Slashdot Mirror
What Happens When IPv4 Address Space Is Gone
darthcamaro writes 'We all know that IPv4 address space is almost all gone — but how will we know when the exact date is? And what will happen that day? In a new report, ARIN's CIO explains exactly what will happen on that last day of IPv4 address availability: '"We will run out of IPv4 address space and the real difficult part is that there is no flag date. It's a real moving date based on demand and the amount of address space we can reclaim from organizations," Jimmerson told InternetNews.com. "If things continue they way they have, ARIN will for the very first time, sometime between the middle and end of next year, receive a request for IPv4 address space that is justified and meets the policy. However, ARIN won't have the address space. So we'll have to say no for the very first time."'
The Internet is full ... come back later.
Send users to dev/null.
However, ARIN won't have the address space. So we'll have to say no for the very first time.
Hmmm, maybe that's part of the problem? They never say no to anyone. Do all those companies really need all those IP blocks? Maybe if they had said "no" once in a while we'd have another year or so to work out how we'll get everyone over to IPv6.
Who's even trying to transition to IPv6? Considering how close we are to IPv4 Ragnarök, the changeover should be close to finished by now. I don't see any real sign that it's even started.
Just do what I do at work. Ping the address, if there is no reply, assign it to something else.
Every once in a while I think about it, then I can't find a reason. Anyone?
Build your own energy sources from scratch. http://otherpower.com/
But somehow I doubt it.
Sorry you've reached the End Of The Internet. Please turn around and come back later.
Some company will try to get IPV4 space and won't get it. They will setup on IPV6. They will be in the news. Transition will begin. End of story.
Build your own energy sources from scratch. http://otherpower.com/
it'll be a sad, sad day for lots of startups, that's for sure...
There are a few. See figure 5 of Geoff Huston's IPv4 Address Report.
1: multinationals will probablly try to bend the rules to try and get IPs from a different rir (some rirs will run out before others).
2: isps will push end lusers* behind ISP level NAT in order to free up addresses for more important/lucrative purposes.
3: some sort of sale of IPs will probablly happen, whether it is sanctioned by IANA and the RIRs or not.
* we geeks will probablly be able to get public IPs but at a price premium.
note: i'm known as plugwash most places but i screwd up registering that here somehow in the past and now can't register
That's why DHCP and the IPv6 protocol was created
The day we run out of IPv4 addresses.
Depending on what your problems were, they may not have been faults in Windows 7. (Am I allowed to say that on Slashdot?) A common problem with getting started on ipv6 is having something on your LAN which says it can provide ipv6 connectivity but in fact can't. Client PCs then try to use the faulty gateway and the result is very slow or broken web browsing. As soon as ipv6 is disabled on the client PC, it all starts to work and so the ipv6 implementation on that PC unjustly gets the blame.
China will probably cut over to IPv6 first. They started in 2000, and the 2008 Olympics was all IPv6. It was clear long ago that China alone needed more address space than IPv4 could provide. The government also likes the "everybody has a permanent IP address" concept, for control purposes.
I wouldn't be at all surprised if China went all IPv6 domestically, with any translation to IPv4 at the "Great Firewall".
All mobile devices should have been on IPv6 by now.
The entire 240/ block is reserved. Is there something wrong with those IP addresses?
I guess it's time to start filling bathtubs with IPv4 addresses!
in the short term it will add value to IPv4 addresses, and organizations not using them might *gasp* make money getting rid of ones it doesn't need. That's not a bad thing. We have this problem with spectrum too, there's no particular cost in having a huge chunk idling away once you've got it. Anything which motivated more efficient utilization is good, and money creates a motivation.
A short term will drive up the cost of IPv4 addresses will, in turn, make IPv6 look much more economically viable to people who actually pay for things. As with everything else in the real wold: money makes things happen. IPv6 isn't magically cheaper than IPv4, so no one has been all that bothered about it, so either you lower the cost of IPv6 or raise the cost of IPv4, and running out of IPv4 addresses manages the latter nicely.
An important job had to be done and Everybody was sure that Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it. Somebody got angry about that because it was Everybody’s job. Everybody thought that Anybody could do it, but Nobody realized that Everybody wouldn’t do it. It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could have done
Build your own energy sources from scratch. http://otherpower.com/
Normally the providers would get the IP addresses to give out. They won't be able to do that. However providers do not order them on a daily basis, so they will still have some available.
