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Solar-Powered Ultralight To Try 24-Hour Flight

blair1q writes "When the solar aircraft Solar Impulse lifts off from an airfield in Switzerland on a sunny day at the end of June, it will begin the first ever manned night flight on a plane propelled exclusively by power it collects from the sun. Former Swiss Air Force pilot Andre Borschberg and round-the-world balloonist Bertrand Piccard developed the aircraft, and Borschberg will be the pilot for this mission. 'The flight will require a lot of attention and concentration — the plane doesn't have an auto-pilot, it has to be flown for 24 hours straight.' For him, the most exciting part of the venture is 'being on the plane during the day and seeing the amount of energy increasing instead of decreasing as on a normal aircraft.'"

75 of 104 comments (clear)

  1. The danger of solar power by For+a+Free+Internet · · Score: 5, Funny

    Today the answer to everything seems to be solar power. But before we all get swept up in this fad, let's consider. For every action, there is an equal opposite reaction, said Albert Einstien. Every time yu use up sun rays, you take away energy from the sun. Do these enviro-hippies want to burn out the source of all life and live on a dark ball of ice? They don't care, they are too hopped up on Italian marijuana to think about the consequences of their "innovations." Let's stick to what works, good, clean natural coal power. God bless America!

    --
    UNITE with the Campaign for a Free Internet because today, our future begins with tomorrow!
    1. Re:The danger of solar power by MichaelSmith · · Score: 1

      I am sure Leonard Nimoy would agree. This is a very dangerous project.

    2. Re:The danger of solar power by wisdom_brewing · · Score: 2, Funny

      They're doing it now to avoid the sunspots of 2013 - http://www.physorg.com/news161026403.html

    3. Re:The danger of solar power by hedwards · · Score: 1

      Yes, you indeed are. What you're missing is that we're already using that energy. Rather than taking energy that's been stored chemically and re-releasing it into the atmosphere along with the emissions, we're somewhat reducing the Albedo. So while it does somewhat increase warming on that front, the overall picture is either no change or a small decline in warming from energy use.

    4. Re:The danger of solar power by Rivalz · · Score: 3, Funny

      Instead of Coal or Solar Power they should create a Boat that Sucks up the water out of the ocean and thanks to BP has oil particles mixed in a high enough concentration to run on a hybrid oil/ocean water mixture forever. Thanks BP!

    5. Re:The danger of solar power by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Informative

      Yes, you indeed are. What you're missing is that we're already using that energy. Rather than taking energy that's been stored chemically and re-releasing it into the atmosphere along with the emissions, we're somewhat reducing the Albedo. So while it does somewhat increase warming on that front, the overall picture is either no change or a small decline in warming from energy use.

      You're assuming cheap solar power would replace other energy sources. If history is any indication, adding another source of cheap power just means worldwide power consumption would go up.

      Of course, if you're living on the edge of starvation somewhere, cheaper power means cheaper food....

    6. Re:The danger of solar power by mcgrew · · Score: 1

      Do these enviro-hippies want to burn out the source of all life and live on a dark ball of ice?

      Yeah, man. It's too damned hot here, the temperature tomorrow is going to be in the nineties. I say let's suck that thing dry, or at least until it's not quite so warm.

      They don't care, they are too hopped up on Italian marijuana to think about the consequences of their "innovations."

      Yeah, man, those Italians grow some killer shit!

      God bless America!

      God bless Italy!!!

    7. Re:The danger of solar power by Quiet_Desperation · · Score: 1

      For every action, there is an equal opposite reaction, said Albert Einstien.

      For every action, there is a Jackson, said Mike Nelson.

    8. Re:The danger of solar power by Mister+Whirly · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Are you referring to the Spocker?

      --
      "But this one goes to 11!"
    9. Re:The danger of solar power by Hoi+Polloi · · Score: 1

      Don't worry, at night it will run on moonlight so the drain will be split evenly between the moon and the sun.

      --
      It is by the juice of the coffee bean that thoughts acquire speed, the teeth acquire stains. The stains become a warning
    10. Re:The danger of solar power by karnal · · Score: 4, Informative

      For every action, there is an equal opposite reaction, said Albert Einstien.

      Newton's sitting in the corner glaring at you.

