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NASA Discovers Life's Building Block In Comet

xp65 writes "NASA scientists have discovered glycine, a fundamental building block of life, in samples of comet Wild 2 returned by NASA's Stardust spacecraft. 'Glycine is an amino acid used by living organisms to make proteins, and this is the first time an amino acid has been found in a comet,' said Jamie Elsila of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. 'Our discovery supports the theory that some of life's ingredients formed in space and were delivered to Earth long ago by meteorite and comet impacts.'"

39 of 148 comments (clear)

  1. How sure? by Hammer · · Score: 2, Funny

    Are we sure it is not an alien spaceship ?

    1. Re:How sure? by mrsquid0 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      No, all it means is that some of the chemicals needed for Earthly life are also found in elsewhere in the Solar System. Given that the entire Solar System formed out of the same molecular cloud that is not very surprising.

      --
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    2. Re:How sure? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

      This comet orbits the Sun every 6.39 years.
      The chemicals on it might just as well have been knocked off from Earth to begin with as coming from elsewhere in the Solar System.

    3. Re:How sure? by Will.Woodhull · · Score: 2, Interesting

      The competitive, and somewhat older, hypotheses were that glycine and other amino acids were formed in primordial tidal pools, or in the atmosphere during lighning storms, and so on. So this finding is significant in demonstrating that at least some amino acids can be formed under extraterrestrial conditions. This weakens the "Earth is a very special place" arguments. So this is a fairly important finding.

      Also kudos to the analyst teams for finding ways to handle such small specimens. This result is the product of a technology that could not even be imagined 15 years ago.

      A question for anyone who has studied the subject: do we have any idea why there is a difference between terrestrial and extraterrestrial carbon isotope ratios? Or for that matter, the higher presence of iridium in space rocks, etc?

      --
      Will
    4. Re:How sure? by psnyder · · Score: 2, Informative
      It's not the first time amino acids were found to be formed under extraterrestrial conditions. It's the first time amino acids were found on a comet. Many meteors have been found with amino acids, most notably the Murchison Meteorite of 1969.

      _

      A question for anyone who has studied the subject: do we have any idea why there is a difference between terrestrial and extraterrestrial carbon isotope ratios?

      To answer your question from what I understand:

      • Atmospheric CO2 contains the naturally occurring carbon isotopes C12, C13, and C14 in the proportions 98.9%, 1.1% & 10 to the -10%, respectively.
      • Plants take in CO2 with both C12 and C13 isotopes, but about 7 million years ago, the predominant flora evolved so that they absorbed more CO2 with C13 than their predecessors. It was actually a stunningly quick change evolutionarily, about the span of a couple of million years. I don't remember why this benefited the plants, but it did, and that's what happened.

      So I believe a lot of terrestrial C13 is trapped because our plants have preferred it for 7 million years.


      Incidentally, this is how we know that the increased CO2 in the atmosphere is caused by fossil fuel burning. The plants that created fossil fuels are much older than this 7 million year mark and trapped a higher ratio of C12. There's an increase of C12 isotope in the atmospheric ratio that starts around 1850 (the beginning of the industrial revolution). In other words, the trapped C12 isotopes are escaping in higher ratios when we burn those old plants. And we can figure out the timing of all of this because of Carbon dating using C14. Gotta love those isotopes!


      _

      Or for that matter, the higher presence of iridium in space rocks, etc?

      Found this one on Wikipedia =)

      It is thought that the overall concentration of iridium on Earth is much higher than what is observed in crustal rocks, but because of the density and siderophilic ("iron-loving") character of iridium, it descended below the crust and into the Earth's core when the planet was still molten.

  2. Glycine Deficiency by Falstaft · · Score: 3, Funny

    Strange, we think that a comet wiped out the dinosaurs, and yet another comet like this one could sustain the glycine-deficient dinosaurs at Jurassic Park!

    1. Re:Glycine Deficiency by Half-pint+HAL · · Score: 2, Informative

      That was lysine. Muppet.

      HAL.

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  3. Panspermia? by jollyreaper · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Or "space spooge" as the kids call it these days. So where'd that life come from?

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  4. Tin Foil Hat by BurzumNazgul · · Score: 3, Interesting
    'Our discovery supports the theory that some of life's ingredients formed in space and were delivered to Earth long ago by meteorite and comet impacts.'