Some providers already ask extra for fixed IP addresses, even though they still need to provide one anyway (e.g. for ADSL) so nothing changes there either on that day.
So nothing will change on that day other that some can not be getting the IPs they asked for.
It will be interesting to see what will happen in the next weeks and months. Will IPv6 finally take over or will providers start giving out internal IP addresses for their customers and charge double for those that want a fixed one?
Don't fight for your country, if your country does not fight for you.
Even now companies are hoarding IPV4 address space. More companies will invest in these valuable collectibles, locking up ever larger unused ranges. New markets in IPv4 address futures will arise. Rising costs, or claims thereof, will lead to ISPs charging even more for the temporary use of these valuable commodities. Great profits will be made before the migration to IPv6 is complete.
Help stamp out iliturcy.
Yeah, there are calculations. They all come to the same conclusion: The effort needed to get those addresses back in to use is enormous and the benefit would be that the final deadline moved 12-18 months forward...
In other words, it's not even close to being worth it.
I wonder what it would mean to the RIAA (or any IP-based litigation) to have multiple ISP customers consistently NAT'ted to the same IP.
... Maybe this won't be so bad after all!
So, ARIN will say no. Will the Internet collapse because of that? Hell no. Whoever wants more IP addresses will have to go out on the free market and try purchasing them from someone. As it becomes a valuable asset companies and ISPs will see if they can charge extra for having their own IP address so they can sell the others. How many could live off a NAT'd connection? Or if you got say a machine with 100 incoming ports routed to you, could you configure any servers and whatnot to use that range? Eventually the cost/benefit will tip in the direction of IPv6. But I'm betting it'll be more like 2010 than next year.
Live today, because you never know what tomorrow brings
Like NAT?
Since we may have to do a transition any way, why not expand the telephone numbers system and assign a telephone number to every connected computer? Of course there maybe privacy concerns, so just a thought.
Googling for something on the impact shifting to IPv6 got me to this pre 2006 article: http://www.windowsnetworking.com/articles_tutorials/IPv6-Support-Microsoft-Windows.html
A good read. Seems that although there is limited IPv6 support on Win95/98, but it is better to just dump the OS when the time comes. It seems that fun times are to be had in the new feature for sysadmins and techs everywhere...
Seven Days with Ubuntu Unity
This sounds kind of like the story a few months ago about how Windows 7 actually puts all your RAM to use, rather than letting much of it sit idle, and how some people thought that a bad thing. Once all the IPv4 address space is in use, then it'll be utilized fully. In countries where capitalism is practiced, people will buy and sell IP address blocks. As an example, there are now a fixed number of Playstation 1 consoles; none will ever be produced again, yet you can still buy one, and this will continue to be the case for many years (until they all break, or 2012 is a disaster).
...and offer them some serious wonga to switch to IPv6 and/or make more use of DHCP/NAT etc.
A lot of Universities have class B blocks (and a lot of those addresses are assigned to Ethernet cards now sitting in dusty cupboards and landfills). Still a non-trivial job, but probably easier for universities than big business.
Universities are gagging for cash at the moment - and even if all the cash is spent on the switch
Or the gub'ment can make them do it. Here in the UK, back in the 80s, the powers that be were forcing universities to use the ISO networking protocols: forcing them to switch to IPv6 is far less silly than that (e.g. unlike the ISO stack the IPv6 protocol actually exists and has been implemented by people).
In a survey of 100 programmers, 111111 thought that duck-typing was a good idea.
I can't believe the DHS hasn't required IPv6. Then they could require every computer to have a unique address tied to a unique person or physical address. What better way to catalog where everybody is when you need to look them up.
like expired domain names.
Phones, TVs, and millions of other devices that will never need to act as servers will be forced behind NAT walls.
There will be two price structures, client access and server addresses.
Client, will be NAT only. Server will have a real address whether it be fixed or variable.
Maybe they will even charge by DHCP lease time statistics.
Eventually, the entire IPv4 address range will be relegated to servers. And all the clients will be IPv6. They will be told that the "tunneling" is just temporary, but it will in fact be permanent.
No, No. Developer cycles are more important than CPU cycles. We can route strings just fine with this Ruby script I'll show you. Besides, I heard they were going to start building nuclear power plants again. Problem solved. (end sarcasm).