      --
      Karnal
    11. Re:The danger of solar power by sheph · · Score: 1

      Hey, free fuel. You might be on to something there. Obable said he want's to try something new. This fits that bill just fine.

      --
      I don't believe in karma, I just call it like I see it.
    12. Re:The danger of solar power by Ksevio · · Score: 3, Funny

      One summer I was working at a college and was wearing a hard hat while I was going to check something at a construction site. As I was heading along a public street, some guy with a big beard and rainbow hat and shirt came up and started asking if I knew anything about solar power. I told him I did, and he worriedly asked if it was "sucking in the sun".

      I told him that it was safe because it would be wasted if we didn't save it and he seemed very relieved that science wasn't going to use it all up. He promised to talk to me again so I quickly requested to work at a different site.

  2. How about using thermals? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

    How about soaring and using ridge lift? Ridge lift has been long used by glider pilots for cross-country flights. This planes seems to be a good enough sailplane. I has large aspect ratio wings and lift to drag ratio is probably decent as well, even though it does not look very streamlined, but it the ratio of the lift to drag that matters and this thing has a lot of lift.

    Combined, solar and thermal energy (i.e. the energy of thermal air updraft) would yield a plane that could stay in the air forever.

    1. Re:How about using thermals? by c0lo · · Score: 1, Funny

      Combined, solar and thermal energy (i.e. the energy of thermal air updraft) would yield a plane that could stay in the air forever.

      [grin... quite a large one] I like the flying forever concept.
      And what a wonderful idea: dig some huge bores through the Earth crust and let the planes sore into the night using geothermal. Alternatively, lit/maintain some huge fires to create some constant lift around the globe and suddenly the aviation is no longer affected by oil prices... Errr... wait...

      --
      Questions raise, answers kill. Raise questions to stay alive.
    2. Re:How about using thermals? by vadim_t · · Score: 4, Informative

      Thermal != geothermal.

      Nobody said anything about digging holes, or setting up fires. There exist natural regions of hot and cold air in the atmosphere that gliders take advantage of.

    3. Re:How about using thermals? by MichaelSmith · · Score: 1

      Not many in Switzerland I suspect, even in the summer.

    4. Re:How about using thermals? by AK+Marc · · Score: 3, Informative

      It's not a matter of temperature, but temperature difference. I bet they have thermals in the summer and the winter.

    5. Re:How about using thermals? by vadim_t · · Score: 1

      Some of those are very predictable and have a stable position

      But that's why it has a solar panel and batteries, so that it's not limited to finding the right current.

    6. Re:How about using thermals? by c0lo · · Score: 1

      Thanks for that - I'd consider the post as rather informative...
      Event thought the predictability is "when the wind blows up the mountain" or "sunny daytime over a fresh ploughed area or asphalt" (what if no such conditions?) and the position may not be that stable (e.g. cited article: "For example, in 2007, Britain experienced severe flooding as a result of the polar jet staying south for the summer")

      --
      Questions raise, answers kill. Raise questions to stay alive.
    7. Re:How about using thermals? by vadim_t · · Score: 1

      The way I understand it, the interest in this is because you could have an aircraft with monitoring/transmission equipment in the sky for months. So instead of dealing with the latency of a satellite in geostationary orbit, you could be talking to a relay flying at a much lower altitude. It's also much cheaper, and easier to upgrade and replace.

      Now of course it won't be 100% perfect, but that doesn't mean it can't be very useful. For things that service a specific area it should be possible to calculate the maximum payload and battery size needed, based on the currents in the area.

    8. Re:How about using thermals? by MichaelSmith · · Score: 1

      A proper sailplane can stay airborne for ten hours or more given fairly favourable conditions. For example flying in the mountains with a bit of wind blowing there should be enough lift to keep you flying indefinitely.

      But if its dark or the pilot is tired then the sudden death percentage rises dramatically.

    9. Re:How about using thermals? by Vihai · · Score: 2, Interesting

      You are so wrong here! Switzerland is fantastic for soaring, *especially* in summer.

    10. Re:How about using thermals? by MichaelSmith · · Score: 1

      Do tell. Maybe I was led astray by watching glider pilots in the UK. They head for the nearest bit of ridge lift. Never heard of them thermaling.

