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Well I'll Be A Monkey's Uncle

killproc writes "A new report suggests that interbreeding between humans and chimpanzees happened a lot more recently than was previously thought. The report, published in the most recent issue of the journal Nature, estimates that final break between the human and chimpanzee species did not come until 6.3 million years ago at the earliest, and probably less than 5.4 million years ago."

44 of 648 comments (clear)

  1. There won't be any controversy here! by Whiney+Mac+Fanboy · · Score: 5, Funny

    Scientists: Humans and Apes share a common ancestor.

    Creationists: No they don't, God created us all as we are now.

    Scientists: To clarify, we're actually descended from the interbreeding between our ancestral humans and early chimps, which created a third, infertile "hybrid" species, the human equivalent of a mule. Though incapable of breeding among its own, the hybrid is believed to have survived by mating with its parent human or chimp species.

    Scientists: Oh, and our ancestor's were happily getting up to monkey business with their cousins (so to speak) for four million years after the split!

    Creationists: Oh right, that clears that up then! Cheers :-)

    (Second scientist line ripped off from the rather good article on this subject on the Guardian's website.)

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    1. Re:There won't be any controversy here! by Whiney+Mac+Fanboy · · Score: 4, Insightful

      That being said, I don't think we descended from chimps. I've made a rather lengthy arguement about this before and I'm not sure I totally want to get into again, but I just don't believe humans came from chimps.

      Dude, nobody thinks humans are descended from chimps. Chimps and Humans have a common ancestor (and now the divergence line is a little more blurred).

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    2. Re:There won't be any controversy here! by pe1rxq · · Score: 5, Insightful

      You mistake in the way you think about selection.

      There is no 'law of evolution' kind of thing that says that a species will involve into something more complex or intelligent.
      Natural selection simply works because a certain species is capable to stay in existence.
      Sometimes being stupid and just breed is more efficient than being intelligent.
      Ants have a complex structure which allows them to spread very efficiently. Knowing how to paint for some reason wasn't needed for them to spread widely and thus such an feature would only result in extra lugage to carry around.
      Maybe out species at some point managed to stay alive longer by being a little bit more creative than our cousins. That might have been an factor that resulted in more offspring.

      Jeroen

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    3. Re:There won't be any controversy here! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Abstraction is a strong part of the process used in learning. View a set of data, create an abstract theory. Humans happen to be better at it than most animals.

      Art is simply one way of expressing these abstractions. Same thing with God - you see a bunch of seemingly miraculous things happening... something must be acting to cause those miracles. Ergo, God.

      As to ants vs. humans, well, ants don't have the same needs we do because all ants are moderately simple. They just don't have the neuron mass to act independently. Nor is it likely for them to evolve the neuron mass, because of structural issues re: exoskeletons.

    4. Re:There won't be any controversy here! by gowen · · Score: 5, Insightful
      why the need for art and culture
      What makes you think there's a need for art and culture? Humans didn't evolve a desire art anymore than kittens evolved an enjoyment of playing with wool. It's the vestige, an accidental by-product, of some things we did find evolutionarily advantageous : intelligence, language, society and imagination.
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    5. Re:There won't be any controversy here! by Whiney+Mac+Fanboy · · Score: 5, Funny

      I believe you meant to say:

      Just means my ancestors were fucking some pretty cool monkeys, baby. :-D

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    6. Re:There won't be any controversy here! by mrpeebles · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Just to agree with you, and add a little bit: in general, science doesn't need to explain the entire story. In fact, science has a long history of concentrating on the things it can explain, and ignoring the things that it cannot. For example, when Newton's law of gravity came out, there was a lot of controversy as to how objects could interact with each other at a distance, about which Newton's law of gravity says nothing. But how can you argue with it? It is so powerful, and so elegant, it must be getting part of the story right, so to speak. It wasn't until 200 years later, with Einstein, that physics had anything interesting to say about how those objects interacted with each other at a distance. Similarly, there seem to be a lot of big, important questions left in the evolution of the human species. It does seem quite little strange to understand evolutionary pressures that allowed us to carry food on the savannas also allowing us to go to the moon, or paint the Mona Lisa. Maybe there is more to the story then. But that doesn't need to mean that the part of the story we do have is wrong.