For all intensive purposes, "whom" is no longer a word. That begs the question, "who cares"?
Why don't we add another chevron..oops I meant set of numbers, I know that we have IPV6 but we could just add another set like an area code. If you don't specify, it would assume that you mean the one in your area code. That way you would only need to change dns servers and not every single home router or gateway ever created.
Oh Crap, I'm an optimist.....
IPv6 is incompatible with IPv4, thus you can't just switch users to IPv6 and be done, you still have to drag all the IPv4 baggage with you or large parts of the Internet would be unreachable (i.e. almost all of it). And well, if you have to drag IPv4 with you anyway, why even bother with IPv6? More work while providing no advantage for you and very little advantage for your consumers as nobody else is using IPv6 either.
Its quite a chicken&egg mess, as you only really benefit from IPv6 when everybody is doing it too. And nobody wants to be the first and pay the price. Which is why I would really welcome some government regulation in that area to force ISPs to start offering to IPv6.
Similar to the expansion of the US "wild west", we're due for years of backfilling and territory arguments. Look ahead to the owners of /8 address ranges having them confiscated. (MIT, for example, hardly needs it: they should be NAT'ing all their internal traffic anyway to prevent "computer science majors" from pulling stupid stunts like the David LaMacchia case (http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=169520).
NAT is notoriously lighter weight to support than IPv6, and helps provide some border control of undesirable services from inside your network. Replacing the router infrastructure and the configuration tools for stable, legacy systems to support IPv6 is expensive and the benefits of IPv6 are frankly underwhelming. It's exciting "auto-configuration" is, in most cases, a horrendously bad idea for public facing systems, and private systems don't need it. Useful security features, such as IPsec, were backported to IPv4. And the robust technical features of IPsec seem to be overwhelmed by the far easier to use client behavior of PPTP.
Multicast? Oh, dear. Do _not_ get me started on the flaws of multicast programmers decided that the lack of information about missed packets in multicast forcing them to rewrite TCP, badly, as an unstable software layer on top of multicast.
Comcast may bill you $5-$22 per ip just like tv for there over priced boxes and there cheap cable card system does not get there VOD system.
I just relocated to Virginia and to my surprise, Comcast is providing IPv6 addresses on their residential links. I'm going to activate IPv6 on my dd-wrt router and all my PCs sometime this weekend.
Learning HOW to think is more important than learning WHAT to think.
If you ever need a motivation to promote ipv6, just move all the porn sites to ipv6.
Anyway, since migration to ipv6 is far too slow it will go like this:
-New internet devies wil be natted
+new devices will get a unnattd ip v6.
After that:
Someone will make a killer app for IPv6.
and ipv6 adaption will rise steeply,
IPv4 is too big to fail.
Bailout is on the way!
When Comcast can't address new customers, they'll get off their ass.
Actually, Comcast already has IPv6 in place and is rolling it out to customers.
They notified me this week that I was getting it and I'm waiting on word when they'll send the IPv6 cable box to me.
Back in the day when SCO was still headquartered in Santa Cruz, I had one of their OS coders teaching a Unix class at a local college. He pointed out that SCO had ended up owning two entire /8 networks.
Wonder if selling those could fund another round of lawsuits?
Comment removed based on user account deletion
After all the kicking, screaming, and hair-pulling that would entail, it would push back the exhaustion date about one year.
upon the advice of my lawyer, i have no sig at this time
good question and there are a few reasons all coming back to the internet's nature as a packet switched network
Firstly there is the fact that matching on variable length and potentially text strings is a lot more overhead than matching parts of numbers that have a known maximum length (so you can have fixed size address and mask fields for your routes)
Secondly there is aggregation. Domain names are allocated to machines administered by the same company but which may (should) be spread over the internet. IP blocks are allocated to providers and larger companies and machines on the same network tend to use bits of the same block. This makes the routing tables FAR simpler than if every machine was routed individually.
Thirdly there is packet size overhead, each packet needs the addresses of two machines, the sender and the recipiant. While IPV6 addresses are much longer than V4 ones they are still much shorter than an average full text address (particulally a client address) would be.
note: i'm known as plugwash most places but i screwd up registering that here somehow in the past and now can't register
just give the user an ipv4, and the ipv6 belonging to the ipv4 (there is an addressspace, for the whole ipv4 space in ipv6), so he can use both. cut off ipv4, when nearly everybody uses ipv6.
