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Gut Bacteria In Slim People Extract More Nutrients

Beeftopia writes "Researchers discovered that inserting gut bacteria from obese people into mice without gut bacteria led to the mice becoming obese. Gut bacteria from slim people inserted into the same mice did not lead to mouse obesity. The researchers concluded (abstract) that gut bacteria from the slim people were more efficient at extracting nutrients from food than those of the obese."

46 of 212 comments (clear)

  1. FIAF. by TechyImmigrant · · Score: 4, Interesting

    This is a FIAF thing..
    http://high-fat-nutrition.blogspot.com/2007/12/fiaf-whos-fat-is-it-anyway.html

    It's not that they're better at extracting nutrients, it's that they influence the body to expend more or less enery. The nutrient extraction is a side effect.

    I do wish researchers would read the relevant literature before jumping to conclusions.

    --
    I should use this sig to advertise my book ISBN-13 : 978-1501515132.
    1. Re:FIAF. by TechyImmigrant · · Score: 4, Informative

      Check his citations. They're proper peer reviewed papers. His conclusions make sense and fit the data.

      --
      I should use this sig to advertise my book ISBN-13 : 978-1501515132.
    2. Re:FIAF. by hamburger+lady · · Score: 4, Insightful

      yeah, i doubt the authors of the Science study above read any relevant literature at all.

      --

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    3. Re:FIAF. by TechyImmigrant · · Score: 2

      Will the recipients of her gut bacteria be required to marry Lyle Lovett?

      --
      I should use this sig to advertise my book ISBN-13 : 978-1501515132.
    4. Re:FIAF. by smaddox · · Score: 3, Insightful

      You'd be surprised what kind of crap gets published in Science and Nature - and any other peer reviewed journal, for that matter. My favorite is lasers that don't actually lase. We see those all the time.

    5. Re:FIAF. by Gninnaf · · Score: 2

      I think they might have it backwards. If the gut bacteria is more efficient more nutrients are extracted which can be converted and stored by the body making you fat not slim.

    6. Re:FIAF. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

      You'd be surprised what kind of crap gets published in Science and Nature - and any other peer reviewed journal, for that matter. My favorite is lasers that don't actually lase. We see those all the time.

      No, I wouldn't be surprised, I've seen it and lived it (including the non-lasing lasers you speak of!). Sad thing is that I'm about to reject a paper I'm currently reviewing not because of the science (which is sound) but because it's so poorly written as to be almost unreadable. The problem is that there are people who learn how to wave their hands really well and make lots of friends who help pass this tripe through the peer review process, and many decent scientists who don't write "too good."

      [sigh]

    7. Re:FIAF. by hamburger+lady · · Score: 5, Insightful

      You'd be surprised what kind of crap gets published in Science and Nature

      certainly it's garbage compared to a blog post by a veterinarian.

      --

      ---
      Is this the MPAA? Is this the RIAA? Is this the DMCA? I thought it was the USA!
    8. Re:FIAF. by TechyImmigrant · · Score: 2

      Better a vet with an encyclopedic knowledge of biochemistry than an anonymous coward.

      --
      I should use this sig to advertise my book ISBN-13 : 978-1501515132.
    9. Re:FIAF. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

      Better a vet with an encyclopedic knowledge of biochemistry than an anonymous coward.

      At least anonymous coward posts are peer reviewed.

    10. Re:FIAF. by RMingin · · Score: 3, Informative

      Gut bacteria feed themselves, not you.

      More efficient or effective gut bacteria eat your lunch before you can.

      While in our overfed society, having hyperactive gut bacteria keeping you thin would be good, fatties would be laughing in a major disaster, since they'd get to enjoy more of that roadkill dinner they scavenged, and they'd have longer reserves for the initial disaster and the ensuing survival training course.

      Now if we could just toggle between two sets of bacteria, we'd have a pretty ideal setup!

      --
      The preceding comment is my own, and in no way construes an opinon of the Emperor of Mankind.
    11. Re:FIAF. by niftymitch · · Score: 5, Funny

      Well the conclusion for non scientists is obvious. There's going to be a market to extract Julia Roberts' gut bacteria and reinject them into a bunch of fat one percenters for millions of dollars a pop.