    7. Re:There won't be any controversy here! by SatanicPuppy · · Score: 4, Insightful

      The point is specialization. Humans, for whatever reason, specialized in tool use as a means for survival. We learned to see the environment as something to be manipulated. Abstract thought became an advantage, so it prospered in our evolution, and we adapted to it. Art is an outgrowth of abstract thought and tool use. Doesn't serve any purpose really, it just happens to be a side-effect of the kind of brain that could produce gunpowder.

      Ants, on the other hand, are pretty near perfect. They are utterly dominant in their niche, amazingly successful. The ongoing ant-ian evolution involves coming up with new and exciting ways to be dominant in their niche. Better venom, better reproductive turnaround, better coordination, ability to survive in other environments. The ability to create art is hilariously useless to them. Advanced cognition is hilariously useless. Can you imagine the worker ants going on strick because they don't get enough nectar, or get sent into too many hazardous situations? Any ant that started evolving in that direction would be less fit to live, an evolutionary flop.

      Intelligence is not the end-all be-all in evolution. Why are chimps not intelligent artisans like us? Maybe because they climb trees better than we do. Why not? They didn't need to pick up tool use, because they could out-climb all their predators, whereas we had to have a big ass club up in the tree with us because panthers could climb better.

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    8. Re:There won't be any controversy here! by Whiney+Mac+Fanboy · · Score: 4, Informative

      And I don't think the point of evolution is to create humans. I simply ask the question. Given the two types of evolution we teach, how do they explain the differences in how humans forked from this common ancestor?

      1) Only one type of evolution is taught. It's split into two for the convenience of explaining things on small or large timescales (just like macro and micro economics are both just aspects of economics)

      2) There isn't a specific explanation of why human evolution took a different path. It's just random. Sorry.

      And having said debate numerous times over the years, no one has ever come close to answering that question once.

      Hmmmn, sounds like you're making an argument from incredulity

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    9. Re:There won't be any controversy here! by Mr.+Slippery · · Score: 5, Informative
      Humans have some really unique aspects about us as a species. We have advanced language. We have art. We have complex emotions and psychology.

      Other animals have language (not as advanced, obviously), have been known to engage in artistic activity, and appear to experience emotion. (Of course we can't say for sure - but then I can't say for sure whether you experience emotion either.) They also show culture, in the form of complex learned behaviors that differ from group to group.

      When I asked a professor point blank why the need for art and culture would develop through the course of evolution

      Evolution produces all sorts of things that are not "needed" for survival, like peacock tails.

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    10. Re:There won't be any controversy here! by spun · · Score: 4, Informative

      You aren't understanding what I said at all, and I'm beginning to suspect that others have pointed out the same ideas to you before, and you didn't understand them then, either. Not understanding an answer is not the same thing as not getting an answer.

      Let me try again. Fitness criteria do not apply across the board to all species equally. What makes a human fit for a human's niche is not what makes an ant fit for an ant's niche. Different niches, different criteria.

      I'll ask you a question again, why don't humans have wings?

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    11. Re:There won't be any controversy here! by ceoyoyo · · Score: 3, Interesting

      How about this. Once you've evolved the brains for it (humans are one of the few animals that are big enough to support a brain big enough for high intelligence) advanced communication obviously becomes a really beneficial ability. All social animals (of which we are one) require fairly advanced communication to make their society work. We can also use it to coordinate. Humans are pretty weak and fragile, but put a bunch of us together and we can take down mastadons.