    11. Re:How about using thermals? by Gubbe · · Score: 5, Informative

      What everyone seems to ignore is that ridge lift has little to do with thermals.
      Thermals are streams of warmer air rising up through colder air and caused by temperature differences, just as the parent mentions.
      Ridge lift on the other hand is caused by wind encountering a slope and having to move up to get over it, thus creating an upwards vector that can be used by gliders to soar.
      The wind that creates ridge lift is of course ultimately caused by air moving in to balance pressure differences, which are formed by air being displaced by temperature differences, but that doesn't mean that ridge lift is the same thing as a thermal.

    12. Re:How about using thermals? by jack2000 · · Score: 1

      Why not a high alt blimp? The military already uses them for refueling stations.

    13. Re:How about using thermals? by ThosLives · · Score: 1

      I agree here: lighter-than-air category aircraft already have large surface area and are not expected to have high speeds. Those characteristics make them very suitable for solar.

      Solar is just not very practical for fixed-wing aircraft. Yes, you can make "solar gliders" as recreation aircraft, but you're never going to have a solar fixed-wing aircraft with any useful payload and acceptable speed. Solar planes are pretty much motor-gliders, and the applications for those are very different than for fixed-wing.

      The only way to get "solar aircraft" in my opinion is to have a solar-powered plant that outputs liquid fuel. Alternatively, there are a few electric airplanes that are in development that are slightly more practical, except they still suffer from "refueling time" issues.

      --
      "There are a dozen opinions on a matter until you know the truth. Then there is only one." - CS Lewis (paraprhase)
    14. Re:How about using thermals? by justleavealonemmmkay · · Score: 2, Funny

      Well technically on a windless day, ridge lift has EVERYTHING to do with thermals

    15. Re:How about using thermals? by arelas · · Score: 1

      What does this have to do with a Lead Ashtray?

    16. Re:How about using thermals? by Spliffster · · Score: 1

      Simple answer to your question: This is a test flight only. the goal is to fly around the word with this thing. Good luck ridge lift over the oceans (where they have to fly 24h or more without landing)

      -S

  3. Oh god no by MichaelSmith · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I had a peek at TFA so I could comment. This thing would fall apart in a thermal. Ridge lift means flying fast to avoid flying into the rotor behind the hill. Its not uncommon to pull a couple of Gs flying into and out of a thermal and this aircraft doesn't look up to it to me.

    My guess is they are waiting for still air before they fly it. Look at the size of those control surfaces. Sure it will have a high LD but at 30 knots or so.

    1. Re:Oh god no by kyoorius · · Score: 2, Informative

      Something that big and fragile will have to be launched in still air, but as the ground heats up in the afternoon, there will definitely be thermals popping off. Ridge lift is works down low, but will not likely be used in this mission (that would be cheating!). The thermals, however definitely will affect the flight. Up high (2000+ ft above the ground) there are often large patches of big lift and also sink (1000 feet per minute up or down is typical). The skill of the pilot's ability to read the ground and sky will play a large role in keeping the craft up in the air during the day. He will have to escape the sinking air and remain in the lift as long as possible. The night portion of the flight will probably the easy part - just coast around on battery until the 24 hr mark. The above information is common knowledge to all soaring pilots (which I am also myself). A few of my flying buddies have stayed up for 10 hours and flown 200+ miles on hang gliders - quite a feat accomplished without any motor or batteries. Given some decent pilot skill and the right weather conditions, the solar craft should have no problem accomplishing the task.

    2. Re:Oh god no by MichaelSmith · · Score: 1

      I suppose the thing which bothers me about thermals is the rough air getting in and out. Thermals are surrounded by sink. A big, fragile aircraft could be in lift and sink at the same time and be subject to structural problems.

    3. Re:Oh god no by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Interesting

      Remeber that usually when entering a thermal one is flying at the McCready interthermal crusie speed, which accentuates the roughness of the sink at the edges of a thermal.(Which for the non glider pilots is like driving over cobble stones) This aircraft flying at minimum sink most of the time would not be disturbed as much.

      It would be interesting to know what the aircraft is stressed to. Normal sailplanes are around +5g -2.6g. I doubt this would be any less than +3g.

      Ac due to mods.

