobs" being admissible in court isn't the issue. Using this technology to establish probable cause for executing a warrant *is*. Let me clarify this with a "real world" example that I read about a couple of years ago.

      "John" was suspected of growing Marijuana in his attic with intent to sell. The police tried to get a warrant to search John's house, but they hadn't established enough probable cause to get a judge to sign the warrant, even with John's house under surveilance(sp?).

      The police then used an Infrared camera to look "inside" John's house (without a warrant) to see what he was up to. They saw the heat coming of the growing lights illuminating what appeared to be a small forest of Home Grown. The police return to the Judge with this evidence. The judge signs the warrant, John's house is searched, the weed is found, and John is arrested.

      In a pre-trial hearing, John's lawyer challenged the legality of the search, on the grounds that the police effectively "searched behind closed doors" by using the infrared camera without a search warrant.

      Unfortunately, I can't remember for the life of me what the judge ruled on this motion, but it is very similar to what we're dealing with here. Essentially, it deals with what is considered 'plain sight' for an officer. It is accepted that an officer can use what he sees in his depth of vision as evidence. If you allow a policeman into your house, and he sees drugs lying in open on the table, you sure as hell will be arrested. But that same officer has no right to start opening drawers in your house looking for drugs. IR and Sonic technology "blur the line" on what is plain sight, and what is an intrusive search.

      --
      Xenon, where's my money? -Borno
    8. Re:Our gratitude by bartle · · Score: 4, Informative

      Unfortunately, I can't remember for the life of me what the judge ruled on this motion, but it is very similar to what we're dealing with here.

      Your post would've been that much more worth reading if you could have remembered. The supreme court ruled that infared cameras and similiar uses of technology required the use of a warrant.

    9. Re:Our gratitude by Carnildo · · Score: 3, Informative

      The problem is that this sort of evidence would be more than enough to get a search warrant and assuming they can get within range of your house without stepping on your property, it's use probably doesn't require one.

      This should already be covered under the ruling that using infrared to look into a house requires a search warrent.

      --
      "They redundantly repeated themselves over and over again incessantly without end ad infinitum" -- ibid.
  2. That's something to remember... by teutonic_leech · · Score: 4, Funny

    ... next time I read the newest Playboy mag at home - LOL

  3. Oh good by Aggrazel · · Score: 5, Funny

    Now if we can just condense this technology into a pair of glasses ...

  4. No fears... by swordboy · · Score: 5, Funny

    This stuff will never penetrate my Tin Foil Apartment!

    --

    Life is the leading cause of death in America.
  5. terrahertz imaging by bobthemuse · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Isn't this similar to the terahertz imaging previously discussed? Also seen here and here?

  6. Very cool by AKAImBatman · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I could see this being especially useful for counter-sniper sweeps. If you can see through buildings, you can do a helicopter sweep of the area and verify that no snipers are waiting to kill a VIP on the move.

    1. Re:Very cool by Mr.+Spontaneous · · Score: 3, Informative

      "All from 20 feet away?"

      the article says 20 meters.

      --
      Its all fun and games until someone loses an eye... then its just fun.
    2. Re:Very cool by genner · · Score: 3, Funny

      Every counter-strike wall hacker would agree with you.

    3. Re:Very cool by AKAImBatman · · Score: 3, Funny

      I'll happily disagree with you just as soon as I figure out what you just said.

    4. Re:Very cool by harlows_monkeys · · Score: 3, Insightful
      I could see this being especially useful for counter-sniper sweeps. If you can see through buildings, you can do a helicopter sweep of the area and verify that no snipers are waiting to kill a VIP on the move

      Even without range issues, I don't think that would really work that well. For example, suppose they had done that in 1963 along the Kennedy motorcade route. They would have found out someone was in the book depository. The problem is that someone being in the book depository is not suspicious. Without a lot more resolution than it sounds like this technology provides, you wouldn't be able to tell a sniper from anyone else.

      Sure, there might be some cases where it would work, such as when the sniper is someplace that no one should be, but thinking about most assasinations by sniper, the sniper is usually someplace where you'd expect to find people.

  7. Nobody cares about civil rights or liberty anymore by Skyshadow · · Score: 5, Funny
    C'mon, invasion of privacy? What is this, 1999 all over again? Didn't you get the memo? You can *trust* the government these days -- it's not like our leaders are so untrustworthy anymore that they might get a blowjob or two. That's why you won't be needing those pesky rights to free speech or due process anymore.