      Units are incorrect:
            millions of dollars a poop.

      --
      Truth is stranger than fiction, but it is because Fiction is obliged to stick to possibilities; Truth isn't. Mark Twain.
    12. Re: FIAF. by __aaltlg1547 · · Score: 3, Funny

      Fuck Lyle Lovett, whoever the fuck that is. And fuck you too.

      Isn't that what TechyImmigrant was getting at?

    13. Re:FIAF. by Optali · · Score: 2

      This reminds me to Mustard Oil... this oils is used by hundreds of millions of people in India without any issue...
      Somebody set up an experiment with rats and the rats died, conclusion: Mustard oil is poisonous and became forbidden in most Western Countries. It can be found but it includes a warning "for external use only".

      A second study found no toxicity in humans, but that mustard oil happens to be toxic for rats... which is rather obvious being that there have been no health concerns raised in India.

      You may also want to recall that our cosy aspirin is deadly for cats but not for dogs or humans (in normal doses I mean).

      I would therefore take the conclusion with a whole truck load of salt because in fact it only demonstrates that when you inject alien gut bacteria into mice their guts will stop working correctly. Mice are not omnivores evolved to eat cooked food like us so that I would mark this study with a big WTF?

      --
      -- 29A the number of the Beast
  2. Oh look the d word by trdtaylor · · Score: 4, Insightful

    "However, the diet was also important for creating the right conditions for the lean twin's bacteria to flourish. A bacterial obesity therapy seems unlikely to work alongside a a diet of greasy burgers."

    Guess what, proper diet still required. /surprise.

    1. Re:Oh look the d word by ackthpt · · Score: 4, Funny

      lesson?

      don't eat junk food. crap like soda acidifies your stomach more than it needs to and kills good bacteria

      I'd suggest eating more beans and lentils, but we've already argued about global warming today.

      --

      A feeling of having made the same mistake before: Deja Foobar
    2. Re:Oh look the d word by Mordok-DestroyerOfWo · · Score: 3, Funny

      lesson?

      don't eat junk food. crap like soda acidifies your stomach more than it needs to and kills good bacteria

      I'd suggest eating more beans and lentils, but we've already argued about global warming today.

      Don't forget about the latest "super-foods" like quinoa and the like. But I digest.

      --
      "Never let your sense of morals prevent you from doing what is right" - Salvor Hardin
    3. Re:Oh look the d word by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      PH of a very acidic soda = 2.522, PH of stomach acid = 1.35

      Don't blame the soda for having an acidic stomach.

    4. Re:Oh look the d word by Immerman · · Score: 2

      No? How about the very next paragraphs:

      Keeping both sets of mice in the same cage kept them both lean if they were fed a low-fat, high-fibre diet. Mice are coprophagic, meaning they eat each other's droppings, and the lean twin's bacteria were passed into the mice which started with bacteria that should have made them obese.

      However, a high-fat, low-fibre diet meant the mice still piled on the pounds.

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    5. Re:Oh look the d word by smaddox · · Score: 2

      And you're basing that on..... what? Maybe you're right, but I've never seen any evidence that suggests that this is true.

      Sodas are bad for you because they contain ~32 grams of sugar per 12 oz can, AND people regularly drink several cans in one sitting. That much sugar is extremely bad for you. To learn why, watch this video.

    6. Re:Oh look the d word by nitehawk214 · · Score: 2

      PH of a very acidic soda = 2.522, PH of stomach acid = 1.35

      Don't blame the soda for having an acidic stomach.

      If you drink something acidic, the total acidity level of your stomach will be more than if you drink water.

      --
      I'm a good cook. I'm a fantastic eater. - Steven Brust
    7. Re:Oh look the d word by niftymitch · · Score: 2

      PH of a very acidic soda = 2.522, PH of stomach acid = 1.35

      Don't blame the soda for having an acidic stomach.

      The stomach is not the interesting local of pH.