      Falconhell

  4. Official website by space_in_your_face · · Score: 3, Informative
  5. Manned missions are just ego-wanking... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Not that I mind a bit of ego-wanking.

    But human flight in this is limited by the pilot's endurance, so a theoretically indefinite duration is good for no more than 48 hours or so in practice.

    The same concept, but with remote/autonomous* control, yields really indefinite-loiter UAVs -- a much more practical creature.

    *Yes, I'm aware full autonomous control isn't feasible now, and begs for skynet jokes. But some automation for station-keeping without 100% human intervention is possible and highly desirable....

    1. Re:Manned missions are just ego-wanking... by Iamthecheese · · Score: 2, Insightful

      24 hours != indefinite. I didn't RTFA but I would bet my left testicle that it will start the flight with full batteries and end with nearly depleted ones. The REAL test will be when energy levels and consumables like lubricant are about the same before and after 24 hours in flight.

      --
      If video games influenced behavior the Pac Man generation would be eating pills and running away from their problems.
    2. Re:Manned missions are just ego-wanking... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      24 hours != indefinite. I didn't RTFA but I would bet my left testicle that it will start the flight with full batteries and end with nearly depleted ones. The REAL test will be when energy levels and consumables like lubricant are about the same before and after 24 hours in flight.

      FTFA: "Solar Impulse will lift off from an airfield in Switzerland, on a sunny day sometime at the end of June. It will then fly around, charging the solar cells on the plane's wings, in a bid to store enough energy for the electric motors to last until dawn... If it proves a success, the Solar Impulse team will attempt to go even further. The ultimate aim is to push the frontier of renewable solar energy. In two years' time, the plane will set off on its first manned transatlantic solar flight, followed in 2013 by an even more daring circumnavigation of the Earth."

      Maybe you should bet less and read more.

    3. Re:Manned missions are just ego-wanking... by MooUK · · Score: 1

      I suspect taking off will significantly drain the batteries in the first place.

    4. Re:Manned missions are just ego-wanking... by mcgrew · · Score: 1

      But human flight in this is limited by the pilot's endurance, so a theoretically indefinite duration is good for no more than 48 hours or so in practice.

      It's to test the design. Normally, I would think that the pilot might land the thing and sleep once in a while.

    5. Re:Manned missions are just ego-wanking... by h4rr4r · · Score: 1

      Which could be charged by leaving it sit out the day before. Did you expect it to get enough power to take off, right from the panels?

    6. Re:Manned missions are just ego-wanking... by MooUK · · Score: 1

      Not at all.

      My point was that, even starting with full batteries (which it would be stupid not to), as soon as it's in the air it will have drained them plenty. Hence the flying around recharging for the night.

  6. 24 hours straight? Dangerous! by RMH101 · · Score: 1

    I get tired if I drive for more than 4 hours straight. When you get tired, you make mistakes. I can't even imagine driving continously for 24 hours without making an error. Surely this is dangerous, both for pilot and anyone he might crashland on?

    1. Re:24 hours straight? Dangerous! by Hognoxious · · Score: 1

      Ultralights are really flimsy. It would probably just give you a nasty bruise - and only if you weren't wearing a hat.

      --
      Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
    2. Re:24 hours straight? Dangerous! by RMH101 · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Yes, this occurred to me. Probably not legal for non-military purposes though as a) you've got to source them, and b) pilot a plane whilst using non-prescription drugs. I'm sure the local aviation authority would have something to say about the legality of the latter.

    3. Re:24 hours straight? Dangerous! by j35ter · · Score: 1

      his mental and physical shape is vastly superior to the average and his abilities are way beyond the lesser men to comprehend.

      You mean he's on cocaine?

      --
      Delta-Mike November Bravo Tango
    4. Re:24 hours straight? Dangerous! by wisdom_brewing · · Score: 3, Funny

      I think the motivator of "If you fall asleep you die" should be sufficient to keep him alert...

    5. Re:24 hours straight? Dangerous! by chronosan · · Score: 1

      Not enough to keep hundreds of thousands of motorists awake each year, why would it be different for this bloke?

    6. Re:24 hours straight? Dangerous! by Mister+Whirly · · Score: 1

      You do realize that "a portion of the population" is just a bunch of individuals together, right?

      "Oh my god...the population...it's made OF PEOPLE!"

