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Mystery of the Dying Bees Solved

jamie points out news of a study attempting to explain the decline of honeybee populations across the US. As it turns out, the fungus N. ceranae that was thought to be killing off bee colonies had a partner in crime — a DNA-based virus that worked in tandem with N. ceranae to compromise nutrition uptake. From the NY Times: "Dr. Bromenshenk's team at the University of Montana and Montana State University in Bozeman, working with the Army's Edgewood Chemical Biological Center northeast of Baltimore, said in their jointly written paper that the virus-fungus one-two punch was found in every killed colony the group studied. Neither agent alone seems able to devastate; together, the research suggests, they are 100 percent fatal. 'It's chicken and egg in a sense — we don't know which came first,' Dr. Bromenshenk said of the virus-fungus combo — nor is it clear, he added, whether one malady weakens the bees enough to be finished off by the second, or whether they somehow compound the other's destructive power. 'They're co-factors, that's all we can say at the moment,' he said. 'They're both present in all these collapsed colonies.'"

63 of 347 comments (clear)

  1. Now to bring them back by BadAnalogyGuy · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Any guidelines on how to help the bees return?

    I like gardening a lot and put out a lot of ornamental flowers and vegetables to attract bees, but this year there have been very few.

    1. Re:Now to bring them back by GrumblyStuff · · Score: 4, Interesting

      I heard one idea about stop trying to get bees to pollinate a single crop at a time. The idea is that like us, they aren't getting the nutrition they need from one plant. They need many different plants.

      My idea would be to stop shipping them all over the country. Yeah, yeah, hippie organic shit but I'm willing to bet that the fungus and the virus were in separate regions at one point. Shipping them around exposed them to new diseases and exposed native bees to new diseases. Well, that's my hypothesis anyway.

      I'd also like to see more stringent pesticide regulations.

    2. Re:Now to bring them back by Mashiki · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Kill the fungus, they can survive to repopulate hives if they have the virus. Really all that needs to be developed is a weak fungicide that targets it, and that's not as hard as it sounds. Either that or you find queens that have survived a collapse and breed them with normal bees, who haven't developed an immunity.

      I'm also going to say, the whole "RF/Secretgovernment testing/out to destroy us all" conspiracy theories have once again proven to what they are. Bullshit.

      --
      Om, nomnomnom...
    3. Re:Now to bring them back by JonySuede · · Score: 3, Insightful

      I'm willing to bet that the fungus and the virus were in separate regions at one point

      I am pretty sure that your hypothesis is valid. However I do not see a way to test it, anyone has any ideas for an experimental setup?

      --
      Jehovah be praised, Oracle was not selected
    4. Re:Now to bring them back by Kilrah_il · · Score: 2, Informative

      Really all that needs to be developed is a weak fungicide that targets it, and that's not as hard as it sounds.

      Actually, it is not that easy. Antibiotics (for bacteria) are easier to make than antifungals and that is one of the reasons why we don't have so many anti-fungal drugs for humans (and hu-womans).
      Granted, when you develop a drug for bees you are less worried about side-effects than you are with humans, but it's still not that easy.

      --
      Whenever in an argument, remember this.
    5. Re:Now to bring them back by muyshiny · · Score: 2, Insightful

      I don't have a good idea for an experiment but I think it's awesome of you to ask. This is what the Internet should be---constructive. Props!

    6. Re:Now to bring them back by Gilmoure · · Score: 3, Funny

      First we build a second Earth...

      --
      I drank what? -- Socrates
    7. Re:Now to bring them back by MarcQuadra · · Score: 5, Funny

      You know who else liked experiments?

      Hitler!

      --
      "Sometimes, I think Trent just needs a cup of hot chocolate and a blankie." -Tori Amos on Nine Inch Nails
    8. Re:Now to bring them back by Kilrah_il · · Score: 2

      And I said so when?
      I didn't talk about the bees' virus. I meant to say that unlike bacteria, for whom making antibiotics is (relatively) easy, for fungi it is hard.

      --
      Whenever in an argument, remember this.
    9. Re:Now to bring them back by t33jster · · Score: 5, Funny

      I'm also going to say, the whole "RF/Secretgovernment testing/out to destroy us all" conspiracy theories have once again proven to what they are. Bullshit.

      Are you kidding? This so-called "paper" was "co-written" by some Army chemists. If anything, it PROVES the conspiracy theories!