      Further down the gut is where pH becomes an issue for sustaining
      the bacteria mix in the gut. Poo does not exit at a pH of 3 or lower.
      It is clear to me that the pH profile through the gut is important. Small
      intestine bacteria is likely different from large bowel bugs.

      As these bugs live and die they release "stuff" to be taken up by the
      body and other bacteria. In addition the nutritional profile is modified.
      Consider Vegemite and Marmite and note the folic acid in Marmite
      as well as useful quantities of several other vitamins, even in small servings.

      The starvation of the body for many nutrients can cause extreme caloric
      intake to satisfy some trivial nutrient content. Niacin in corn is one
      critical and common food need that is solved by nixtamalization
      and mitigates pellagra. Scurvy and pellagra. are the most well known
      nutritional deficiency related problems ... many more exist and more
      remain to be understood.

      It is also true that gut pH is an issue for cattle fed corn. The side effect
      has been countered by antibiotic abuse....

      --
      Truth is stranger than fiction, but it is because Fiction is obliged to stick to possibilities; Truth isn't. Mark Twain.
    8. Re:Oh look the d word by jamesh · · Score: 4, Insightful

      PH of a very acidic soda = 2.522, PH of stomach acid = 1.35

      Don't blame the soda for having an acidic stomach.

      If you drink something acidic, the total acidity level of your stomach will be more than if you drink water.

      That last statement is correct, but your stomach will still be less acidic than if you drank nothing, so it doesn't support the original statement that drinking soda makes your stomach more acidic as drinking anything less acidic than stomach acid will always make your stomach less acidic. There are a bunch of reasons why drinking lots of soda isn't a good idea, but acidifying your stomach isn't one of them.

  3. Mind over Matter by ackthpt · · Score: 3, Funny

    I decide how much to eat and when, thus maintaining a healthy BMI and I get out and exercise frequently.

    BTW it's Friday, time for my customary run to the beer fridge.

    --

    A feeling of having made the same mistake before: Deja Foobar
    1. Re:Mind over Matter by MyLongNickName · · Score: 4, Interesting

      It isn't quite as easy as you might indicate.

      I'm 40 and eat a better balanced diet than when I was 20. I exercise, but weight has gradually increased over time. I was at the bottom end of normal for what BMI charts say I should have been @ age 20. I am now about 15 lbs into the "overweight". My doc says I am fine because I have more muscle, but he wants me to hold the line.

      I made some changes to exercise, working out 5 times a week in the morning and cutting out all soft drinks and after dinner snacking. I dropped 5 lbs in two weeks. i was hydrating a lot so it wasn't water that caused the drop.

      After two weeks, same diet same exercise I dropped 5 more pounds in two weeks. I was feeling great. I was hoping for another 10. But guess what? Two months later, same diet same exercise I didn't drop a single pound. I am not sure how to explain it. It is like my body reached a certain point and compensated for the caloric drop by going into a lower metabolism rate.

      When I was 20 I couldn't gain weight no matter what. Now, I know that 160# is a place that my body just doesn't want to drop below. I understand that I could increase exercise more or cut out even more food... but is it worth it?

      I am convinced that BMI might be a guideline, but it isn't gospel. I can still run a mile at a good clip and keep up with the kids. What am I gaining by dropping into a somewhat arbitrary scale if I am healthy already?

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    2. Re:Mind over Matter by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

      BMI is a guideline, but it's a poorly applied one. The scale is designed for comparing nursing home patients who are completely sedentary. If you walk a couple miles a day you're officially too active for BMI to make much sense.

    3. Re:Mind over Matter by smaddox · · Score: 2

      If you really want to lose fat, supposedly strength training at ~80% your single rep maximum is the way to go. There's been some research that shows it's the most effective workout for weight loss. Depending on your current body type, you might add more muscle mass than you lose from fat, though.

      Also, cut out as much sugar (particularly fructose containing sugars) from your diet as possible.

  4. fat guys ... by vivek7006 · · Score: 2, Funny

    We need more butt fucking with thin women to spread gut bacteria!

    1. Re:fat guys ... by houstonbofh · · Score: 4, Funny

      So where is that guy who always talks about eating out people's assholes? The ONE TIME he would be on topic...

