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Fathers Pass On Four Times As Many New Genetic Mutations As Mothers, Says Study (theguardian.com)

An anonymous reader quotes a report from The Guardian: Children inherit four times as many new mutations from their fathers than their mothers, according to research that suggests faults in the men's DNA are a driver for rare childhood diseases. Researchers studied 14,000 Icelanders and found that men passed on one new mutation for every eight months of age, compared with women who passed on a new mutation for every three years of age. The figures mean that a child born to 30-year-old parents would, on average, inherit 11 new mutations from the mother, but 45 from the father. Kari Stefansson, a researcher at the Icelandic genetics company, deCODE, which led the study, said that while new mutations led to variation in the human genome, which is necessary for evolution to happen, "they are also believed to be responsible for the majority of cases of rare diseases in childhood." In the study published in Nature, the researchers analyzed the DNA of 1,500 Icelanders and their parents and, for 225 people, at least one of their children. They found that new mutations from mothers increased by 0.37 per year of age, a quarter of the rate found in men. While the vast majority of new mutations are thought to be harmless, occasionally they can disrupt the workings of genes that are important for good health.

181 comments

  1. I guess this means by NEDHead · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Fathers are the mother of evolution

    1. Re:I guess this means by Z00L00K · · Score: 1

      Keep your balls cool - it may be beneficial.

      There's a reason why the male reproductive system is on the outside. But in the modern society with "ideal" climate and clothing that part of the body easily gets warmer than what nature intended.

      --
      If builders built buildings the way programmers wrote programs, then the first woodpecker would destroy civilization.
    2. Re:I guess this means by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Fathers are the mother of evolution

      We dudes gots to do our thing to maintain the diversity of the peeps....

    3. Re:I guess this means by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      That has been known for a long time.
      Men are more susceptible to mutations and will have more outliers.
      Put up a bell curve of whatever trait and the outliers on both ends are likely to be men.

      In a way it makes sens considering the cost to carry a child.
      Men are an expendable test bench, it doesn't matter if half of them are too deformed to reproduce as long as the other half is better than the previous generation. Multiple women can carry children from the same father if necessary.

      The big question is: Why is it beneficial for humans to have a 1:1 male to female ratio?

    4. Re:I guess this means by markdavis · · Score: 2

      There is no evidence that the cause of male genetic errors are caused by temperature of the testes. The reason they are external is that sperm cannot be formed at typical mammal internal body temperatures. Higher temperatures will result in a lower sperm count (and thus less virility). But that doesn't mean that the sperm would have more mutations.

      Would be an interesting topic of study, however.

    5. Re:I guess this means by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Considering the fact that hotter testes has been linked to cancer of said testes, I'd be inclined to think the reason is malfunction of expressions.

      Sperm production is a very delicate process. Denaturing of said process is expected to be catastrophic.
      Remember, this is quite literally a constant operation of stem-cells being turned in to sperm cells for, effectively, life. Compare to females that have all these eggs produced at once.
      But then, bone marrow does the same job for blood. So it's inconsistent presently.
      We definitely do need a proper study of the process. Even temporary periods of people keeping their balls hot would likely not be dangerous long-term. Get sperm, analyse them for mutation rates.
      The body likely expects that to happen occasionally, especially when it comes to weird positions people sleep in. (even in the wild where it is colder on average)

    6. Re:I guess this means by v1 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Mutations occur mainly during cell replication. Given how many sperm are produced (compared to eggs) there's going to be many more generations of sperm (in the stem cell lineage) replications between a man and a woman over their lifetime. I've seen 5 billion quoted as a man's lifetime sperm production. From 1 starting stem cell that's over 30 generations. I don't see any hard data on how many eggs a woman is born with (since they don't replicate beyond that) but if it's say 50,000, that's around 15 generations. Each generation is an opportunity for more mutation. So the man has up to 15 additional generations of sperm production as he ages.

      I've also seen a study awhile ago that mentioned that older men have more mutations in their sperm, which also makes sense for the same reason, they're farther down the generation tree in their sperm production. Nothing about this article is surprising in the least.

      --
      I work for the Department of Redundancy Department.
    7. Re:I guess this means by AmiMoJo · · Score: 2

      Unfortunately we don't really want evolution any more, at least not individually. Most evolution is failures, the kind of genetic downgrade that natural selection would deselect through premature death.

      I wonder if this might lead to more men freezing sperm as teenagers, when the mutation rate is lowest.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    8. Re:I guess this means by Austerity+Empowers · · Score: 1

      Unfortunately we don't really want random evolution any more

      Fixed that. We definitely see and acknowledge deficiencies in our genetic makeup, and we definitely want to fix those things. What we don't want is the sort of random survival of the fittest evolution that brought us to this point.

    9. Re:I guess this means by angel'o'sphere · · Score: 2

      Well, you seem not to know much about women :)
      Fertile age range, 14 - 50 (simplified), 28 cycle, makes 13 cycles per year. 36 * 13 yields 468, so lets say: 500 eggs.
      On the other hand, we have new research indicating that the old idea that a woman is born with a fixed amount of eggs is wrong. .they get recreated just like sperm, but at a different speed/rate.