    Seriously, this sort of thing might be great for our soldiers in the field, and in my little optimistic heart I'd really like to think that something like this could exist in our country without being abused by the "Total Law Enforcement" crowd. I mean, the US *should* be able to operate that way, what with having Constitutional protections and all that.

    Given what's been going on recently, however, it seems like only a matter of time before somebody justifies using it on Americans on the grounds of terrorism prevention (after which, of course, everything will become terrorism of one kind or another). I mean, the USA is suddenly in the business of above-the-law prison camps, war without end and other awful little things like abusing the prisoner (in a non-masterbatory context), and all it took to get us to this point was the deaths of 3000 Americans.

    Does anyone really doubt that looking through the walls of people's homes will be next?

    --
    Every year during my review, I just pray the words "slashdot.org" aren't mentioned.
  8. saw it by reluctantengineer · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I saw a demo of this at FPED '03, I was marginally impressed. The resolution is no where near what they lead you to believe.

  9. Radarvision Camero by CommanderData · · Score: 5, Informative

    Note that the small Israeli company mentioned above is not Radarvison/Time Domain. Radarvision is based out of Huntsville Alabama.

    The Israeli company is called Camero and the product they are developing is superior to the Radarvision product as you don't need to hold it up to a wall. It can be used up to 20 meters away from a wall, and will give more detail on the items/activity behind the wall...

    Camero does not appear to have a web site, as far as I could find in my brief googling.

    --
    Urge to post... fading... fading... RISING!... fading... fading... gone.
  10. Behind walls eh? by EvilTwinSkippy · · Score: 4, Insightful
    Well what kind of walls? Drywall? Brick? Craypaper?

    The material the wall is made out of has a marked impact on the permeability of EM waves. And the frequency you select to get through the wall may pass straight through your intended target of viewing as well.

    --
    "Learning is not compulsory... neither is survival."
    --Dr.W.Edwards Deming
  11. Aluminium Foil by mbone · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Can't see through aluminium foil, if it is truly Al.

    My guess is that within 10 years we will see new homes / apartments boasting of how they form Faraday cages, to prevent all kinds of remote monitoring.

  12. In related news... by stoneymonster · · Score: 5, Funny

    the Department of Homeland Security advises citizens to stop using walls.

  13. WorldNetDaily?!?! by sakusha · · Score: 5, Informative

    Take this story with a huge grain of salt. WND is not a very reliable news source. It's right up there with NewsMax and Washington Times as lunatic fringe pseudojournalism.

    1. Re:WorldNetDaily?!?! by blincoln · · Score: 4, Interesting

      No kidding. I love some of the headlines on their main page:

      Filth, fraud, fascism: Exposing 'The Party of Treason' - How Democrats corrupt morals, steal elections, aid enemies

      Moore's film gets rave - from Communists -Stalinist Reds love 'Fahrenheit 9/11,' Maoists love it, too

      Divine intervention sought in presidential race - Get FREE copy of 'We Will Pray for Election Day' blockbuster

      The role of Iraq, Israel, USA in Bible prophecy - Limited time, get Michael Evans' stunning bestseller 'Beyond Iraq' FREE!

      Somehow I think I'll wait for independent confirmation of this "breakthrough." Especially since I routinely see articles proclaiming that Israeli scientists have invented everything from cold fusion to FTL drives and yet they somehow always fail to materialize in commercial form.

      --
      "...always new atoms but always doing the same dance, remembering what the dance was yesterday." -Richard Feynman
  14. Eraser by Apocalypse111 · · Score: 5, Funny

    Railguns + Wallhacks = those spiffy guns from Eraser...

    --
    There is no mod option "-1: Disagree" for a reason. "Overrated" is not an acceptable substitute. Post something instead.
  15. Walls... by eli173 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Just as long as it lets me see where this pipe/conduit/wire goes in my wall. (And where the studs are...)

    Or looky here, we've got termites in this wall.

    So when does the hand-held consumer version of this come out?

  16. Interesting by arieswind · · Score: 3, Interesting

    New technology is quite amazing..

    I can see it being used when the military is doing raids on houses, bunkers, etc. They can see how many people are in the room and where they are, so they can come in gunning and not take so many casualties.