      *adds yet another layer of tinfoil to an already heavy hat*

      --
      Take off every 'sig' for great justice.
    10. Re:Now to bring them back by tsa · · Score: 2, Insightful

      It's a bit more complicated because bees don't only die in America but also in Europe and maybe other places. I don't think bee colonies are moved over the Atlantic, are they? If not, the virus and fungus are probably transferred via people.

      --

      -- Cheers!

    11. Re:Now to bring them back by interval1066 · · Score: 3, Interesting

      "I'm willing to bet that the fungus and the virus were in separate regions at one point."

      Would have only prolonged the wait, not prevented the combination. Also- shipping the bees around would expose them to more variety of flowers, not less. Your hypothesis on that part seems incorrect to me.

      "I'd also like to see more stringent pesticide regulations."

      We already have some of the strongest pesticide regulations in the world. Its not clear to me how pesticides play a role in this scenario.In an unrelated pesticide story larger US cities are currently reporting much higher incidences of bedbug infestation, largely blamed on the banning of DDT in 1972.

      --
      Python: 'And then suddenly you have a language which says "we're all stuck with whatever the whiniest coder wants".'
    12. Re:Now to bring them back by Sloppy · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Dude, we're heading for a world without mead!

      --
      As copyright owner of this comment, I authorize everyone to defeat any technological measure which limits access to it.
    13. Re:Now to bring them back by oldspewey · · Score: 5, Funny

      Granted, when you develop a drug for bees you are less worried about side-effects than you are with humans, but it's still not that easy.

      Damned straight. I find that I get stung roughly once for every 12-15 bees I try to force feed medicine. Even when I explain how it's for their own good, they buzz and scream and kick up a fuss and somebody always ends up getting stung.

      I hate my job.

      --
      If libertarians are so opposed to effective government, why don't they all move to Somalia?
    14. Re:Now to bring them back by Kenja · · Score: 2, Insightful

      If we stop shipping them around, that means no more US produced nuts or fruit.

      --

      "Have you ever thought about just turning off the TV, sitting down with your kids, and hitting them?"
    15. Re:Now to bring them back by Gilmoure · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Ooh, we're gonna' have some cost overruns here.

      --
      I drank what? -- Socrates
    16. Re:Now to bring them back by Mikkeles · · Score: 2, Insightful

      ..., largely blamed on the banning of DDT...

      By whom? I largely blame prohibition and overfishing of cod.

      (For a creature with a generational reproductive rate of about a month or two to take over 30 years to become a problem requires a bit more evidence than 'blame'.)

      --
      Great minds think alike; fools seldom differ.
    17. Re:Now to bring them back by h4rr4r · · Score: 3, Informative

      Bees are shipped all over the world, Australia and Israel are big bee colony producers.

    18. Re:Now to bring them back by darthdavid · · Score: 2, Funny

      woperson?

    19. Re:Now to bring them back by Spykk · · Score: 3, Funny

      Why not just breed the honey bees with a hardier strain of bee? Perhaps something from Africa...

    20. Re:Now to bring them back by turtledawn · · Score: 2, Funny

      Ack, I can't decide between funny and insightful, so I'll just comment instead!

      --
      Uh, "if it looks roughly mouse-shaped according to my infra-red sensitive pit, eat it"? --Chris Burke 09-08-10
    21. Re:Now to bring them back by Kilrah_il · · Score: 4, Informative

      The main reason that bacteria are easier to attack than fungi is that, since they are further down the evolutionary chain (they are prokaryotes, not eukaryotes like the fungi and humans), they are more likely to have proteins different enough from ours to serve as safe targets for drugs. Finding a protein that is foundamental for a fungi's survival yet different enough from the human counterpart is the main obstacle in developing effective antifungals.

      The problem with viruses is that since they use the host's cellular machinary, they usually have a small amount of unique proteins, and thus exacerbating the problem mentioned above. BTW, an antiviral drug doesn't have to prompt the immune system's response (Interferon does that, but others, such oseltamivir, do not).

      P.S. It's 2AM, I don't feel like including Wikipedia links. Feel free to look up what you need yourself. Sorry.

      --
      Whenever in an argument, remember this.
    22. Re:Now to bring them back by mnbob · · Score: 2, Informative

      Consider getting a colony of your own. It's the closest thing you'll ever have to an alien civilzation in your backyard.