      --
      Cost free eBook I read (by iBook/Kobo/Amazon/ObookO/Gutenberg etc.): "The Green Odyssey" by Philip Jose Farmer.
    10. Re:I guess this means by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 1

      Unfortunately we don't really want evolution any more, at least not individually. Most evolution is failures, the kind of genetic downgrade that natural selection would deselect through premature death.

      The chapter on humanity isn't finished yet. Humanity has a real Achilles's heel in it''s propensity toward killing other humans. The smart part of our brain is in a big struggle with our primitive brain, which is hyperagressive and enjoys handing out death. This is important now that we are fully capable of rendering the planet uninhabitable as easily as defeating the next tribe over.

      I wonder if this might lead to more men freezing sperm as teenagers, when the mutation rate is lowest.

      The freezing process might lead to a higher rate of mutations - this is conjecture, so if someone knows, chime in. I believe there would have to be a reason that men in general would want to do that. As well, there are legal issues. Does a spouse have access to that sperm regardless of the presumptive father's wishes? If the female person in a divorced couple is inseminated with her ex-spouse's sperm after divorce, is he liable for child support?

      Is 50 percent of that frozen sperm by law hers in a divorce settlement?

      If a woman gains access to the sperm and impregnates herself without his consent, is that sexual assault? I suspect you will reject the questions as frivolous, but if men started freezing sperm, as many women over thirty have taken to freezing their eggs with some idea that they will eventually find a man who meets their standards (a friend of my wife's daughter works for a Silicon Valley company that actually paid for her to freeze some of her eggs, and she still hasn't found Mr right) the whole process leaves itself open to a lot of legal fun and games.

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    11. Re:I guess this means by mrclevesque · · Score: 1

      "I wonder if this might lead to more men freezing sperm as teenagers, when the mutation rate is lowest."

      Maybe it will reverse the trend and for the average couple it'll be the man that's younger.

    12. Re:I guess this means by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Unfortunately we don't really want involuntary evolution any more

      Fixed your fix

      What both the left and the right want is individual choice. The mutation could be random (or not), as long as the individual voluntarily choose to have it.

      Think of it this way: if there was a treatment where you would randomly change genders, or sexual orientation, or skin color, etc, both left and the right would think it's up to the individual to choose whether they will take the treatment

      What the left and right disagree on is how government should or shouldn't act in regards to individual choice.

      The left thinks the government should act to ensure people can make that choice and protect them for making that choice, which might include subsidizing/paying the costs of making that choice.

      Whereas the right believes the government just has to leave that individual alone, along with leaving any other people who might interact with that individual alone. If an individual wants to make that choice, they pay from their own pocket.

    13. Re:I guess this means by AmiMoJo · · Score: 1

      Those aren't frivolous questions, and in fact at least one has been legally resolved in the UK.

      There was a couple who fertilized some eggs and froze them when the wife had a serious illness and became infertile. Then they divorced and the man married someone else. The women wanted to use the fertilized eggs, but he declined to give consent and as is usual in such cases the storage facility wanted to destroy them. It went to court and was eventually decided that she couldn't force her ex-husband to become a father.

      As you can see, there is no real question of ownership or who gets what in a divorce. There needs to be mutual consent before any medical procedure can take place, like implantation.

      I guess with sperm it could be a little different, since you could conceivably freeze, store, unfreeze and... er... smear it onto a cervix yourself. I don't know where the law stands, but I imagine it's probably covered under medical uses of body tissue or something, but complicated by the fact that it could result in a child. I don' think it has ever been tested.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    14. Re:I guess this means by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I do not support the freezing of my sperm.

      The process of reinserting the frozen sperm into my junk is invasive, cold and generally causes shrinkage!

    15. Re:I guess this means by slew · · Score: 1

      Unfortunately we don't really want involuntary evolution any more

      Fixed your fix...

      Perhaps the phrase you are looking for is simply: People want eugenics...
      When you boil it down like this, are you sure that's what we *should* want?

    16. Re:I guess this means by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      there are usa cases where a sperm donor is required to pay child support, so its indirectly answered here as well...

    17. Re:I guess this means by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Perhaps the phrase you are looking for is

      No, that's not the phrase I was looking for

      When you boil it down like this

      The obvious answer is then to NOT boil it down like that.

      No, people don't want eugenics. Eugenics, and I'll use wiki's definition, aims to improve the genetic quality of a human population, which implies genetic choices are made by a central authority to satisfy some collective goal (e.g "*we* want more blue haired people").

      But again, both left and right are about individual choice. It's about letting individuals make choices to satisfy their own individual goals (e.g "*I* want (my kids) to have blue hair").

    18. Re:I guess this means by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Perhaps the phrase you are looking for is simply: People want eugenics...
      When you boil it down like this, are you sure that's what we *should* want?