There's a pile of network cards that currently have IP6 issues in win7, it's at the driver level. I'll just leave it at that before I start banging my head against the wall again.
Om, nomnomnom...
There will suddenly be massive demand for IPV6.
Build your own energy sources from scratch. http://otherpower.com/
... the cost of getting static IP space will go up dramatically. ISPs will be charged more and more from ARIN for what few exist. They will in turn charge more to their customers. And there will be more strict justification requirements. It will seem like the end of the world is coming (which for many, it is). We'll probably see it in 2012 :-)
Yes, many ISPs are hoarding IPv4 space already. At work, we use Verizon Business (wasn't my choice). They are using FOUR (4) PUBLIC IP addresses (a /30 in CIDR terms) just to number the connection to our router. They gave us a /29 saying that was the smallest they can do. They also said that we could use 5 of those addresses. Well, I used all 8 of them, anyway. The key to doing that is NAT. Just don't number any broadcast interface (e.g. ethernet, token ring, etc) with that subnet, and you can NAT every one of them somewhere (so you can run 8 separate HTTPS servers, for example).
So all these "business customers" are burning up 12 IP addresses each, when they could in most cases use far fewer. Put the link to the router in a private IP space (usually, no one outside of your ISP or your own network needs access to these interfaces). Route exactly as many IP addresses as needed and NAT them all. They don't even need to be contiguous (although if they are proper CIDR subnets, fewer route table entries are needed).
now we need to go OSS in diesel cars
There are currently two companies forcing the hand of the consumer ISPs to adopt IPv6.
Since February this year Youtube has put all the actual media reachable on IPv6 as default when you access the youtube website through their normal DNS name.
Apple's time capsule and airport extreme by default sets up IPv6 through tunnels.
This means that a lot of people with Apple computers browsing youtube movies are heavy users of IPv6.
As there are only a few tunnel brokers, the load on those will be quite high.
And that's one more year most ISPs can sit on their hands and do nothing.
now we need to go OSS in diesel cars
Hint... Subnetting for one? many more out there..
Please, if you insist on advocating a position that is, in the long term, costly and damaging to the world's infrastructure, at least know what you are talking about
The Class A owners will sell off chunks of their space one B class at a time.
It's time for the address space hogs to give back to the Internet! Go through your IP blocks and see if there are any you can spare. Free .com addys for one month for each Class B reclaimed!
Seriously... IBM, DEC (?), BBN, GE, Boeing, DuPont, Prudential, Bell North (?), Ford, the US Post Office, Eli Lilly, Halliburton... do they really need their own Class A's all to themselves? Some having more than one? Uh, not likely.
http://xkcd.com/195/ (anyone know of a more up to date version?)
Terrorists can attack freedom, but only Congress can destroy it.
What happens when a state runs out of license plate numbers? They change the color of the license plate or add a digit. The internet could change the color of IPv4 addresses or add a number.
In a time of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act. George Orwell
...and we can watch the nerds scramble to upgrade their home and work enterprises so they can access it. :-P
I'm joking, or at least I think I am. If Slashdot did that I'm sure I would put more effort into getting an ipv6 address.
The earth will implode !
Or they will just assign v6 addresses..
---- Booth was a patriot ----
This is a good site.
www.ipv4depletion.com
ARIN is the group with the authority, however, changing such an established system would be rather awkward and wouldn't work unless everyone agrees to it.
Its like the Federal Reserve deciding not to print dollars anymore, and from now on deciding the currency would be Groats. People would still use dollars for their transactions until they all fell apart and you couldn't get any notes anymore.
IPv6 is kind of the same, you'd have to get to a point where everyone agrees that dollars are no longer in use and switch.
It can be done - look to the Euro - but that would still require ARIN to make the announcement that IPv4 is no longer in use (from a specified date) and turn the A DNS records off on that date. There'd have to be massive coverage in the news and everyone would have to be notified of the switchover to buy/configure their equipment.
Unfortunately, all the other registries would have to switch too, or you'd lose connectivity from them.
I think the biggest thing stopping this is simply political will. While there are IPv4 blocks available, it isn't going to happen.