    Another use might be that when they are searching houses for weapons and stuff, they can see into the rooms before hand.

    But, like other technology of this nature, it opens limitless possiblities for abuse, so the government will have to keep a cloe eye on how it is used

  17. I hate these pseudo-tech articles. by a7244270 · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Its been a while since I've done any RF, but theres some things in that article that are a little bit, odd, to say the least.

    Camero developed a certain kind of ultra radio wave that can be emitted to generate a high-definition image and also invented the technology that allows the enhanced wave to pass through virtually any wall.

    How exactly does one develop a "certain kind of ultra wadio wave", and how does one "allow it to pass through any wall". Perhaps they have a valid technology, but the person who translated this to layman's terms should be shot for creating a document that makes it sound like the company is selling smoke and mirrors.

    Actually, the part of the article that I found most interesting was

    ...an Israeli security source told WND that Israel recently developed proprietary technology that can discreetly put an electronic field around a building or area that gives users the ability to monitor and control every electronic emission within that field, from electronic can openers to fax machines, computers and cell phones.

    Seeing inside a room is one thing, but realistically, the potential for invasion of privacy is much larger with the wiretap field.

  18. Wall-hacks by nharmon · · Score: 4, Funny

    Next thing you know, the gamers will want devices to let them see through walls.

  19. police busting parties by TubeSteak · · Score: 4, Funny

    You modded this funny, but just wait till the police get their hands on this and start busting highschool and college parties. Think of the next generation. Think of the children. No more underage drinking, no more makeout sessions at the movies... what about when your mom gets one of these and catches you jerking off in the basement from outside the house. Yea, that's when the /. crowd will start saying "ummm... maybe this wasn't so cool"

    --
    [Fuck Beta]
    o0t!
    1. Re:police busting parties by afidel · · Score: 3, Informative

      Actually in Kyllo v. U.S. SCOTUS made a VERY broad generalization not at all a specific ruling on thermal imaging.

      Held: Where, as here, the Government uses a device that is not in general public use, to explore details of a private home that would previously have been unknowable without physical intrusion, the surveillance is a Fourth Amendment "search," and is presumptively unreasonable without a warrant.
      linky

      --
      There are 4 boxes to use in the defense of liberty: soap, ballot, jury, ammo. Use in that order. Starting now.
  20. Fortunately.... by Vancouverite · · Score: 4, Informative

    ...there have been court decisions that would affect using this without either an 'active situation' (hostages, &c) or a court order. There was a case in Oregon where police were using passive IR monitoring to generate enough information on a potential pot growing operation inside a house. Their subsequent raid / arrest was thrown out as a violation of privacy. Somehow, I can't see *active* methods of surveillance being any less monitored.

    What?

    Did I hear someone in the audience mutter "Patriot Act"?

    --
    We are the Music Makers, and We are the Dreamers of Dreams...
  21. Re:Nobody cares about civil rights or liberty anym by maximilln · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Typically I like to run against the government grain simply because I don't believe Big Brother is a good concept. Overhead always causes problems: greed, graft, bribes, special interests, unaccountability. Ask the Soviet Union about it. Ask Afghanistan about it. Ask Cuba about it. Heck, ask Saddam Hussein about it. I'm sure he'll gladly point out that any overhead power is a ripe field for exploitation.

    So we have this ping-pong match of people who hold the government in dreamy-eyed awe and people who see only the ill uses of governmental power. Somewhere in between lies the truth. Sometimes Big Brother gets it right, sometimes Big Brother gets it for himself. The only real way to eliminate the problem is to turn Big Brother into little Brother or even microscopic Brother. That's a fine and dandy solution but Big Brother writes too many paychecks, makes too many people feel warm fuzzy and comfortable, and keeps too many bankers and politicians living a very easy luxurious life.

    As for prisoner abuse that's a touchy subject. I've heard that some of the fellows who were stacked up on each other were being disciplined for attempting to start an exercise yard riot. Some of the people who were blindfolded and threatened with dogs were guilty of assaulting prison guards or officials. Certainly there are some legitimate cases of abuse but, all in all, every society has it. The Taliban had it, it happens in Paris and Amsterdam, the British _definitely_ have some neat B&D equipment, and American civilian police are caught abusing and bullying citizens all the time.