      Voluntary eugenics seems okay to me. If it were done in a similar way in Beyond This Horizon, where people gan get benefits from the government for having children with specific people, I don't see the problem.

    19. Re:I guess this means by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      i dont think fathers should be alllowed to raise kids on they own, too much case of molesting and dads who impose man thinking

    20. Re:I guess this means by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 1

      I do not support the freezing of my sperm.

      The process of reinserting the frozen sperm into my junk is invasive, cold and generally causes shrinkage!

      AAGH! Just the thought creeps me out. Damn - that would be good birth control.

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    21. Re:I guess this means by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 1

      I guess with sperm it could be a little different, since you could conceivably freeze, store, unfreeze and... er... smear it onto a cervix yourself. I don't know where the law stands, but I imagine it's probably covered under medical uses of body tissue or something, but complicated by the fact that it could result in a child. I don' think it has ever been tested.

      There have been a few cases here in North America. There was one in Canada where "gifted" sperm from a man was considered to be a woman's property to do with as she wished. As far as I know, there was no further children born. Then there was a rather creepy case od a woman, who's son was killed in 2009 in an assault, who had his sperm retrieved in the hopes of getting a grandchild from his sperm and a surrogate. There have been some other came where the male has retained ownership of his splooge. Hey, I'm tired of typing "sperm"!

      Which brings up another weird issue. If a man is killed, and they extract his sperm, are any children born after his death his estate's responsibility? There is consent, which of course cannot be given. But in the 2009 case, it happened without consent. Oh, the complications...

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    22. Re:I guess this means by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 1

      there are usa cases where a sperm donor is required to pay child support, so its indirectly answered here as well...

      Talk about a whatever could go wrong decision. Who on earth would donate when you could be held responsible for child support under those circumstances. In England, they are haking some issues. Just 9 donors

      https://www.theguardian.com/sc... .

      In true men are at fault for everything fashion, they are resorting to manshaming to try to cue yet another abuse of the patriarchy. Of course, anonymity has been stripped from sperm donors since 2005, so you know damn well that these terrible men who in true selfish fashion, donated sperm, will be eventually required to give their money to these poor children. I wonder if they will have to pay a sort of alimony to the sperm's mother too? It's a losers game.

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    23. Re: I guess this means by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I suppose doping is fine under that criteria. ..

    24. Re:I guess this means by AmiMoJo · · Score: 1

      Seems like it would be similar to organ donation. If the donor is alive they forfeit all rights to the donated organ, because otherwise they would own a part of someone else. If they are dead but gave permission while still alive, it would be up to their surviving family and once donated out of their control again.

      The real issue seems to be consent.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    25. Re:I guess this means by v1 · · Score: 1

      perhaps you slept through a certain class in school ;)

      You are counting the number of eggs ovulated, not created. For every one egg ovulated at the start of the cycle, there may have been a dozen or more on the surface of the ovary in various stages of maturation. When one follacle bursts and releases its egg, the others immediately stop growing and are re-absorbed. (when two burst at about the same time, you have a possibility for fraternal twins)

      I don't have hard numbers on eggs ripening, but a dozen is plausible. And those are just on the surface maturing. There are many more in stock inside the ovary, and that's the number you really need to go off. It's not like "ok the woman is going to use 500 eggs in her lifetime, so the body only ever produced 500 eggs" - that's totally wrong. That would be like only counting the total sperm production of a male based on sperm ejaculated. I wasn't able to easily find the total number of eggs the female body has stockpiled by the time they stop replicating. (at or around birth iirc) But it's certainly a lot larger than the total number ovulated.

      The difference is important since I was looking at generational mutation. I was interested to see how many generations of gamete production there were leading up to the end of fertile life, since each generation is a big contributor to genetic mutation in gametes. (along with recombination)

      --
      I work for the Department of Redundancy Department.
    26. Re:I guess this means by angel'o'sphere · · Score: 1

      When I was in school, the mantra was: a girl is born with a fixed amount of eggs.

      But thanx for your simple update :D

      --
      Cost free eBook I read (by iBook/Kobo/Amazon/ObookO/Gutenberg etc.): "The Green Odyssey" by Philip Jose Farmer.
    27. Re: I guess this means by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      In the event a non-viable gets to breed, 1:1 means the damage is limited.

  2. xx vs. xy by turkeydance · · Score: 1

    xy has less capacity. deviations magnified?

    1. Re: xx vs. xy by gerf · · Score: 2

      I'd suspect its because male gonads are more readily exposed to mutation causing environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, etc

    2. Re: xx vs. xy by Matt.Battey · · Score: 5, Informative

      Male gametes are continuously produced, while female gametes are 100% present at birth. Transcription errors occurs during replication which may be as much of a factor as male vs. female gonad tissue depth.

    3. Re: xx vs. xy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Now all we need to find is someone with a thick scrote.

    4. Re: xx vs. xy by mentil · · Score: 1

      female gametes are 100% present at birth

      That's recently been found to be untrue.