I was part of Open Systems Interconnection, OSI. We were pushing one of those many technologies like XNS, CHAOSnet, DECnet, IPX, SNA, and ATM/SONET that 'competed' with TCP/IP (NCP had been beaten back by then;^). Before the days of NAT, I had a "very persuasive" presentation that showed the Internet running out of 32-bit IP addresses by 1995 (China and India were my big closers that silenced a lot of TCP wonks). OSI had a 'better' addressing scheme that did everything -- distinguished end systems (ES) from intermediate systems (IS), facilitated class of service, extended addressing to the transport/session/presentation layer services, incorporated MAC layer addressing, facilitated source routing, provided network management hooks, and would give you a blow job that pealed the cover off a plenum cable. It was the ultimate networking addressing scheme. The routing vendors, who were accustomed to shoving the whole network layer address into a 32-bit register, said they couldn't implement a 20+ byte NSAP address, even though they only had to route on a small portion of it. In the 1980s, that was probably true. Most of OSI died (X.500, ASN.1 and a few others survived), partly due to its massive scope (like ADA), and partly due to the fact that the authors ignored the IETF and most of the people who implemented the Internet. Much of what OSI tried to do is now being done by the IETF on their own schedule and their own mandate. To the victors go the spoils and the spillage.
before some politician says that we need to go to IPv5 before we go to IPv6?
"Be polite, be professional, but have a plan to kill everybody you meet." General James Mattis
IPv4 went live with a Flag Day. You either switched to it, or you fell off the network. Unfortunately, the network is a bit large and varied to do that today. Which is why there are so many mechanisms to ease transition: 6to4, 6in4, 6RD, DSlite, Teredo, etc.
In any case, the current burn rate of allocations from IANA to the regional registries is about one /8 per month. No amount of reclamation of existing space, or even more efficient use of it will make a less than 32bit space sufficient to handle the world's network addressing needs.
this is one of the biggest hypes since the y2k bug fiasco... they've been telling us we're going to run out next year for YEARS now..
No they haven't. At least not the serious people. 2011 has been the projected year for quite a while. Easily verified by just using archive.org to look at the history of the potaroo.net automated IPv4 exhaustion counter. It has tracked 2011 as the year of exhaustion since at least 2006 (first entry in archive.org)
In 10 years from now, when the IPV4 space has still not been exhausted, someone will start another chicken little thread on Slashdot asking what will happen when the imminent exhaustion of the IPV4 space occurs. :p
I heard they've got some IPv4 left in California.
My ISP for one of my work's location gave us 16 addresses. For this location, I only needed 1. I argued with them to take back the other 15, but they would not. I wonder how many unused IP4 addresses are out there?
well y2k arrived just a the predicted time ...
If they can force you to shut down your "server" and use theirs, they can charge you money. The people whose job it is to monetize the web want the internet to be client/master. Where you are the client and they are the master. That way they can have reliable income which makes them all warm and fuzzy.
Thats why the tunnels will never go away. Because they will charge you for the extra "cost" of maintaining the IPv6 proxy servers. Never mind that they have no choice. Never mind that they could upgrade their hardware. Why upgrade their hardware if it would cost them money in the proxy service fees. To make your life better? IPv6 is a trap. And once all the broadcast mediums are dead, everyone will have to pay and pay and pay.
IPv6 is incompatible with IPv4, thus you can't just switch users to IPv6 and be done, you still have to drag all the IPv4 baggage with you or large parts of the Internet would be unreachable (i.e. almost all of it). And well, if you have to drag IPv4 with you anyway, why even bother with IPv6?
Fortunately, Comcast is working with the IETF to solve just that problem, a solution they've dubbed Dual-Stack Lite.
Their proposal involves gradually migrating the backhaul network to v6. Meanwhile, at the network endpoints (ie, homes, small offices, etc), you deploy dual-stack routers, and configure a local private v4 network. Any v4 traffic originating from those networks is tunneled by the router over v6 to a carrier-grade NAT, which performs v4 address translation.
This allows ISPs to deploy v6, and gradually migrate v4 users over. For hosts that aren't v6 capable, they see NAT'd v4 connectivity. For dual-stacked hosts, they get NAT'd v4, and full v6 connectivity.
The advantage, here, is that when IPs start running out (and they will), ISPs can continue to add customers while migrating to v6, without requiring further v4 allocations, and without disrupting v4 connectivity at all.