  5. Ayn Randius Greedatoria by Tablizer · · Score: 5, Funny

    So I'm chubby because I have socialist bacteria in me? I'm gonna hafta swallow a little Fox News TV for the buggers.

  6. My new motto by Subacultcha · · Score: 5, Funny

    I'm not fat. I'm just more efficient at extracting nutrients than you.

  7. Re:Hand Sanitizer by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    I'm thinking increasing usage of Hand sanitizer is killing our gut bacteria

    So you're the reason the bottle says "for external use only" on it...

  8. Re:Extracting nutrients by PPH · · Score: 2

    From my understanding of the article, more efficient gut bacteria convert food into forms more readily burned and less stored as fat.

    --
    Have gnu, will travel.
  9. Re:I hit 190 and stay there by ackthpt · · Score: 3, Insightful

    even with 200+ miles on a bike a week I won't go below that.

    Math doesn't argue, you're taking in what you burn in Calories. You are not keeping that weight on by inhaling too much air.

    When I rode a road bike I was always around 165. Now I'm about 190, but don't get that level of aerobic workout anymore. But I remember well how much I ate and how I went to bed hungry so I wouldn't be towing a 5 extra pounds of lard up some of the California hills.

    --

    A feeling of having made the same mistake before: Deja Foobar
  10. Conclusion Makes No Sense by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Informative

    So the mice became obese after being injected with gut bacteria from obese people. But the mice that were injected with gut bacteria from non-obese people did not. Or put another way, before the injection the mice were not obese, and after the injection the mice were still not obese. Since those mice experienced no change whatsoever, it makes no sense to conclude that the non-obese bacteria is more efficient at extracting nutrients. If that was the reason for the change, shouldn't there be some difference after the injection of the non-obese bacteria?

  11. Re:Hand Sanitizer by transporter_ii · · Score: 5, Interesting

    No. It's antibiotics. Blaming it on hand cleaner is like running your AC, but complaining about how much charging your cell phone is running up your electric bill.

    http://www.nbcnews.com/health/antibiotics-may-help-make-you-fat-studies-show-958812

    Could antibiotics make you fat?

    Two studies this week suggest that using antibiotics may save people’s lives, but could also change their metabolisms. Put together, the studies suggest that taking antibiotics might alter digestion to help people absorb calories from food they normally would be unable to digest.

    Every human carries pounds of microorganisms that we couldn’t live without. They break down food and extract nutrients like Vitamin K for us. Antibiotics will kill some of these beneficial organisms, which is why so many doctors now tell patients to eat yogurt after taking a course of the drugs, to replace some of the good guys.

    --
    Doctors destroy health, lawyers destroy justice, universities destroy knowledge, religion destroys spirituality
  12. Re:Correlation is not causation... by dfsmith · · Score: 2

    Here's a clue: [rant deleted]: you eat too much and never exercise.

    To quote the article:

    Mice with the obese twin's bacteria became heavier and put on more fat than mice given bacteria from a lean twin - and it was not down to the amount of food being eaten.

    Next please....

  13. Read the paper, it's not just correlation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    By careful work with mice, their experiment does indeed demonstrate causation. It was a very clever series of experiments, which is probably why it was accepted into the journal Science. Step back a bit and think: how likely is it that reviewers for Science--probably some of the world's top scientists--missed something as basic and as obvious as correlation != causation?

    By the way, this subject seems to generate an angry, viceral reaction for you. Why is that? Does your self-worth revolve around feeling superior to fat people?

  14. Re:Another excuse? by pirix · · Score: 2

    Actually, yes. I didn't say it was THE reason, I said it was a reason. You're suggesting that there's only one reason for being overweight. The study referenced above disputes that argument. Please note that I am in no way saying that leading a sedentary lifestyle and eating too much or the wrong things are also causes of obesity. Obviously they are, and major ones. But the data seems to suggest that it's more complicated than that.

  15. Parasites keep you thin. by pubwvj · · Score: 2

    It has long been recognized in farming that parasites keep animals thin. Same for people. Gee!