      --
      Corruption is convincing someone that the selfless ideal is the same as their selfish ideal.
    5. Re: xx vs. xy by AxeTheMax · · Score: 1

      And a bit of information that is missing is how old were the fathers of the children with most mutations. As stated in the article, it is likely that 40 year old fathers contribute a disproportionate share of the mutations compared to 20 year olds.

    6. Re: xx vs. xy by deviated_prevert · · Score: 4, Funny

      female gametes are 100% present at birth

      That's recently been found to be untrue.

      Not quite. It depends greatly upon the health of the female in the years just prior to puberty. A more concise explanation of ovogenesisis here. This is indeed news for most nerds of the computer kind but then again we do understand the concept of having soldered in ram that cannot be increased. With male nerds the problem lies in the waste of excess male gametes while thinking about the physical aspects of a females reproductive organs. Thus reducing the quantity of male gametes available when the occasion actually occurs. So we do not reproduce as frequently as males who do the real thing, a situation which in theory could reduce the population of nerds in the long run.

      --
      This message was not sent from an iPhone because Peter Sellers really was a deviated prevert without a dime for the call
    7. Re: xx vs. xy by sabbede · · Score: 2

      Makes sense to me. What is it, tens or hundreds of millions of little swimmers that could be produced daily? That's a lot of unverified copy operations. Plenty of opportunities for mutation.

    8. Re: xx vs. xy by coofercat · · Score: 1, Funny

      So the Catholics had it right all along? Every sperm is sacred? Wasting it won't so much make you blind as make you wish you were so you don't have to look at your mutated kids?

  3. I guess this means it's the man's fault by Suiggy · · Score: 1, Funny

    All cis-privileged men are evil and always to blame

    1. Re: I guess this means it's the man's fault by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Oh I agree, they were probably real gleeful to present us with this. Well, even if it's true this has been going on for millions of years and not just since the founding of the Patriarchy in a cave in the year 12776 BCE.

    2. Re: I guess this means it's the man's fault by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      People were for the most part genetically indistinguishable 10k years ago. We had to invent the patriarchy in order to keep women from ruining all our attempts at civilization.

      Why are you throwing away those seeds and burying them in dirt Ug? Are you stupid? I was totally going to eat them tomorrow. I'm pretty sure Lala's man doesn't bury seeds like a fucking idiot, Ug.

      Now it turns they do the same at the DNA level.

      It's AWALT all the way down.

    3. Re:I guess this means it's the man's fault by cyberchondriac · · Score: 2

      Surprised The Guardian didn't frame it that way, so .. wait, did they just assume someone's gender?

      --

      Look back up at my post, now look back down, you're on the Internet. Now look back up. I'm a signature.
    4. Re:I guess this means it's the man's fault by Curunir_wolf · · Score: 1

      All cis-privileged men are evil and always to blame

      The way I read it, it means men are 4 times as responsible for the evolution of the species. You need to spread around a lot of genetic mutation to make evolution work, after all.

      --
      "Somebody has to do something. It's just incredibly pathetic it has to be us."
      --- Jerry Garcia
  4. No worries, CRISPR to the resucue by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Just create a gene drive that gets rid of those pesky fathers. Problem solved.

  5. Champions every one by Boronx · · Score: 1

    But the muties are all good swimmers at least.

  6. Could be compensation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

    It appears that throughout evolutionary history a much larger proportion of men produced no offspring than did women. The men who did produce offspring produced more, leading to human beings having about twice as many female ancestors as male (males were more likely to be distant cousins of other males in your family tree, which means more duplication of (great-)*n grandfathers).

    Since males were more likely to be childless, to have an equal influence on evolution the males who were fathers would need to pass on more mutations. There would have to be evolutionary pressure for both sexes to equally influence evolution, though. Or, at least, some advantage for males in particular to keep up with women.

    1. Re: Could be compensation by hackwrench · · Score: 1

      Where did that come from?

    2. Re:Could be compensation by Samantha+Wright · · Score: 3, Informative

      I believe the generally accepted view on the evolutionary impact of sexual dimorphism, in most mammals, is that males are experimental (and relatively expendable, as far as biological fitness is concerned; the act of copulation is a relatively brief part of childrearing.) Take, for example, the X chromosome: with only one copy, males experience its effects far more prominently. In females, one of the copies of the X chromosome is selected at random to be disabled, so the two copies are averaged out, statistically driving the overall phenotype toward the mean. There are a number of physiological traits that exhibit this pattern, for example men have a higher standard deviation in height than women. In a hunter-gatherer scenario, this protects the nucleus of the tribe from deleterious mutations, and is a key advantage of sexual reproduction.

      --
      Bio questions? Ask me to start a Q&A journal. Computer analogies available for most topics!
    3. Re:Could be compensation by Shinobi · · Score: 1

      The interesting thing about the study is that due to the fairly high amount of inbreeding in Iceland's native population, you can observe more clearly some aspects of mutation, but for the same reason, you can't in any objective way generalize it across other population groups

    4. Re:Could be compensation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      So your saying that it actually makes sense from an evolutionary standpoint for one man to father babies with multiple women because men are able to compensate with increased genetic variability due to genetic mutations?