    It also supports the theory that some other planet full of life went *KA-BOOOM*

    Aliens of said planet are now patrolling the galaxy looking for the next M class planet to colonize.

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    1. Re:Tin Foil Hat by Miros · · Score: 2, Funny

      Quick! We've got to try to render this planet as depleted and undesirable as possible as swiftly as we can...

    2. Re:Tin Foil Hat by c6gunner · · Score: 5, Informative

      They might not be intelligent, but at least they'll be edible

      Actually, you're wrong there. As one example, life on earth is composed of right-handed sugars and and left-handed amino acids, but as far as we can tell there's no particular reason why that configuration had to happen - it was a random configuration which manifested early in the development of terrestrial life and spread to all existing species. This means we can only process food with that particular molecular makeup. Early artificial sweeteners took advantage of this fact - their manufacturers figured out how to make left-handed sugars which we could taste, but couldn't digest. In other words you can eat it and it won't cause you any harm, but you won't get any energy from it. What this means is that there would be, at best, only a 25% chance of us being able to use your hypothetical life-forms as a food source, and that's without having to worry about whether they provide us with the right vitamins/nutrients, what sorts of hormones and toxins might be in them, etc.

    3. Re:Tin Foil Hat by PinkyGigglebrain · · Score: 3, Interesting

      And lets not forget that it would work both ways.

      If we can eat, and be nourished by, alien life then any bacterium from the same environment could use US as food as well.

      And even then alien predators would likely still TRY to eat us if they thought we might taste good, or could be used as incubators for their parasitic, chest busting, off-spring, or they might just want to hunt us for sport with plasma based weapons while using active-camo.

    4. Re:Tin Foil Hat by tool462 · · Score: 3, Funny

      So what you're saying is that we only have a 25% chance of being able to digest the alien species, but a 75% chance of being able to use them as a calorie-free artificial sweetener?

      Queue the countdown to NutraSweet funding the SETI program in 3...2...1..

  5. Again? by SnarfQuest · · Score: 2, Funny

    Don't they make a claim like this every other week? It isn't getting any more interesting. Elements of life found in an old pile of pancakes left behind in an abandoned nuclear power plant, now that would be interesting.

    --
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    1. Re:Again? by ionix5891 · · Score: 4, Funny

      Ha!

      q: Whats the difference between average slashdotter and average comet?

      a: one gets to spread its "life's building blocks" around

    2. Re:Again? by American+Terrorist · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Yeah, and each time, it's obvious the evidence was planted.

      I RTFA and tried to figure out how they are 100% certain the glycine is from space. Apparently it's because of the isotope ratios of C12 and C13, with more C13 being present in space. My question is, how much glycine did they collect? The link to the analytics on NASA's website keeps timing out.

    3. Re:Again? by Comatose51 · · Score: 4, Funny

      We spread "life's building blocks" around too. It's just that there's no fertile "tracts of land" to receive them.

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    4. Re:Again? by BradleyAndersen · · Score: 2, Funny

      Clearly I am getting them all :(. I am now on my 5th batch of mod points in 2 weeks. grrr ...

  6. Anticlimactic by ayahner · · Score: 2, Funny

    So now we know

    • the building blocks of life can come in from external sources
    • Earth/Sun relationship isn't likely the "perfect" ecosystem for sustainence of carbon based organic life forms

    Obviously, the discovery of sentient life "abroad" is going to be anticlimactic now.

    Way to ruin it.

  7. Glycine isn't that complex by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine formula is NH2-CH2-CO-OH
    It's not that complicated. Shouldn't we be waiting to get excited about something more complex?

    1. Re:Glycine isn't that complex by ae1294 · · Score: 2, Funny

      It's not that complicated. Shouldn't we be waiting to get excited about something more complex?

      Yeah, I'm waiting for: 'Scientist find building blocks for taco's in comet, decide to build lunch.'

  8. Panspermia by Icegryphon · · Score: 2, Informative

    Adama: "Life here began out there." These are the first words of the Sacred Scrolls...

  9. Re:Where did that stuff come from? by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 2, Funny

    That only works on intelligent falling theorists.

  10. We may have sent men into space by Big+Hairy+Ian · · Score: 2, Funny

    but the prime constituent of the soya bean got their 1st. Just one small fart for man one giant harumph for mankind

    What's all this I must wait & try again stuff about did someone /. /.?