  16. evolutionarily by stenvar · · Score: 5, Interesting

    In evolution, one of the biggest threats to humans was starvation. So, what we consider a fat-causing problem these days probably used to be a big evolutionary advantage at some point.

    1. Re:evolutionarily by Solandri · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Through most of human history, being plump was considered attractive. Food was hard enough to come by that most people were thin. Being fat meant you were well fed, and thus affluent. So people considered obesity to be attractive, thinness to be unattractive. The reversal came about only when average productivity increased to where nearly everyone could afford all they wanted to eat, and affluence was exhibited via other ways - like luxury cars, designer suits/dresses, rolex watches, Apple products, and current-gen 3D video cards. Well ok, maybe not the last one quite yet.

  17. Awesome by Anarchduke · · Score: 2

    So if I cut open a skinny person and eat their entrails, I will lose weight?

    --
    who prays for Satan? Who in 18 centuries has had the humanity to pray for the 1 sinner that needed it most? ~Mark Twain
  18. Wouldn't it be the other way around? by Karmashock · · Score: 2

    Is fatness a sign of inefficiency or efficiency?

    If I went back 50 thousand years and saw two guys... a fat guy and a skinny guy... which would I assume was more prosperous? The association of fatness with poverty, ill health, etc is a modern association born of our great resources.

    A man that needed 10,000 calories a day simply to survive could live in our society rather easily. However, 50,000 years ago he'd be a dead man.

    Today, the standard of health is not what it was in our genetic past. That is not to say that the standard is wrong or that people that are skinny are TODAY healthier. However, implying that the fat people have less efficient digestive systems implies that somehow people are getting fat while extracting less from their food. Well... how did they get fat then?

    Its possible I'm reading the wrong things into this and they're implying that the fat people NEED to eat more to get their base nutrition which leaves them with excess empty calories which leads to obesity. However, the experiment said they fed both sets of mice the same food. Which means Mouse 1 got fat on food X and Mouse 2 did not. Well where did those extra calories the skinny mouse got go if not into fat? Me thinks the little stinker pooped them out which doesn't seem like efficiency.

    Possibly the solution here is to have a LESS efficient digestive system. Lots of dieting drugs effectively do that. I think there was one that made it hard for people to metabolize fat. It worked apparently... but had the unfortunate side effect of causing people to lose bowl control as an oily mess exploded from their rectums. I tried to put that both accurately and maturely... but... its not easy.

    Look, I'm just pointing out the logical incongruity here of saying that a more efficient digestive system leads to a skinny mouse. That makes no sense.

    In any case, great research... I await the bacterial transplants that will let us all eat like pigs while still looking smoking in our bathing suits.

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    1. Re:Wouldn't it be the other way around? by ledow · · Score: 2

      "However, implying that the fat people have less efficient digestive systems implies that somehow people are getting fat while extracting less from their food. Well... how did they get fat then?"

      Think of the word "efficiency". The useful energy they get from their food is less than the thin people. Thus, there is a lot more "waste" - both fecal waste and unwanted things making it into the body but NOT being used for energy (e.g. fat).

      It's not that they aren't eating the same things - it's that the thin people are able to digest smaller amounts of food to extract the same energy and thus avoid the by-products. In modern food, there's an awful lot of unnecessary fat. If you are processing that directly into energy, or not eating it, then you aren't storing it. If you aren't, then you're storing it as fat and therefore also need to eat more to get the same energy back. Which you also store as fat. And so on.

      If you were suddenly thrown back into the stone age and/or trapped on a desert island, what you want is to have a gut that turns most of what you eat into energy (fat is not energy, except indirectly and at a later date, and at great cost - else fat people would be able to run marathons with their energy stores) with almost no waste. Efficient.

      About the only advantage of fat storage is heat insulation (e.g. being thrown into an ice age / mountain environment), but that's actually not as good as just being able to get more energy out of the food you DO eat (because then you eat less, so your food store lasts longer, and you generate more internal body heat from it). You do lose lots of weight very quickly if you go to the Arctic, and it's something we've only been able to do very recently because of the available clothing and shelter and most importantly high-energy foods. Do if you look at the people going there or living there, they are NOT obese.