      I started this year and the time investment is very low once the colony is established. Most of the time they'll be happier if you just leave them alone.

      http://www.beesource.com/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=275

    23. Re:Now to bring them back by Reziac · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Trouble is, it's extremely tough to eliminate the average fungus, being they're opportunistic. Ask anyone who's battled a fungal infection -- treatment isn't one-shot, it can continue for months or years and still not succeed in eliminating the problem. (Frex, blastomycosis has about a 40% fatality rate even with the best of treatment, which if you're lucky can drag out for 6-9 months.)

      A vaccine against the virus is more likely to be successful, and more likely to succeed with only one or two treatments. Also, it may be possible to incorporate viral immunity into the bees' DNA.

      And that was my first thought when I saw TFA... "so much for the cellphone towers tinfoil asshattery!"

      --
      ~REZ~ #43301. Who'd fake being me anyway?
  2. The cure by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

    So let me get this straight all the bees need is some athletes foot powder and some chicken soup?

  3. Too bad, do we help them...? by hesaigo999ca · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Are bees an integral part of our society, and do they need to be present else we die off somehow....the impact of the species becoming extinct is not unimportant as let's say the platapus....I think if we can, we should help the species by giving them some sort of cure, if we can find it....else we might go without honey in our future.

    1. Re:Too bad, do we help them...? by RingDev · · Score: 5, Informative

      Are bees an integral part of our society, and do they need to be present else we die off somehow.

      If you'll excuse a slight over simplification: Yes.

      -Rick

      --
      "Most people in the U.S. wouldn't know they live in a tyrannical state if it walked up and grabbed their junk." - MyFirs
    2. Re:Too bad, do we help them...? by h4rr4r · · Score: 5, Informative

      Somehow?

      Do you eat any fruits or eat anything that ever ate a fruit? Including fruits that some people think are vegetables, tomatoes, peppers, cumcumbers, etc?

      If so thank a bee. We do not have the man power to pollinate our crops by hand, without bees no fruit.

    3. Re:Too bad, do we help them...? by bhcompy · · Score: 3, Informative

      Bees are the primary pollinators in our world. Without them we'll have serious issues with plant growth and our food supply

    4. Re:Too bad, do we help them...? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Are bees an integral part of our society, and do they need to be present else we die off somehow....the impact of the species becoming extinct is not unimportant as let's say the platapus....I think if we can, we should help the species by giving them some sort of cure, if we can find it....else we might go without honey in our future.

      Actually, almost all flowering crop species and many keystone plant species in most biomes depend upon bees for pollination. Keeping bees alive, is an ultimately selfish act. It could be argued that even species such as the platypus are indicators of overall biosphere health. The loss of any species is an indication of poor conditions for life in general including ours.

      Like the canary in the coal mine, you may not consider the canary helpful in removing coal for productive use, but if it dies, I don't think you will have much time to complain about its lack of productivity...

    5. Re:Too bad, do we help them...? by Surt · · Score: 2, Informative

      I assume you're joking, but just in case:
      Honey is not the main thing we get from bees. The main thing we get from bees is pollination, and our food supply would suffer significantly if they were wiped out.

      --
      "Who is the Journal of Quantum Physics going to believe?" --Stephen Hawking
    6. Re:Too bad, do we help them...? by b0bby · · Score: 4, Informative

      Are bees an integral part of our society, and do they need to be present else we die off somehow....the impact of the species becoming extinct is not unimportant as let's say the platapus....I think if we can, we should help the species by giving them some sort of cure, if we can find it....else we might go without honey in our future.

      Honey is just a nice side benefit - many many crops rely on bees to pollinate them. So much so that in the US, farmers pay people to drive hives around on trucks to pollinate their fields at the right time. Before this study, the stress of transport was thought to be connected to collapse disorder; it may still be a contributing cause.

    7. Re:Too bad, do we help them...? by MaWeiTao · · Score: 2, Informative

      Bees aren't the only pollinating insects. Certain kinds of flies also do a decent job. Many plants are also self-pollinating, to one extent or another. And there's always the option of doing it manually.

      That said, bees are extremely vital and their disappearance is cause for serious concern.

    8. Re:Too bad, do we help them...? by h4rr4r · · Score: 2, Funny

      golf clap.

    9. Re:Too bad, do we help them...? by notaspy · · Score: 2, Funny

      "We do not have the man power to pollinate our crops by hand, without bees no fruit."

      We can solve two problems with a single stroke. With 20 million Americans out of work, let's get them out in the fields, woods, orchards and gardens with little paintbrushes, pollinating like crazy.

      --
      hi!
    10. Re:Too bad, do we help them...? by Xtifr · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Including fruits that some people think are vegetables.