      Once you've got a big brain and communication you start to make marks. Various animals, birds in particular, remember visual landmarks. Some smart early human realized he could MAKE visual landmarks for himself and his tribe. Even some other animals do this, scratching trees to mark territory for instance. Now communication and marking combine into what you might call early art. As a bonus it serves as a way of recording knowledge.

      When you look at it carefully much of our vaunted uniqueness just looks like things other animals do, taken to the next level.

      As for other traits, they've been quite well explained. Chances are if you took another species of great ape, kicked them out of the forest on the savanna and then made them survive through an ice age after a few million years you'd end up with a lot of dead apes and some really smart ones.

    12. Re:There won't be any controversy here! by plunge · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Ok, well, then the answer is simple: they're lying.

      First of all, by all respects, positive mutations in practice DO happen, and indeed one can point to any number of recent examples just in humans, just recently. Tetrachromaticism in women is recent. So is the immunity to the negative effects of LDH cholesterol developed in a single man in Italy (creating descendants among whom heart disease and strokes are vanishingly shockingly rare).

      Second of all, think about it logically. Mutation is random. That means that anything it can do, it can undo. So if it can have bad effects, then it can also have good effects (for instance, if one mutation breaks something by changing a T to an A, then the next mutation can change the A back to a T, thus having a positive effect).

      Thirdly, creationists generally also admit that mutations can cause observeable variations in a species: longer beaks, shorter legs, etc. But any of these can have positive effects, so they've just unknowingly admitted to something they elsewhere deny.

      Finally, talking about mutation and function in this way is itself misinformed. Whether or not a mutation is "beneficial" or not depends a great deal on context. A particular mutation can have a negative effect in one context, and a positive effect in another one. There are certainly mutations that very clearly are better or worse than what came before in all contexts, but by and large there is no objective measure of whether a mutation is beneficial, neutral, or positive. It all depends on a lot of other factors and how it plays out.

  2. Alt Headline by gEvil+(beta) · · Score: 5, Funny

    I liked my headline a whole lot better:
    Was Your Ancestor a Monkey F**ker?

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    1. Re:Alt Headline by Colonel+Angus · · Score: 4, Funny

      ...I'm pretty sure that's what the monkeys are thinking.

  3. And the results of the cross-breeding... by Tx · · Score: 5, Funny

    Why, Steve Ballmer of course ;)

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  4. Key line from TFA by Daniel+Dvorkin · · Score: 4, Insightful

    "The Nature paper joins a wave of work showing that the lines between species are hazy ..."

    This is the critical point that creationists who blather on about "macroevolution vs. microevolution" (a distinction without a difference) and "nobody has ever observed a speciation event" (just not true) willfully miss. Species lines are imposed by observers after the fact; they are not inherent in the nature of living organisms.

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    1. Re:Key line from TFA by A+beautiful+mind · · Score: 4, Interesting

      To be honest the creationists' argument always reminded me to Zeno's motion paradox. That's what you get when you try to view a continous process as a number of separate things. Evolution is continous and there is no division/distinction between macro- and microevolution the same way Achilles leaves the turtle behind, contrary to creationist belief.

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    2. Re:Key line from TFA by Daniel+Dvorkin · · Score: 4, Funny

      I like that analogy!

      'Course, most creationists have probably never heard of Zeno's paradox, and if they had to think about it for a while, they'd probably end up concluding that it's irrelevant since Zeno, Achilles, and the turtle were all going to Hell anyway.

      --
      The correlation between ignorance of statistics and using "correlation is not causation" as an argument is close to 1.
    3. Re:Key line from TFA by LunaticTippy · · Score: 4, Informative

      Google "ring species" and you will see that this is well studied. There are salamanders, for example, that can interbreed with neighbors in a ring, but not with all other members of the ring.

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    4. Re:Key line from TFA by plunge · · Score: 3, Insightful

      "In all the papers I have read I have yet to see anyone counter Behe's rather simple "irreducable complexity" issues in way that I could go, "Oh, okay. That makes sense." Instead, most of the counter arguments are as poor and emotionally charged as those of creationists defedning a literal interpretation of Genesis."