      Fat is not a directly useful energy store. So in terms of efficiency, generating fat is a waste. It's what your body does only in the presence of excess nutrients that it can't process and serves little useful purpose because, archaeologically, we never had exposure to, nor a need, for that much energy in our food. It's basically an overload of a system that has never been able to get that amount of energy for a sustained time historically. Fat helps a little if you have a single binge (e.g. killing a large animal) followed by a fast and the food would otherwise go off, but it's not a good use of the energy otherwise.

      Efficiency is quite important, both in antiquity and modern days. If you can eat less now and get the same energy from it, your food stores last longer, and you need to "hunt" less, which gives you time to do other things. And let's not get into the efficiency of trying to "hunt" or "forage" with fat stores that are classed as obese.

    2. Re:Wouldn't it be the other way around? by Karmashock · · Score: 2

      "Think of the word "efficiency". The useful energy they get from their food is less than the thin people. Thus, there is a lot more "waste" - both fecal waste and unwanted things making it into the body but NOT being used for energy (e.g. fat)."

      Except for what are they actually getting from the food that fat people aren't?

      Do they have more energy? Are they using those calories for something? Because if they're just pooping the calories out that's not actually processing the food. That's just passing it through the digestive tract. By that logic, human beings are amazingly efficient at digesting cellulose. We don't metabolize it at all. It just passes right through our digestive system untouched.

      So if you had a cow eating grass... and getting fat off the grass. And you had a human being eating the same grass. Which of the two is more efficiently processing the grass?

      See, I would think it is the cow. It is after all getting something from the grass. And it is building up a reserve of energy in its body. Where as the human being is likely just making himself sick if anything.

      So going back to the skinny people, what are they getting from the food that the fat guy isn't? See, we have evidence that the fat guy is getting FAT. That's calories right there being stored in his body. That's the point of fat in the first place. It is a store of energy.

      So if the skinny guy is not only getting all the energy the fat guy is getting but EVEN MORE then where is it all going?

      See the problem?

      If guy A and guy B are eating the SAME amount of the SAME food and one gets fat and the other doesn't... how are you to say the fat guy has a LESS efficient digestive system.

      Lets back out again and think about this in an evolutionary context. 50,000 years ago which of the two people would likely have superior survival traits? The one that gets fat or the one that doesn't?

      I'll point out that this tendency to get fat seems to be an extremely common phenotype. It is expressed in most animals and humans amongst them. Which implies it is a survival trait. Which means the skinny gene is likely not a survival trait.

      That's speculation but I find it compelling.

      That fat slob eating pizza today would have been a different specimen 50,000 years ago. First, there would have been a lot less food. Second, there was no means to preserve food besides eating it and getting fat. Third, we lived much more physically active lives meaning we built up muscles and so while you might get fat there would be a lot more muscle under the fat. Sure, we all died at 30 from something but by the standards of most animals of our size and activity that's pretty good.

      As to what I'd want were I cave man, you seem to forget that we're opportunists by nature. We're not carnivores or herbivores but rather opportunist omnivores that will eat just about any high quality food source whatever its source. Furthermore, we not only can eat a varied diet but we MUST eat such a diet. Cows can eat grass all day. Wolves can eat meat all day. Omnivorous like ourselves, need lots of things.

      Consider what that means in an evolutionary context. We were hunter gatherers with a strong emphasis on the gathering. Even much of our prey were more gathered then anything. Shell fish for example aren't so much hunted as picked off the beach. And this behavior is unlikely to give you a constant source of energy especially not from any one source. Rather, you'll get little bits in varying concentrations and being able to store what you've eaten will be a big deal.

      We survived the ice age. The shelters made by people living in the ice, making homes out of mammoth bones and leather have been unearthed. There are fat times and lean times. You down a big animal and eat very well for as long as it lasts. And then its all gone or started to rot. And you might not get very much for some time. You'd rely on your gathering at that point. Eating roots, insects, whatever. And then you'd get lucky and get another big animal

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