      You say that as if fruit and vegetable were exclusive categories.

      Vegetable, n.
      1.
      a. A plant cultivated for an edible part.
      b. The edible part of such a plant.
      c. A member of the vegetable kingdom; a plant.

      Oranges and strawberries are vegetables by any of those definitions just as much as tomatoes and cucumbers are fruit. All four fall into both categories; all edible fruits are vegetables.

      Wikipedia has a slightly more nuanced definition of Vegetable: "an edible plant or part of a plant other than a sweet fruit or seed." There's no direct citation for this distinction, but even if we accept it, then strawberries stop being vegetables, but tomatoes and the like are still members of both categories. I can't find any definition anywhere that would exclude tomatoes or cucumbers from the vegetable category.

      That said, while I basically agree with your point of your post, the claim "without bees no fruit" is slightly exaggerated. Not all edible fruits rely on bees. But the loss of those that do would certainly be catastrophic.

  4. Re:What, a computer virus? by marcansoft · · Score: 3, Informative

    RNA retroviruses, such as HIV.

  5. Cure by p0p0 · · Score: 2, Funny

    Let's hope the scientists make a beeline for the cure. :P

  6. Headline by ffreeloader · · Score: 5, Insightful

    So, the headline is: Mystery of the Dying Bees Solved.

    The first sentence in the first paragraph says: jamie points out news of a study attempting to explain the decline of honeybee populations across the US.

    I guess "attempting to explain" now means "solved". The English language sure is changing rapidly here on /..

    --
    "while democracy seeks equality in liberty, socialism seeks equality in restraint and servitude." de Tocqueville
    1. Re:Headline by Halo1 · · Score: 3, Interesting

      I recently saw a documentary (in Dutch) on this topic on TV (which was a translated version of a French documentary).

      They indicated many different causes:

      • the parasite (a kind of mite) mentioned in the summary, and the fact that it spreads viruses. Good news: a few colonies have learned to adapt by recognising and killing larvae infected with mite eggs, and removing them from the colony

      • The current bee population is way too homogeneous. All bee queens that are currently sold on the global market are bred in the US by a handful of people. Moreover, the bee population in the US is was already not very diverse in the first place because honey bees are not native to North America, they were imported by European settlers (so they all descend from a few colonies).

      • The global bee trade from the previous point also results in quickly spreading diseases and parasites all over the world.

      • Bee colonies are "abused" in many parts of the world. For example, California has immense almond plantations, with hundreds of thousands of acres that contain nothing but grass and almond trees (apparently it's the state's larges source of income). These flower at the end of winter and have to be fertilised within a period of a few weeks. In order to be achieve this, they import bee colonies from all over the US.

        Problem: bees are normally still hibernating at that point. "Solution": a few weeks in advance they put patties with antibiotics and food concentrate in the colonies to "warm them up". Problem: apart from the forced de-hibernation, many bees die of malnutrition in those plantations because even though there is an abundance of pollen, it's all almond pollen and these do not contain all different kinds of nutrients that bees requires.

      • Pesticides, in particular neonicotinoids (but not just those). There were some pretty horrible stories in the documentary about Bayer refusing all responsibility in the face of all evidence, which included negative effects on bees even when researchers diluted the pesticides to the extent that they could no longer detect them.

        It has become that bad that several beekeepers now take their colonies "on holidays" (e.g. to the Provence in France) to allow them to recuperate from all the poison they get from the farmlands and plantations. Even more surreal was that apparently a number of beekeepers are moving from the countryside into cities, because the lack of pesticides in urban settings more than compensates for the other pollution and the reduced availability of pollen.

      --
      Donate free food here
    2. Re:Headline by turtledawn · · Score: 2, Interesting

      A contributing factor to the severity of varroa mite infestations is the use of pre-manufactured wax or plastic comb supports, which cause the bees to build comb with cells that are just slightly larger than the cells bees build in the wild. For some reason, the bees aren't able to clean out the larger cells as effectively or perhaps they don't notice the presence of the mite eggs as soon. When bees are allowed to build comb to their own liking, as in a top-bar hive, you see very few varroa infestations (and that's more or less the extent of my bee-keeping knowledge, sorry).

      --
      Uh, "if it looks roughly mouse-shaped according to my infra-red sensitive pit, eat it"? --Chris Burke 09-08-10
  7. God's Vengeance by jfz · · Score: 5, Funny

    Wait, so it isn't God's vengeance for Bee homosexuality?