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  11. Stuff != life by Dr.+Manhattan · · Score: 4, Interesting

    What caused the life to form way out there?

    Um... it didn't. "Building blocks for life" does not equal "life". But once the 'building blocks' formed, life could get started... almost certainly on Earth. See, e.g., here.

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  12. Re:Where did that stuff come from? by SevenHands · · Score: 4, Interesting

    "What caused the life to form way out there?"

    As far as we can tell life didn't form way out there. Just an amino acid fundamental to life. Life as we know it requires liquid water, a certain atmosphere, gravity, and a bunch of other requirements.

    "It's fine and dandy to push the building blocks of life off-planet, but how can those blocks then be explained?"

    The building blocks for life have to come from somewhere, they don't just appear out of nowhere (or do they?). After all, isn't life really just the combination of left over heavier elements created through exploded stars and other space junk that just happened to end up on earth through meteorites, comets, and the accretion process...

  13. What they did not tell you. by 140Mandak262Jamuna · · Score: 4, Funny

    Glycine is the only thing they are willing to admit. NASA believes the world is not in a position to digest, (ha, ha) the more significant finding in the comet: High Fructose Corn Syrup.

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  14. Glycine is simple... by cfa22 · · Score: 5, Informative

    Glycine is the simplest amino acid, and it the only one that lacks a chiral center on the alpha carbon. Of the four groups attached in a tetrahedral arrangement to the alpha carbon, two are hydrogen atoms. In all other amino acids, one of the two hydrogens of glycines is replaced by a distinct functional group. The really interesting thing about biologically used amino acids is that it is always the same hydrogen of the two that is replaced -- all the 19 non-glycine amino acids are so-called "L-stereoisomers." Discovery of any one of the 19 amino acids other than glycine in a comet would be quite a story, and it would be even more surprising if there were a mixture of "L" and "D" stereoisomers other than 50/50. My bet is that if another amino acid is found in cometary debris, it is asparagine, since it can form by the reaction 2*glycine - water.

  15. Aren't these people supposed to be scientists??? by ewenix · · Score: 2, Funny
    Seriously...

    Apparently they can't be bothered to pick up a textbook and learn that Redi and Pasteur proved it doesn't work like that a couple hundred years ago.
    It's call the law of biogenesis.
    Stop spending tax dollars trying to prove your Theory when there is already a scientific law disproving it.
    If you want to spend your own money on it fine, just stop spending mine on your junk 'science.'

  16. dinosaur comics covered this DAYS ago by jacktherobot · · Score: 2, Informative
  17. Re:Aren't these people supposed to be scientists?? by jj110888 · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Apparently they can't be bothered to pick up a textbook and learn that Redi and Pasteur proved it doesn't work like that a couple hundred years ago.
    It's call the law of biogenesis.
    Stop spending tax dollars trying to prove your Theory when there is already a scientific law disproving it.


    Because, you know, a scientific "law" is the absolute truth........
    Wikipedia happens to say that the law of biogenesis is "that modern organisms do not spontaneously arise in nature from non-life." Really, what makes you think that we are talking about modern organisms? This "law" is just meant to codify that the common wisdom of the day, that flies will comes from rotten meat, was incorrect.

    Aside from a creationist perspective, you need some kind of abiogenic beginning, and this research helps us understand how this might take place.

  18. Faulty Logic? by psnyder · · Score: 5, Interesting
    Maybe I'm missing something (and point it out if I am) but from what I'm reading this does NOT support what Dr. Elsila is saying in the article:

    "Our discovery supports the theory that some of life's ingredients formed in space and were delivered to Earth long ago by meteorite and comet impacts."

    Instead it only supports what Dr. Pilcher says in the article:

    "The discovery of glycine in a comet supports the idea that the fundamental building blocks of life are prevalent in space, and strengthens the argument that life in the universe may be common rather than rare."

    In other words, it's just saying that amino acids are not that rare. If they're not that rare, why can't Earth have made them on it's own?

    After all the Miller/Urey experiment in 1953 showed that amino acids can be produced fairly easily if a few simple conditions are met.