    There is the hypocrisy to address. Well, crap, that's just part of life. I don't like it anymore than anyone else. The US likes to strut around the world and point fingers and meddle in affairs and tell everyone else how to run their nations when, in all reality, the US gov't isn't doing such a hot, fair, honest, or kind job within its own borders. Once again it's the Big Brother syndrome. The only way to fix it is to turn Big Brother into little Brother or even microscopic Brother. And, again, there are too many paychecks, too many leeches, too many bleeding hearts (who don't have what it takes to do something on their own but like to bleed with someone else's money), and too many comfortable and wealthy politicians, bankers, brokers, and attorneys.

    So what of this "see through walls" technology? What if it is used by the local police someday to scan each and every house as they drive slowly down the block? Unless we can fix the Big Brother problem there's absolutely no sense in working yourself into a froth over the obligatory abuses that come from Big Brother.

    Personally I'd like to get rid of Big Brother. I'm an advocate of small efficient government just like I'm an advocate of small efficient software. But just like Microsoft, Big Brother has a monopoly on the field and plenty of loyal (or at least contractually trapped) followers.

    --
    +++ATHZ 99:5:80
  22. Don't blame the tools by Alan+Cox · · Score: 5, Insightful

    It seems odd to me that the same people who can follow that the DMCA is problematic because it bans the tools not the abuses of the tools can't make the connection when its non-computing related.

    Peering through neighbours walls (with this technology or drilling peepholes) is the offence. Would you argue that drills should be regulated because they could be used this way ?

    If anything the main reason to regulate it is likely to be because long exposures to low levels of radio frequency radiation seems to do bad things to human beings so operating one might require training, care and exposure limits.

    I'd also disagree its just a military tool. It has clear civilian usages including earthquake searches (because it can visualise spaces not just people so gives more info) and even boring stuff like inspecting buildings. Having had a large hole hacked in my house to see if a crack was structural I can certainly appreciate the civilian value of having tools to inspect it effectively without the mess, and the dust, and the redecorating.

  23. I can think of a few dictatorships.... by Eneff · · Score: 3, Insightful

    that would love this one.

    The Diary of Anne Frank would have been a lot shorter, though.

  24. Black Horn-rims? by Saeed+al-Sahaf · · Score: 4, Funny

    You should see the viewing apparatus for this device: It's a pair of black horn-rims with swirls on the lenses...

    --
    "Who are in control, they are not in control of anything - they don't even control themselves!" - Glen Beck
  25. Re:Invasion of privacy needn't involved your liken by paganizer · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Have they illegalized Jammers for this yet?
    If not, someone send me the frequency specs, i'll be able to whip one up pretty quick.

    As would any serious criminal equipment supplier, after they are illegalized...yet one more way to make sure everyone is a criminal, or can easily be proven to be one.

    --
    Why, yes, I AM a Pagan Libertarian.
  26. Blobs by niom · · Score: 5, Funny

    This device can tell someone how many people are in your house and give them some big hints about what they are doing (on blob on top of another, etc).

    This could mean the beginning of a whole new type of porn. I can see the popups: "Blobs doing things you never thought blobs could do!!! Subscribe to the BEST blob porn in the Internet!!!"

    Ok, I'll go take a cold shower now.

    --
    -- Repeat with me: "There is no right to profits".
  27. Radar Units by geomon · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I use one quite a bit. The ground-penetrating radar is probably not much different than this device in physical principles. That means it is subject to the same problems as my GPR:

    1) high clay content can wash out any signal,
    2) metallic objects (aluminum foil has been mentioned) can render the device useless, and
    3) too many objects can interfere.

    There have been numerous examples posted here where you just spring a few moving decoys around the building and now the operator on the outside has just as much valuable information as they had without the $20KUSD device attached to their arm.

    This thing is a boat anchor.

    --
    "Rocky Rococo, at your cervix!"
  28. UWB has been around for a while. by pdmoderator · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Shortly after 9/11, we were looking at it for firefighter communications within buildings. Radar applications for locating victims were mentioned. I also learned that the spooks had had the technology for at least fifteen years before that.

    As often happens, it's just now making its slow way onto the civilian market.

  29. Could they be using Terahertz Imaging? by Junior+Samples · · Score: 4, Interesting

    This article certainly lacks any technical details, but it sounds like the device may use a form of Terahertz imaging. This is the region of electromagnetic spectrum between microwave and infrared (0.1 GHz to >2 THz).