    1. Re:God's Vengeance by charlesj68 · · Score: 2, Funny

      Yes it is. In this case, God smited them with a pair of plagues. A lot like what he did to the Egyptians for picking on the Jews.

      It took ten plagues for the Egyptians to catch on, and only two for the bees? Are you mocking the Egyptians?

    2. Re:God's Vengeance by Beardo+the+Bearded · · Score: 4, Funny

      Put down Xenocide and walk away.

      --

      ---
      ECHELON is a government program to find words like bomb, jihad, plutonium, assassinate, and anarchy.
  8. many common viruses are RNA based, not DNA... by slew · · Score: 5, Informative

    What the hell kind of virus isn't DNA-based?

    For example, the flu is an RNA based virus...
    Perhaps you might want to stick to writing computer programs ;^)

  9. I'm fairly certain that God killed the Bees by WillAffleckUW · · Score: 2, Funny

    After all, since He created the Earth in seven days, he figured why mess with biology and science and not do a little Divine Intervention to keep Bees from ruining his Picnic.

    Every time He holds a picnic, after all, Jesus always complains about his dinosaurs getting stung by them.

    --
    -- Tigger warning: This post may contain tiggers! --
  10. Re:Humanity by Surt · · Score: 2, Insightful

    With 6 billions humans and counting, there has never been a great surplus of humans to cover any possible genetic advantage. So don't worry about wiping out a small contingent of murderers and rapists, the odds of eliminating any desirable trait are vanishingly small.

    --
    "Who is the Journal of Quantum Physics going to believe?" --Stephen Hawking
  11. Re:Answer by cpscotti · · Score: 3, Funny

    I always wonder how many people tried to play the same hoax you're trying there but they took it so serious that they didn't click the "Preview" and theeen the "submit" buttons.

    I fact, I like them better.

  12. Nice study, now what? by dunsel · · Score: 5, Informative

    As a practical beekeeper I feel it is my duty to take this one step further and speculate on how to apply this finding to saving my bees. Virus transmission should be kept to a minimum, I can't think of much else to do to keep a virus like this in check. The primary vector for honeybee viruses is the varroa mite and this pest continues to be the primary killer of honeybees despite all of the hubub about this "Colony Collapse Disorder". Finding that this mite has a hand in CCD is no surprise to me. Nosema is not new to the beekeeping world although N. ceranae is a bigger problem than the tamer N. apis that we're used to dealing with. The treatment is the same though, feed Fumidil B. The bad news is that there isn't much new here so there won't be a silver bullet cure. Keep the bees healthy as best we can, that's about all I can see here.

    1. Re:Nice study, now what? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      > As a practical beekeeper I feel it is my duty to take this one step further and speculate on how to apply this finding to saving my bees.

      You should leave the speculation to the theoretical beekeepers.

    2. Re:Nice study, now what? by turtledawn · · Score: 2, Interesting

      have you tried top bar hives? Supposedly bees can keep control of the mite more easily in natural-sized comb instead of the slightly too-big comb you get when using commercial frames with pre-molded supports. Of course it's more work for somewhat less honey, but mites suck.

      --
      Uh, "if it looks roughly mouse-shaped according to my infra-red sensitive pit, eat it"? --Chris Burke 09-08-10
  13. Just do a comparison by Sycraft-fu · · Score: 4, Interesting

    You can buy wild desert honey. The bees that make it feed on the various plants found in the desert. They are allowed to feed on whatever they can find. It isn't that common in stores nationally, but you see it in the desert states, since that's where it is made. At any rate, compare their health to the health of clover honey bees. If there is a significant difference, then maybe you are on to something.

    Remember that not all honey is produced the same way. Clover honey is popular because it is easy to make and has a very uniform taste, however polyfloral honey is available. Personally I always buy wild desert honey because I appreciate the flavour. It isn't always the same bottle to bottle, but it has some complexity than regular clover honey. Little more expensive too but then it isn't like you go through a honey bottle a week or something.

    1. Re:Just do a comparison by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      > it isn't like you go through a honey bottle a week or something.

      Speak for yourself.

      Signed,
      The Bears.

    2. Re:Just do a comparison by The+Grim+Reefer2 · · Score: 2, Insightful

      a rich brown flavor. Clover honey has this green taste

      I really not trying to be a smart-ass, but what does "brown" and "green" taste like?

    3. Re:Just do a comparison by Seraphim_72 · · Score: 2, Informative

      This is going to sound wine snob - sorry.