      Nice, now I have scientific justification for my man whorishness.

    5. Re:Could be compensation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Take, for example, the X chromosome: with only one copy, males experience its effects far more prominently.

      In case anyone is wondering, this is why calicoes exist (and are all female).

    6. Re: Could be compensation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      There are male calicoes, although they are rarer,

  7. = 4X greater chance of ... by swell · · Score: 1

    Superkid !

    Yo, isn't it the mutations that allow genetic improvements? Now how can we get the Mothers to contribute more mutations and do their fair share?

    --
    ...omphaloskepsis often...
    1. Re: = 4X greater chance of ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Breeding more sounds appropriate.

  8. NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Funny

    No. Not true. This story is lies. Fake news. Everybody knows that men and women are exactly the same at everything. Claiming otherwise is sexist and misogynist and racist and fascist and placist and bassist. You are Nazis and monsters and white supremacists. Retract this article immediately or we're going after your sponsors. Die in hell.

    Signed,
    The Tolerance Brigade

    1. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You forgot hetro-normative and homophobic.

    2. Re:NO by lucm · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Everybody knows that men and women are exactly the same at everything.

      ... except when the boat is sinking, then suddenly equality vanishes.

      --
      lucm, indeed.
    3. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Quite funny, but it's an old joke and it makes you seem like a dick.

    4. Re:NO by serviscope_minor · · Score: 0

      ... except when the boat is sinking, then suddenly equality vanishes.

      What boat?

      --
      SJW n. One who posts facts.
    5. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The fact you focused on those two aspects only as opposed to any other way of oppressing and categorizing people proves you are, in fact, homophobic yourself.

    6. Re:NO by Zocalo · · Score: 3, Informative

      *ANY* boat - metaphorical or literal. It's a rare feminist, or any other disadvantaged group for that matter, that will stick to their principles when being a member of that group presents an opportunity to gain an advantage, as exemplified by the call "Women and children first!" in the rush to the lifeboats. The ability to put looking out for number one over our principles is one of the few things that seems to be a constant across pretty much any grouping of humankind you can imagine.

      --
      UNIX? They're not even circumcised! Savages!
    7. Re:NO by markdavis · · Score: 1

      >"... except when the boat is sinking, then suddenly equality vanishes."

      So which would have advantage in such a watery disaster? The women, who have more body fat for insulation and buoyancy, better communications skills, and more endurance? Or the men, with stronger and faster bodies, better coordination, and better spacial skills?

    8. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      ... except when the boat is sinking, then suddenly equality vanishes.

      What boat?

      Just try telling a US "feminist" that she should be draft-eligible and have to sign up to Selective Service...

    9. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Thanks to obesity, everyone floats now.

    10. Re:NO by AmiMoJo · · Score: 2

      Whatever, as long as men still can't get pregnant. The thought of having my genitals ripped open as some kid rams his head through them does not appeal.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    11. Re:NO by AmiMoJo · · Score: 2

      "Women and children first" is actually a bit of a myth. It seems to have been popularized by reports of the second officer aboard the Titanic asking "Hadn't we better get the women and children into the boats, sir?" The captain responded somewhat vaguely, resulting in needless deaths. But there is no basis for it in maritime law and it isn't considered in evacuation plans.

      It's actually something feminists dislike, because it's just another aspect of toxic masculinity, the idea that men should hide injuries, fear and any perceived weakness by prioritizing the rescue of people they see as un-manly. Evacuation should proceed in the order of greatest need.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    12. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      you are, in fact, homophobic yourself.

      The fact you focused on this particular slur proves that you are, in fact, homophobic yourself.

    13. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      One place where confirmation bias will never let you down, that's in your own imagination.

      Seriously, don't we have anything real to complain about, we have to invent imaginary emergencies and then imagine how people we don't like might behave in them and complain about that?

      Is there a word for that? Because I'm having trouble coming up with anything more specific than "fucking stupid".

    14. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Except the the women in third class had a grater survival rate than men in first class

    15. Re:NO by sabbede · · Score: 1

      My favorite part was 'bassist'. Dirty string-thumpers.

    16. Re:NO by king+neckbeard · · Score: 1

      It's more the idea that men are the expendable gender. After all, one man can get multiple women pregnant, but one women can (practically speaking) only carry one man's child at a time.

      --
      This is my signature. There are many like it, but this one is mine.
    17. Re:NO by angel'o'sphere · · Score: 1

      Well,
      I can attest that men and women are the same first handed.
      The penis of my GF however is extrmely tiny, but I love it. And for some obscure reaons she gained some fat around her nipples, I hardly can give a good massage to her chest muscles.
      But alas, I lover her anyway!

      aos

      --
      Cost free eBook I read (by iBook/Kobo/Amazon/ObookO/Gutenberg etc.): "The Green Odyssey" by Philip Jose Farmer.
    18. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      One place where confirmation bias will never let you down, that's in your own imagination.