    There has been a lot of recent activity involving Terahertz Imaging for medical and surveillance applications. TeraHertz Imaging

  30. Many applications! by ScottGant · · Score: 4, Funny

    Just think about putting this thing on like a helicopter...then also put some ultra-sensative microphones on it so you could also listen through the walls...

    Then have like a "whisper" mode on the helicopter so you could hover in relative silence while surveilling the structure that you happen to be..um...surveilling.

    Have a JAFO onboard to be in charge of the taping (to half inch videotape) and working the cameras.

    We could call this Helicopter something catchy...like "Red Lightening" or "Thunder Blue" or something like that...we'll think of something...

    --

    "Music is everybody's possession. It's only publishers who think that people own it." - John Lennon.
  31. Yes, it may be an invasion of privacy by MalikChen · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Sure, the polics can use this technology to see through your walls and see if you are doing something illegal, but it probably won't be admissable in an American court.

    There was a case in which police used infrared scanners to see how hot/bright it was inside a house that they suspected having marijuana plants growing inside. When it came to trial, the attorney argued that because the police had no warrant to search the house, it was an illegal search. IIRC, the judge ruled that it was a violation of search and seizure laws. It's a good precedent, and because it sends out waves to spy (as opposed to passive scanning like the infrared did), it's even more invasive.

    So, just get a good lawyer, and you should be set. That is, in theory.

  32. Another project by bigberk · · Score: 4, Interesting

    There's a group in my graduating electrical engineering class that did their undergrad design project on something similar, Design, Construction, and Testing of a Microwave Radar System for Through-Wall Surveillance. It uses 1 - 3 GHz microwave frequencies and some pretty straightforward electronics to provide signals to a computer, which does the image resolution. I was able to see a first-hand demonstration of it, and it's impressive for an undergrad project! Just in case you thought this "New radar" in the article is revolutionary or something.

  33. Re:Used for "saving lives"? by nyekulturniy · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Oh, Yassin was a politician. A murderous one, like Stalin, but a politician nonetheless.

    --
    Nyekulturniy... Proudly confusing readers and editors since 1981!
  34. Re:Used for "saving lives"? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful
    That's not "interesting" at all, nor is it accurate. If you have a better way of fighting terrorists, please feel free to share it, but the Israel bashing I see on Slashdot sickens me. I don't agree with many of Sharon's policies, I don't want to see any Palestinian territories occupied, I would love it if the Palestinians could live and let live and have their own state, their own government, and get plenty of aid funding and help rebuilding their economy.


    The sad part is that's where things were back in the late 90s when things were rapidly improving for the Palestinian people, many Palestinian expatriots were considering returning and reinvesting in the economy and a lasting peace seemed around the corner. Can you tell me, for 10 points please, who ended that possibility? Was it Sharon? Was it Bush? Was it Clinton? No. It was the Palestinians who brought this on themselves when they started the Al Aqsa Intifada, and used as justification Sharon's daring to visit a site in Jerusalem on the Temple Mount.


    I hate to see the terminology of liberalism and peace hijacked by Palestinian warmongers and bought into whole hog by so many American liberals because they hear words like "genocide" and "war crimes" being bandied about.


    I have met several former Israeli soldiers, by the way, and none of them were people who wanted to our would ever take part in killing innocent civilians knowingly. They shot because they were fired upon or because they caught somebody planting a bomb. I won't say that nobody innocent gets killed, surely it happens, but you need to look at who is choosing to keep making the area a war zone and who started the Al Aqsa Intifada in the first place and who perpetuates it - it's surely not the Israeli government, with a populace that overwhelmingly wants a peaceful solution with the Palestinians. Look at the people whose financial interests and power are tied up with keeping the fighting going - like Hamas, which would lose its political power and fundraising abilities in the rest of the Arab world with a peace settlement. Look at Arafat who clings to his autocracy and apparently fears the creation of a stable, economically solvent democracy for the Palestinian people.


    The most shameful part is that I have to post this anonymously because experience has taught me that the liberal forces on Slashdot have bought into this twisting of liberal terminology so much that to post reasonable, moderate discourse on this issue invariably gets you moderated into oblivion. And that is a particularly sad statement.

  35. saving lives of soldiers? by matdodgson · · Score: 3, Insightful

    This thing comes from Israel - meaning it was designed to make killing Palestinians easier.