      --
      "But this one goes to 11!"
  7. No autopilot? by excelsior_gr · · Score: 2, Funny

    I can't believe that they couldn't allow even one of those inflatable ones because of the weight...

    1. Re:No autopilot? by MichaelSmith · · Score: 1

      I can't believe that they couldn't allow even one of those inflatable ones because of the weight...

      Probably the sexual harassment issue. You can't pay just anybody to keep in inflated.

  8. Ancestor of Jean Luc? by antifoidulus · · Score: 2, Funny

    I just have this to say to you Mr. Picard, "make it so!"

  9. Re:Death Trap by j35ter · · Score: 1

    Yes, you sound like one of those tin can pushing checklist peckers. We have some of those left in our club. While you guys sit day in day out in the bar, telling each other flight stories, we, the Ultralight MoGas Flyers ... fly! Oh, and the chicks dig us more than they dig you ... ye know, bigger balls etc :P

    --
    Delta-Mike November Bravo Tango
  10. Re:What a feat! by MadnessASAP · · Score: 3, Insightful

    How about a radio relay? Or weather monitoring? Hell those are the 2 blindingly obvious ones that I can think of in 30 seconds I`m sure anybody here could list off a dozen uses for these with a few minutes work.

    --
    I may agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to face the consequences of saying it.
  11. And how will he stay awake? by billius · · Score: 3, Funny
  12. Land of the Midnight Sun by Tisha_AH · · Score: 1

    If it was not spelled out in the rules I would pick a place further to the north where the sun does not set at this time of the year. Then they could get a full 24 hours of sunlight to drive the motors.

    When the sun goes down the aircraft will either need to glide or operate off of power from batteries. If the sun "did not" go down for 24 hours you could sustain flight without batteries or by depending upon gliding. Then the only limit is how long the pilot(s) could remain in the air.

    --
    Tisha Hayes
    1. Re:Land of the Midnight Sun by tibit · · Score: 1

      I'd be worried that low incidence angle lowers the available energy flux to useless levels...

      --
      A successful API design takes a mixture of software design and pedagogy.
    2. Re:Land of the Midnight Sun by robot256 · · Score: 1

      You can get quite a lot of solar energy at upper latitudes, so long as your panels are pointed sideways (at the sun) instead of up. Also if there is snow you can capture the reflection off the snow and exceed the direct sunlight capture rate. I am working on a solar-powered rover to run on the Greenland ice sheet and our tests show even a panel facing away from the sun will collect 30% of nominal power from reflections alone.

      But pointing all your solar panels sideways would be kind of hard on an airplane, where the most available surface is on the wings pointing straight up.

    3. Re:Land of the Midnight Sun by SleazyRidr · · Score: 1

      Just fly all the way around the world in your 24 hours. That's the easy way to stay in sunlight.

  13. Re:What a feat! by Alioth · · Score: 3, Insightful

    The Wright Flyer was hardly a practical invention, either. But if we'd just listened to the naysayers, we wouldn't make any progress at all.

    A low power electric aircraft, even without the solar cells and a battery pack instead, would have a great deal of uses where local flying is needed - for example, traffic reporting, news gathering and reporting (replacing expensive, thirsty and (to many people) obnoxiously noisy helicopters), law enforcement, aerial photography, recreational flying, radio relay, fish spotting, pipeline patrol, powerline patrol.

    Projects like this which push material and electrical power delivery technology may move us a step nearer to practical, usable low powered clean, quiet electric aircraft for many of these jobs.

  14. One word it it's indeed possible ... by Artem+S.+Tashkinov · · Score: 2

    ... it's magic!

    Not in the sense it's something beyond the laws of Physics but something we could only dream of just dozens of years ago.

    It's exciting to live in this era.

  15. Re:What a feat! by cdrnet · · Score: 1

    Who claimed the purpose of this project is anything other than a proof of concept and to push "awareness"?

    Just like the rest of his family with all their explorations:

    Auguste Piccard (aeronaut, balloonist, hydronaut)
    Jacques Piccard (hydronaut)
    Jean Felix and Jeanette Piccard (aeronaut, balloonist)
    Don Piccard (balloonist)
    Bertrand Piccard (aeronaut, balloonist) ...