      Well, the left has the right beat on that one. The right imagines people's actions, while the left takes it further and imagines your thoughts

      The right imagines that the left will DO bad things (with the laws the left pushes for), or ACT in ways hypocritical to the left's stated principles (like when the ship is sinking).

      The left imagines what the right is thinking, or what the right is feeling. The left imagines the right not "actually" care about the things the right says they care about (law and order, border control, balance the budget, small government, freedom and liberty), but the things the left imagines the right to be thinking about (racism, sexism, fascism, etc)

      It doesn't matter what the right does (or doesn't do). The left will imagine the right has bad bad thoughts and motives behind those actions (or inactions). And thoughtcrime is as good as real crime to shun and shame and persecute.

    19. Re:NO by markdavis · · Score: 1

      >"Thanks to obesity, everyone floats now."

      LOL! Well, I was referring to ideal/average :)

    20. Re:NO by AmiMoJo · · Score: 1

      Do you have any evidence of this?

      The only time "women and children first" seem to have been a thing is when the people in charge, usually men, have declared it. Whenever there is a panic it's everyone for themselves, as we have seen with recent terror attacks. Can you cite a single instance in modern times where feminists have demanded, even just suggested, that they be allowed to escape first simply due to their gender (i.e. it wasn't due to injury, pregnancy, disability etc.)?

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    21. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Everybody knows that men and women are exactly the same at everything.

      ... except when the boat is sinking, then suddenly equality vanishes.

      By that measure, a lot of men could be proven to be women, or vice versa. ;)

    22. Re:NO by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 4, Interesting

      No. Not true. This story is lies. Fake news. Everybody knows that men and women are exactly the same at everything. Claiming otherwise is sexist and misogynist and racist and fascist and placist and bassist.

      Not necessarily fake news, but serving news.

      I know you were making a funny - a good one by the way - but there is an angle to the news.

      As feminism has convinced women for a long time that they don't need men, and as we now have more educated women than men, and no end of that trend in sight, single, educated women are hitting their 30's and suddenly realizing that their reproductive drive is on high alert. But there is a problem. They are having a hellava time meeting and sealing the deal with any male that they consider worthy. This is based on the inherent acceptability factor that the female of the species wants to marry up in class.

      So we are seeing a lot of educated women in a panic, freezing their eggs in hopes of finding a male who lives up to their standards. Some companies actually pay for this process. But that's a loser's game, because as they age, their value to the males of the species drops, and unless they plan on marrying someone much younger, there are not going to be too many 50 year old men who want to have children at that age.

      Now there are a couple solutions. Marry young and have children at a more physically appropriate age, then work your career, and the other is to make the educational environment less unpleasant for men. Having been through that, it is an issue when you are reminded every day of how terrible a sub-human you are. Because all nature versus nurture aside, women inherently call the shots on reproduction, and at present, have largely priced themselves out of the market.

      Back to the subject at hand. As many women panic over their declining fertility, and are taking some big efforts to try to artificially extend it, there is a social need to try to pin blame for the issue on the male of the species. The underlying message is "Grow up men" "stop being immature and we need fresh young sperm, because if you don't give it to us when you are young, any problems are your fault."

      Whereas the real issue is that if you want children, you don't wait until you are at an age when most earlier humans were grandparents or dead. We have had some success with the artificial extension of childhood, but cannot extend that much more without a lot of bad issues. My great grandparents were married at 13 years old, but they had to to have a good chance of raising children before they died.

      Today, it's the opposite. Some people are concerned they will die before having any children.

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    23. Re:NO by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 2

      ... except when the boat is sinking, then suddenly equality vanishes.

      What boat?

      (Queue cheesy 70's music) The Looooove Boat....

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    24. Re:NO by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 2

      Do you have any evidence of this?

      The only time "women and children first" seem to have been a thing is when the people in charge, usually men, have declared it.

      In many circumstances, it makes sense, no matter who declares it.

      If the stronger of the species were to physically make certain that they survived, and it was everyone for themselves, we'd fail as a species pretty quickly.

      Now we are not in such a situation any more, but like it or not, human males have a pretty strong protective instinct that rises to the level that we will often choose to die to save a woman or women. Same with children. But when puberty hits, the female gets the privilege of living, and the once protected male child is now a utility and can die with the rest of the surplus men.

      I used the word privilege quite purposely, because what is considered male privilege is often the privilege to sacrifice your own life. Which by the way, in a truly equal society unconstrained by instinct, a female is as likely to give her seat on the lifeboat to any random male. We just have these inconvenient instincts, which allowed the species to avoid extinction.

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    25. Re:NO by religionofpeas · · Score: 3, Funny

      Ideally, each rescue boat should have a ratio of ten women for each man.