      Of course, it's easy to characterize them that way, without actually stating any of the problems with them.

      "The fascinating machines that biological organisms are just do not compute to me as a product of chaos or random placement."

      It sounds like that's because you've bought into the remarkably poor analougy Behe uses in calling them "machines" in the first place.

      It's interesting: if you read Behe, it sounds as if the flagella, for instance, is some remarkable single structure which only works in exactly one way: an island of function in a sea. But of course, once you look into the matter more, you find that there are many many different types of flagella with all sorts of variations of structure... and even things which have some of the same structures of flagella, but play different roles.

      Once you start finding things like this, Behe's picture of things starts to fall to pieces.

      "I also grow tired of the sheer arrogance of the evolution camp who appear to believe as humans that our "science" has moved to the point of infallibility."

      Again, this is an accusation that's easy to make, not a fact. I've NEVER met a scientist who believed that their knowledge was complete or infaliable. In fact, scientists are probably better than ANYONE ELSE in the way they are very specific about what the evidence can and cannot tell you about something.

      I think what you are mischaracterizing is not them claiming to be infaliable, but them objecting to critics who are plain dishonest about how science works or what the evidence is.

      "It's the very questioning of the status quo and accepted theory that continues to allow us to advance our knowledge."

      And that's the greatest irony of all. No one is questioning things more rigorously than scientists: any number of vast revisions and innovations within science have happened over just the last few decades.

      Creationists and ID proponents on the other hand, are the ones repeating the same darn arguments over and over, completely immune to arguments and evidence contradicting their views. They are the ones who insist that they need not actually learn about what evolution says or what the evidence is before declaring it bunk: and when told that this is ignorant, they scream and whine. But guess what: spouting off about something you haven't bothered to understand IS ignorant.

  5. 3.5 million years? by caffeinatedOnline · · Score: 5, Funny

    According to my wife, it happened just last night...

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  6. Misleading by Reckless+Visionary · · Score: 5, Insightful

    What this shows is that there was likely interbreeding between the ancestor line of humans and the ancestor line of chimpanzees. Unfortunately, all the headlines I've read skip that distinction and dive right into "humans and chimps interbred." They were not either modern humans or modern champanzees, and were likely much closer in genetics and appearance than we are to modern chimps, even though even now we are very close genetically after 5 million years of divergence.

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    1. Re:Misleading by homer_ca · · Score: 4, Informative

      Yes, the headlines saying "humans" are just dumb. They're probably talking about species like Australopithecus which are far from being humans. They evolved a pelvis that enabled them to walk upright, but their brains were 35% the size of a human brain.

  7. *blush* by Rob+T+Firefly · · Score: 5, Funny
    A new report suggests that interbreeding between humans and chimpanzees happened a lot more recently than was previously thought.

    That was weeks ago, and it was on a dare. Let's speak no more of this.

  8. At last! by gowen · · Score: 5, Funny

    Robin Williams' body hair explained.

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  9. Damm Dirty ape by tsunamiiii · · Score: 5, Funny

    Take your stinking paws off me, you damned dirty ape!

  10. Chimps ARE NOT MONKEYS by Hamster+Lover · · Score: 4, Informative

    I know the headline was probably meant as a joke, but before the Creationists go, um, ape on us it should be noted that Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Bonobos, Orangutangs and Man are all "great apes", evolved from earlier species. Apes evolved from Old World Monkeys about 25 million years ago.

    Apes are differentiated from monkeys by their larger brain size, versatile shoulder joints, and lack a tail.

  11. Re:How many beers would it take.... by Mr.+Bad+Example · · Score: 4, Funny

    > I mean all that hair and leathery lips!

    It doesn't seem to have slowed Paris Hilton down.

  12. I'm thinking less. by Gulik · · Score: 4, Funny

    ...final break between the human and chimpanzee species did not come until 6.3 million years ago at the earliest, and probably less than 5.4 million years ago.