    Miller took molecules which were believed to represent the major components of the early Earth's atmosphere and put them into a closed system

    The gases they used were methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), and water (H2O). Next, he ran a continuous electric current through the system, to simulate lightning storms believed to be common on the early earth. Analysis of the experiment was done by chromotography. At the end of one week, Miller observed that as much as 10-15% of the carbon was now in the form of organic compounds. Two percent of the carbon had formed some of the amino acids which are used to make proteins.

    Maybe comets and meteors with amino acids were hitting earth as well. But finding them all over space also strengthens the idea that they're not uncommon to produce, and therefore also strengthens the theory that Earth could have produced them by itself. Either way seems like a guess to me.



    Fun fact for the day: The Murchison meteorite which fell in Australia in 1969 also contained common amino acids such as glycine, alanine and glutamic acid as well as unusual ones like isovaline and pseudoleucine.

  19. hypotheses by goombah99 · · Score: 4, Interesting

    1) it was scooped from earth or another planet with life by the comet: dubious

    2) a planet with life somewhere got crushed and the ejected material that formed the comet got some amino acids in it. weakly possible.

    3) Given it's been shown that freezing primordial materials found in space actually promotes the formation of nucleic acids, it might not be much of a reach to suppose that there are natural processes in cold space that will form amino acids.

    4) there are life forms that live on comets. presumably then panspermia is ubiquitous.

    5) the gel got contaminated on earth. or the mass spec is not definitive about the molecule in question.

    I lean towards 5, and then 3 as a close second. Of course 4 would be interesting, as it's direct panspermia. But if indeed the building blocks of life as we know it pervade the universe and occur naturally it also suggests there probably are a lot of similar nucloetide/peptide base life forms out there.

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    1. Re:hypotheses by Cattus+Curiosus · · Score: 2, Informative

      5) the gel got contaminated on earth. or the mass spec is not definitive about the molecule in question.

      I lean towards 5, and then 3 as a close second.

      I would have agreed with you before I RTFA. The authors acknowledged contamination as a confounding factor, and tested for it by isotopic analysis of the C13:C12 ratio, where glycine from space is expected to have a greater amount of C13. This is precisely what they found, allowing them to conclude that the glycine did, in fact, come from the comet.

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    2. Re:hypotheses by Latinhypercube · · Score: 2, Insightful

      An even bigger realization is that if organic molecules are abundant is space, ie. in huge interstellar nebulas, and organic molecules are the building blocks of life. Then the chances are that live started out in these giant nebulas rather than on a hot as hell earth with no atmosphere. Once an organic molecule starts to reproduce out in a giant solar system sized cloud of gas, it will spread exponentially throughout that cloud. It would then only take an explosion or a passing comet to spread this self reproducing molecule or virus.

    3. Re:hypotheses by lxs · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Reproduction would proceed very slowly in interstellar clouds, due to the low density of the gas.

      You'd need a planet for the chemistry to proceed at a rapid pace (due to both temperature and density). I'm not saying that the planet has to be Earth, but a planet would be the most likely starting point.

  20. Re:Sci-fi by geekoid · · Score: 2, Funny

    he said "Hive Mind".

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  21. Hoffa? by crrkrieger · · Score: 2, Funny

    When I first read the headline, I saw "NASA Discovers Life's Building Blocks in Cement". I figured they had found Jimmy Hoffa.

  22. No direct proof by glitch23 · · Score: 2, Informative

    'Our discovery supports the theory that some of life's ingredients formed in space and were delivered to Earth long ago by meteorite and comet impacts.'"

    Again guys, you are filling in gaps with information that fits your ideal world and to support other theories but there is no direct evidence that events happened this way. There is no direct evidence that glycine can survive the impact or that it actually was transferred from space-borne objects. Example: A 30 year old brown-haired person lives in San Francisco and another one who is 50 years old lives in New York. Does that mean the one in San Francisco is the offspring (and therefore related) of the one in New York either because the person in New York traveled to San Francisco then had a child or had a child then the child moved to and grew up in San Francisco? Yeah it can mean that but without asking the people involved or seeing it happen first-hand you can't just fill in the blanks and assume you are correct. We obviously can't ask glycine where it came from so we have to see it first-hand be transferred from a comet/meteorite to Earth and remain intact and viable before we can really say for sure that supports the theory that life's ingredients came from out of this world. Something generic like 2 samples of glycine or 2 brown-haired people are too generic to conclude they are related, but feel free to make that gross assumption anyway to fit theories of evolution.

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