      It is, you know, a sacrifice required for the future of the human race. I hasten to add that since each man will be required to do prodigious...service along these lines, the women will have to be selected for their sexual characteristics which will have to be of a highly stimulating nature.

    26. Re:NO by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 1

      >"... except when the boat is sinking, then suddenly equality vanishes."

      So which would have advantage in such a watery disaster? The women, who have more body fat for insulation and buoyancy, better communications skills, and more endurance? Or the men, with stronger and faster bodies, better coordination, and better spacial skills?

      The women and children will go in the boat because they can reproduce and continue the species. Men are utilities to be used in furthering the species. The individual male is not important, but the individual female is critical in a survival situation. The children are important because once they reach reproductive age, they can reproduce. And a few males can impregnate a lot of females when needed.

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    27. Re:NO by cyberchondriac · · Score: 1

      +++Insightful.

      --

      Look back up at my post, now look back down, you're on the Internet. Now look back up. I'm a signature.
    28. Re:NO by Zocalo · · Score: 1

      I was aiming to be more metaphorical and encompassing than the OP's more literal example of lifeboats, which is absolutely a women (and children) over men scenario, but even then - and regardless of the gender of the person who says "women and children first" - most people are going to try and get in the boat, even if it means sacrificing their principles to do so. The real point was that self-interest, whether instictive or reasoned, over principles isn't limited to any specific group - the aim is (supposedly) equality between the perceived group and "the rest", and usually that's only the case when it doesn't involve the sacrifice of a benefit that membership of the group being discriminated against does have. You can also turn things on their head; sometime the easiest (and sensible) path to equality is to grant something to the *other* group - entitling men to paternity leave, for instance, to stick with gender for examples - yet you don't tend to find as many people in discriminated groups that are willing to fight for that kind of change to achive the equality they supposedly seek, let alone the alternative of sacrificing one of the benefits they do have.

      --
      UNIX? They're not even circumcised! Savages!
    29. Re:NO by PoopMonkey · · Score: 1

      Women and feminists will almost certainly never be able to get women to get rid of hypergamy. They wanted to get rid of gender roles, and the more that happens, the more panicked women get.

    30. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I'll sink to THAT!

    31. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      And I don't see anyone protesting that "garbage man" is a gendered term, or that not enough women are in the profession.

    32. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      If the stronger of the species were to physically make certain that they survived, and it was everyone for themselves, we'd fail as a species pretty quickly.

      You don't believe in evolution? Because that is literally evolution.

    33. Re:NO by king+neckbeard · · Score: 1

      Whether or not we need to account for that ratio depends on whether we expect them to be reintegrated into society soon. If it's a "stuck on an abandoned island for decades" scenario, then yes. If it's a rescue back to the mainland, though, men are useless, because there's already pretty close to a 1:1 ratio in society.

      As for the selection of women, quantity is likely more important than quality for service, since the Coolidge effect would likely be in play.

      --
      This is my signature. There are many like it, but this one is mine.
    34. Re:NO by AmiMoJo · · Score: 1

      To be statistically significant there would need to be an awful lot of disasters happening on a regular basis.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    35. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Men probably caused the boat to sink.

    36. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The women and children will go in the boat because they can reproduce and continue the species.

      By this logic boys and old women not supposed to be included into "first". Also, the species is doing just fine. Most ecological problems can be traced to overpopulation, the species should really slow down a bit. This reasoning makes no sense in general. It makes even less sense for an individual on a sinking boat.

      I think the reason is the commonly accepted general idea that weak supposed to be protected.

    37. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      This is funny to /. users? This is the most pathetic crap I've ever seen

    38. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It's actually something feminists dislike, because it's just another aspect of toxic masculinity,...

      Isn't that an example of classic mansplainin'? Just say'n...

    39. Re:NO by AmiMoJo · · Score: 1

      Wrong on two accounts.

      Feminism isn't about not needing men, it's about having a relationship with them that is a union of equals. If there is anyone rejecting this kind of relationship, it seems to be men wanting a more traditional marriages.

      As for women not thinking men are "worthy", it's actually just a combination of modern life making children unaffordable and children having a very negative effect on women's careers.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    40. Re:NO by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 1

      The women and children will go in the boat because they can reproduce and continue the species.

      By this logic boys and old women not supposed to be included into "first". Also, the species is doing just fine.

      I'm talking about evolutionary traits more than social ones. Socially, you are correct, there are plenty of each sex and age group at this point, and a woman or child has no more right to survive than a grown man.

      But think of a time when humans were first populating the planet, perhaps even at the transition between proto humans and homo sapiens sapiens.

      You are in a village, roughly 50 percent male, and 50 percent female, some number of children of both sexes, and a typical lifespan is maybe 40 years. There is some life stressing events, a crop failure due to a drought, might suffice. It becomes obvious that most of your tribe is going to die over the winter. So who do you pick to get the food and resources?

      There are different choices one might make, but the most expendable members of your tribe are men. Valuable members are fertile women, and girls who are near puberty. Very young boys and girls are likewise much less valuable, as are the elderly.