      Brown is like its name, thick, earthy, think fresh turned earth, with sugar.

      Green is as well, light, airy, with a sharpness - and there is the rub. Many do not like a sharpness in their sweet.

      --
      Slashdot, where armchair scientists get shouted down and armchair theologians get modded up.
    4. Re:Just do a comparison by Reziac · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I live in the desert. I have a wild honeybee colony on my property. It's a sad affair that barely stays alive. The ONE time in the past nine years that it got up enough numbers to generate a swarm, you could have stuffed the entire swarm into a shoebox and had room to spare. I've tried feeding them but they don't seem interested (tho they show up to get water every day).

      One problem with the western US deserts is that the dirt is loaded with fungus and bacteria spores (thus explosive growth anytime it rains or in any dampness including dew), and now that we mention it, I wonder how that affects the bees. -- I've found that I cannot let young puppies be out in the dirt until their eyes are fully developed (about 4 weeks of age) or they are likely to get eye infections.

      [PS. I used to work for a beekeeper.]

      --
      ~REZ~ #43301. Who'd fake being me anyway?
  14. Ummmm, what? by Sycraft-fu · · Score: 2

    Seriously, this argument is somewhat incoherent, I'm having trouble parsing it. If you are trying to argue we should make sure nobody dies, well that is rather silly. You do realize the death rate stands at 100% right? EVERYBODY dies, nobody has ever been saved from death in the long run. We have no technology that lets us prevent this, and nothing even highly experimental that shows signs of it. Everyone will die off at some point.

    If this is supposed to be an argument against the death penalty then please leave off it because it is a very poor one. There are good arguments against capital punishment, that someone's DNA might be magic is not one of them. We do not test the DNA of most people, and we certainly don't to a complete sequence and diagnosis to see what it contains.

  15. The problem is over blown by RatherBeAnonymous · · Score: 2, Informative

    This is not a problem world wide, and it is only a problem for professional bee keepers and farmers in the US. Even farmers are able to compensate by keeping their own hives, as non-mobile colonies tend to fare better, or by providing habitat for native pollinators. All of the wild honey bees in the Americas are really feral bees, escaped domesticated bees. The interesting point here is that the decline of the honey bee, a European species, is allowing American native pollinators to return. This includes dozens of species of American bees that are not being killed off by this fungus/virus combination. Since the colony collapse disorder spread to my region, I have seen an explosion of bumble bees and other interesting native bee species now that they are not being out-competed by the feral honey bees. If we are lucky, this disease will continue to kill off feral honey bee hives, sparing native bees.

  16. Just to point out by Colin+Smith · · Score: 4, Informative

    That farmers have to pay to have hives driven round because they liberally spray insecticides which wipe out local populations of native insects, including bees.

     

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    Deleted
  17. Solitary Bees by bill_mcgonigle · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I like gardening a lot and put out a lot of ornamental flowers and vegetables to attract bees, but this year there have been very few.

    You don't need colonial bees for your garden. Take a block of hardwood, drill a bunch of holes in it (about 3/8" but look it up) and tack it up to a post or tree near your garden. Solitary bees will build homes in it.

    Encourage your local wasp population too. I'll assume you don't spray bug killer on your garden, seeing as how you understand the need for bugs*.

    * speaking as a normal human, not an entomologist.

    --
    My God, it's Full of Source!
    OUTSIDE_IP=$(dig +short my.ip @outsideip.net)
  18. Combo Dual Win ! by DrYak · · Score: 4, Funny

    What a magnificent example of both critical research failure and Godwin law, all rolled together in a single flamebait. Brilliant !

    --
    "Sufficiently advanced satire is indistinguishable from reality." - [Tips: 1DrYakQDKCQ6y52z6QbnkxHXAocMZJE61o ]
  19. Chicken and Egg again? by SlashDev · · Score: 2, Funny

    Everyone who repeats this non-sense phrase, is a complete moron, it's like asking which came first the woman or the child. Of course the chicken came first, it evolved from another creature, unless you can imagine the egg suddenly appearing out of nowhere, like the monolith for example.

    --

    TOP DSLR Cameras Reviews of the top DSLRs
    1. Re:Chicken and Egg again? by smellsofbikes · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Gonna have to disagree with you here: there were eggs long before there were chickens. They weren't chicken eggs, but they were eggs nonetheless. Something that wasn't a chicken laid an egg, and from that egg hatched a chicken, to oversimplify a million years of evolution.

      --
      Nostalgia's not what it used to be.