    They should go to the mall sometime and revise their estimate accordingly.

  13. Hold it a second! by anzha · · Score: 4, Informative

    John Hawks, a professor of anthropology, has a pretty sound and harsh refutation of the article. It looks like, if John is to be followed, that this is some pretty wishful thinking and sloppy work.

    He has a follow-up post on his weblog as well.

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    1. Re:Hold it a second! by espressojim · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Well, as a bioinformaticist who has been following this work for a while (both the first and last authors, along with most of the others present at our weekly group meeting), I'd say that the work isn't sloppy.

      It is controversial, as it doesn't match with the fossil record. But if you knew the guys involved (and the internal vetting process at the Broad), you'd understand that this work has gone through massive peer review by some of the most gifted individuals in genetics I've seen.

      I'd guess that John Hawks isn't a genetics specialist (Just as David isn't an anthropologist), so when data starts conflicting, it's hard for anyone to give ground. I think it's exciting, because it allows for more experiments to be divised on both ends, and for more clarification to be arrived.

      In other words, the scientific process.

    2. Re:Hold it a second! by Wabin · · Score: 5, Insightful
      Ugh. As a genetecist whose lab does work on this stuff (I personally avoid human data, but do work on speciation), I would say that one of the good points Hawks makes is that there is a lot of work that should have been cited that wasn't. They present their paper as if they are the first to suggest that there was a period of human-chimp hybridization. I won't go into the older literature, some of which they do cite, but more recently, Navarro and Barton (2003) (link may be behind paywall, sorry) provided some evidence for extensive hybridization. Also, Osada and Wu (2005) (which is cited, but really really strangely) were more explicit in their claim of hybridization (though here they refer to it as disproof of pure allopatry (a rapid event driven by geographic isolation)). Some of the methods in the "new" paper appear to be directly derived from tests in Osada and Wu. The work itself is good, but maybe not as groundbreaking as they would like to believe. Personally, I was just waiting for a good data set to come up with better evidence for something I was quite confident of already. This does that.

      I also happen to think that as we investigate more and more pairs of close species, we will find this is not at all an uncommon pattern. There are lots of hybrids out there in nature, and you can be sure that genes make it across "species boundaries" with some regularity for quite a while.

      One final note to destroy my credibility. Is anyone surpised that people had sex with chimps? (Okay, proto-humans with proto-chimps) We are a couple of horny species. I don't know too much about chimp sexual habits, but we humans sure are a kinky bunch to boot.

      --
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  14. Misleading by Shihar · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I hate to quibble, but the summary is not quite right. It isn't like there were chimpanzees, humans evolved "up" from chimpanzees, and the chimpanzees remained the same. This isn't how evolution works. What happened was that a single species broke into two separate species. Both species continued to change and evolve. A chimpanzee has done just as much "evolving" as a human has, it just went in a different direction. Whatever the case though, if you were to compare a chimpanzee ancestor to a human and a modern chimp, you would find that you are looking at three very different species.

    I am not saying that human evolution isn't teh pwn, but keep in mind that things don't "branch" like in a tree where the original branch remains. When things branch they move off in different directions and the original species before the branch is lost.

  15. Not to be too disgusting, but... by DoofusOfDeath · · Score: 4, Interesting

    We'll, I'm curious, since there appears to be relatively recent common ancestry. Do we know if humans can successfully mate with any other primate?

    1. Re:Not to be too disgusting, but... by the+eric+conspiracy · · Score: 5, Funny

      Another desperate geek cry for help.

    2. Re:Not to be too disgusting, but... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      Working alphabetically I'm up to Orangutang. No kids so far.

    3. Re:Not to be too disgusting, but... by Xibby · · Score: 4, Informative

      No confirmed human/chimp hybrid has ever been found. Chuman/Humanzee/Manpanzee and Oliver would be good places to start if you want to find out more.