"The best way to escape from a problem is to solve it." --Alan Saporta
I'd like to buy homeland for our 10 million people. http://twitter.com/mahadiga
I paid thousands for 127.0.0.1 years ago in anticipation of this. Cha-ching!
* auto-configure - what an awful idea, a recipe for disaster
It's only a disaster if you've NICs on your network that have duplicate MAC addresses. If this is the case, you'll have a disaster, regardless of what L3 protocol you use.
* every device their own ip - um why?
Why not?
This whole situation just is part of human nature, if we delay the inevitable we just delay dealing with it.
It has been known for the longest time that ip4 addresses will run out, this is as well known as that telephone numbers have and will again run out. In Holland at least we went from 9 digits to 10 in my life time. And right now we are running out of mobile numbers as well.
If the deadline for ip4 was in ten years, then ten years from now people would go, "well if only we can delay it for another year, then we can deal with it then".
It is just how human's work. We never act until it is to late. IP6 has been around for a bloody long time by now and in fact most hardware and software already supports it. It is just that we don't want to change until we are drowning.
Just read the responses to this story, just like you, countless people suggesting all kind of measures to NOT deal with the problem now. Same as they did for year after year before.
Or as Terry Pratchett said. "Human beings are the only species to watch huge blocks of ice slam into another planet that in space terms is right next door and do absolutely nothing about it."
MMO Quests are like orgasms:
You may solo them, I prefer them in a group.
Duplicate network addresses are not uncommon with virtualized clone images. Renegotiating MAC addresses as guests are cloned is a longstanding problem, and the address spaces for the guest hosts is getting tricky to negotiate and avoid accidental duplicates.
Yes. This issue is orthogonal to the point that I was addressing.
As an IT professional I have already got an IPv6 network set up, but I am using 6to4, which is far from ideal, since the subnet prefix changes all the time. I had bought the Apple Airport Extreme, to establish a tunnel to a Sixxs PoP, but due to a bug in PPPoE mode this is not possible - this bug has been present for two years and Apple has made no sign that they will fix it.
I have looked to non-Apple routers (for home use) for IPv6 support but I haven't found any that work out of the box. Between routers that don't support IPv6 and ISPs who are failing to jump on the IPv6 bandwagon, we are in a sorry state. For the IT professionals amongst you who are still denying the need for IPv6, well there is only so long you can keep your fingers in your ears. If you are responsible for your company's network, then you had better understand the impact and work that the the IPv6 migration will have. For example what hardware is upgradable to support IPv6 snd what needs to be replaced? You should also involve this in your purchasing of new hardware, otherwise you may find yourself replacing it sooner than expected.
Jumpstart the tartan drive.
No, I'm pointing out that there are circumstances where duplicate MAC addresses are useful, and as I understand it, this can create havoc for IPv6.
As long as the duplicate MAC addresses are on different subnets, so that the same router or gateway cannot see both, it's not a problem. So I can run _precisely_ the same virtualized OS image in two different locations, without having to modify the virtualized system's hosting data or its network configuration tools. There are times, though not many, when this is handy.
So if I get this right, the thing to do is get IPV6 into your boxes and routers, link the internet ipv6 router to a Hurricane Electric tunnel, done, go home?
Build your own energy sources from scratch. http://otherpower.com/
That's what.
when the only way to get an IPv4 address is to shut something else off.
As well as turning something off there is the option of moving stuff behind NAT.
This is what I would expect the large ISPs to do, rather than users getting a public IP by default they will probably get NAT by default and have to pay extra for a public IP. This will free up public IPs for more important/lucrative uses.
note: i'm known as plugwash most places but i screwd up registering that here somehow in the past and now can't register
Like any resource, as it becomes rarer the price will go up.
Ultimately, the price will reach a point where people start
a) reviewing "do I really need all the addresses I'm asking for/have, or can I get by with less?"...like most physical projects, this sort of review is usually healthy for long-run efficiency.
b) reviewing the costs.consequences of switching to IPv6 architecture
We'll enter a long twilight where you'll have hardware designed to run IPv6 but back-compatible with v4 becoming common. As people replace old stuff, IPv6 will become more commmon.
And not one single bureaucrat had to mandate anything, nor raise a government bureaucracy to implement it. Huh. Imagine that!
-Styopa
There's more - lots more. If you want to have some fun teasing a pimply-faced kid wannabe (and aren't worried about going to hell for enjoying it) join the fun :-)