  16. Re:What a feat! by AigariusDebian · · Score: 1

    There are only two energy sources on Earth - nuclear (fission/fussion) and solar (well, also tidal). The rest (including wind, biodiesel and even oil and coal) are just transformed and/or stored solar energy. We need to get closer to the source of all this energy technologically, so that we waste less of it - biodesel collects solar energy, stores it into chemical energy, that is then converted into useful mechanical energy via internal combustion. Solar cells + batteries + electrical motors are far more efficient than that. Even solar cells -> water hydrogen separation -> hydrogen fuel cells -> electrical motors is more efficient. Yes - we need to balance scalability and cost by means of mass production, but the end goal is end-to-end efficiency.

  17. Re:Bad idea by Flea+of+Pain · · Score: 3, Funny

    No kidding, they had the option to have it flown by Capt. Piccard, and chose the other guy. No way this is going to end well...I bet the other guy even wears a red shirt.

    --
    Do not argue with an idiot. He will drag you down to his level and beat you with experience.
  18. Re:What a feat! by ThosLives · · Score: 1

    ...but the end goal is end-to-end efficiency

    Sadly, the most thermodynamically efficient solution is not necessarily the most economically or socially efficient solution.

    --
    "There are a dozen opinions on a matter until you know the truth. Then there is only one." - CS Lewis (paraprhase)
  19. Re:What a feat! by s122604 · · Score: 1

    I agree this is cool, but I don't know if the radio relay is commercially viable (perhaps in emergency and military situations but not in "normal" times")

    A single high altitude airship, it has been proposed, hovering around 60K (feasible but expensive) feet just inland of NYC would have line of sight over the entire NYC, Connecticut, Rhode Island Northern New Jersey, and Philadelphia metropolitan areas

    Sounds great, but nobody has ever made the dollars and cents work out when compared with terrestrial towers and services like directTV

  20. It only works when you travel West by edfardos · · Score: 1

    I'm guessing it only works when you launch in the morning and fly west, seeing how you'd get more daylight hours :) --edfardos

    1. Re:It only works when you travel West by pdhenry · · Score: 1

      If you're not flying really fast (a bit over 1000 miles/hr) you'd still run into issues as daylight outran you. At least when flying east the night would be shorter...

  21. Did no one notice? by Thelasko · · Score: 1

    They are planning the first night flight to be close to the summer solstice. I suspect they will conduct their initial testing during while the day's are longer, and continue testing as they get shorter.

    If they can fly all night north of 22 degrees latitude, and past the fall equinox, I will be extremely impressed.

    --
    One of our competitors trademarked the term "hypothesis". From now on, we will call them "boneheaded ideas".
  22. Direction of travel by LoudMusic · · Score: 1

    I imagine if you fly west during the day and east during the night you could stay powered a long time. I'd still like to see someone build an unmanned craft that can stay in flight indefinitely powered by Sun and battery.

    --
    No sig for you. YOU GET NO SIG!
  23. here's a hint: by Thud457 · · Score: 1

    solar is also nuclear power. They just located the solar system's central fusion reactor 93 million miles away.

    hmmmm, I would claim all power eventually comes from nuclear sources, but then you brought up tidal. That's just extracting existing potential energy, but damn if I can explain where it came from originally...

    --

    the preceding comment is my own and in no way reflects the opinion of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

  24. bwuh? by Thud457 · · Score: 1

    Why not a high alt blimp? The military already uses them for refueling stations.

    say what, now?

    --

    the preceding comment is my own and in no way reflects the opinion of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

  25. Re:What a feat! by FishTankX · · Score: 1

    What part of this aircraft's electrical generation systems could not be replaced by a bigger lithium battery pack and ground charging? If it's flying through a significant portion of night, i'd imagine a bumped up battery pack would be able to power this thing on charge alone for atleast 6-7 hours.

  26. End of June? Cheaters! by tmh+-+The+Mad+Hacker · · Score: 1

    The fact that it's going to be a full moon won't hurt! :-)

  27. Re:Bad idea by LeadSongDog · · Score: 1

    They could have built a drone, but no, they just had to put a human in it to limit endurance and increase weight. With thinking like this the collective will never get started...

    --
    Oh, I'm sorry sir, I thought you were referring to me, Mr. Wensleydale.