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  16. Monkey Business by menace3society · · Score: 3, Funny

    Now all the furries are going to come out and say that what they do is perfectly natural. Damn you, science, damn you.

  17. Debating by devphaeton · · Score: 3, Funny

    I'm surprised that nobody got killed trying to release this blasphemous information.

    1) Earth older than 6000 years? check
    2) Support of evolution? check
    3) bestiality OMGWTFBBQ!! check

    The fundies must be clawing their own skin off reading this!

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  18. obligatory joke. by sammy+baby · · Score: 4, Funny

    A guy on vacation goes to the big city as a tourist when he makes the acquaintance of someone named Sal. Sal is a gregarious guy, knows everything about the city, and seems to have done everything it is possible to have done, so tourist guy is happy to have him along as a companion.

    During their travels, Sal points to a block of row homes. "See those houses? I was on the construction crew that built those, and maybe half the other houses in this neighborhood. But do they call me "Sal, the home builder?" No."

    Later, while crossing a bridge, Sal points to a spot on the river below. "See that? Right there, there was this rowboat with a bunch of kids in it, which capsized. Idiot parents didn't put lifejackets on the kids. So I had to jump in and save the little guys. Seven kids, I pulled out of the water! But do they call me, "Sal, the saver of drowning children?" No."

    Later still, they're passing the metropolitan zoo. Sal looks particularly steamed. "Okay. See the primate house over there?"

    "I fucked ONE chimp..."

  19. MISLEADING! by posterlogo · · Score: 4, Informative

    The blurb is very misleading. There was no "intercourse between humans and chimps" because THERE WERE NO humans or chimps back then. We did not evolve from chimps, humans and chimps simply had COMMON ancestry, a very long time ago. What this means is that the ancient ancestor of humans was able to, for a period of time, interbreed with the ancient ancestor of chimps. They were NOT that different back then. They may not have even looked very different. However, the genetic code was beginning to diverge because they had formed into two isolated populations, and then came back together briefly, before diverging forever into the lineages we can observe today. This "messy" split theory is still not entirely proven, but is an interesting analysis based on genetic sequence divergance data obtained from hundreds of specimens.

  20. Evolution is NOT random by cutedinochick · · Score: 3, Informative

    Well, the chaos thing doesn't work for a lot of people studying it. Evolution is not random. Mutations are random. The processes of evolution require that some mutations are more beneficial than others, and adaptation occurs when a population alters to the point of becoming better adapted to its environment. This may be morphologically or behaviorally. Evolution has a lot of genetic components (it wouldn't happen at all without genetic variation), but the environment is what the population has to adapt to. Remember, evolution acts on the level of species or populations, not at the level of genome, and it is anything but random.

  21. Super gray squirrels! by DigiShaman · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Let me share with you all something I've personally witnessed about evolution. I think it dove-tails your thread fairly well.

    When I was younger living in Kingwood, TX in 1985 (still considered to be a new development at the time), I remember seeing many dead gray squirrels on the road. It didn't really seem to matter what roads, as the road kill was evenly distributed throughout the city. Over the years, I've seen exactly how they would die. These squirrels would run across the road in front of traffic. But that's not what killed them. What kills them is that they freak out and run back the other way, then back again, and again. Basically, they just run out to the road and can't make up their mind by running back and fourth till...POP...they see the underside of a tire.

    Fast forward to today where the population of Kingwood, TX has at least tripled. Though more construction has taken place displacing vast areas of forests, you can still see gray squirrels all over the place. In fact, I can visually see MORE of them today then I did back in 1985. Even more astonishing, I don't see ANY dead squirrels. Maybe I will find a dead cat, or possum in rare instances, but no dead squirrels. How can this be? How can the grey squirrel population increase and yet their dead on the road decrease?!

    I found the answer. When those bastards run across the road, they don't freak out anymore. They run in one direction and never look back. They keep going, and fast!

    They've gotten smarter, they're adapting, surviving...evolving.

    --
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