      You'll obviously need some strang and healthy males to provide food as can be found, but after the winter ends, your tribe might be decimated, but will still be able to repopulate itself.

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    41. Re:NO by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 1

      Wrong on two accounts.

      Feminism isn't about not needing men, it's about having a relationship with them that is a union of equals.

      That is your definition of feminism. And it's a really nice one. But are you so naive to say that is the only definition, or that anyone who has a different definition is somehow not a feminist? We've had this argument before, and you simply reject my researched proof. Fugiddaboudit. "A woman needs a man like a fish needs a bicycle." I've heard that one a lot, and it doesn't sound like equality.

      If there is anyone rejecting this kind of relationship, it seems to be men wanting a more traditional marriages.

      Actually, if you ask them, they would just like to be treated well. But respect and lovingkindness with a member of the patriarchy is no more allowed than Gal Gadot shaving her armpits.

      As for women not thinking men are "worthy", it's actually just a combination of modern life making children unaffordable and children having a very negative effect on women's careers.

      Well then they have made the choice, and their careers have taken the win. Odd they would complain.

      And yet, somehow my wife and I have both managed to have lengthy professional careers. I know this sounds like anathema, but we planned our family and careers. We had a child first, her in her early 20's and I supported us both for the early part of the child rearing process. Then after he was around 3, she started her career. Rose rapidly to management and ended up second in command at a construction industry business. She ended up being the boss of a lot of men - as an aside.

      Frankly, if a woman decides that she is going to have children when she reaches her mid 30's or 40's, she has made a decision that I consider very stupid on a few levels. Marry when you are young enough to have children while young, when you are reproductively designed to have children. Nature is not beatable by the power of the will. A 45 year old person who has a first child is going to be nearing 70 by the time the child is mature, and many may be dead by the time their children marry. Make your career after you have performed reproduction. Retire while you are still able to enjoy your children and then spoil your grandchildren.

      I only suggest that what my spouse and I did as an alternative to cheating nature. Others may just be tickled pink to be dead when their grandchildren happen, and with their dying breath, utter "My only regret is that I didn't spend more time at the office".

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    42. Re:NO by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 1

      If the stronger of the species were to physically make certain that they survived, and it was everyone for themselves, we'd fail as a species pretty quickly.

      You don't believe in evolution? Because that is literally evolution.

      Evolution in a species that uses sex to reproduce, need both male and female. Think about it.

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    43. Re:NO by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 1

      To be statistically significant there would need to be an awful lot of disasters happening on a regular basis.

      Do you know how life was for early humans?

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    44. Re:NO by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 1

      Women and feminists will almost certainly never be able to get women to get rid of hypergamy. They wanted to get rid of gender roles, and the more that happens, the more panicked women get.

      Reminds me of when the Australian and American Women's teams played some 15 year old boys teams. The Australians were beat by a score of 7-0, and the American women were beat by an under 15 team in Dallas and fared a little better, losing by 5-2.

      This is not even to belittle the ladies teams. Women should compete in sports just like men. It is however, an illustration of the fallacy being taught to women today, that they are the physical equals of men in every way.

      We even see this today as some women attack men and apparently believe they can physically defeat them. When the male has no other way out, and determines that he must fight, the results can be devastating for the woman. Youtube has a lot of that kind of thing.

      This bullshit needs to stop. You cannot by force of will change the characteristics that effect bodily strength, and men should not be hitting women, but neither should women be hitting men. It isn't a fair fight.

      We have no need to go back to barefoot and pregnant days I don't even know who would want to. But a healthy dose of realism might be nice. If there is no difference between men and women, why are all problems men's fault?

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    45. Re:NO by lucm · · Score: 1

      we have to invent imaginary emergencies

      Did you look at the Titanic casualties?

      Women who survived: 75% (324 / 434)
      Men who survived: 19% (323 /1660)

      Overall it's 32% of passengers who survived. As you can see, it was better to be a woman on the Titanic. 1300 men died, 100 women died.

      You can call that imaginary if you want. I call that systemic sexism.

      --
      lucm, indeed.
    46. Re:NO by lucm · · Score: 1

      The women, who have more body fat for insulation and buoyancy, better communications skills, and more endurance? Or the men, with stronger and faster bodies, better coordination, and better spacial skills?

      I hope you don't work at google, because the last time someone said something like that he was publicly fired.

      --
      lucm, indeed.
    47. Re:NO by lucm · · Score: 1

      "Women and children first" is actually a bit of a myth. It seems to have been popularized by reports of the second officer aboard the Titanic asking "Hadn't we better get the women and children into the boats, sir?" The captain responded somewhat vaguely, resulting in needless deaths.

      Wrong. The second officer allegedly misunderstood that only women and children should board, while the captain meant that women and children should board first and men should board if there's room left. Which is pretty much the definition of "women and children first".

      Here's the relevant bit in Wikipedia:

      The First (Officer Murdoch) and Second (Officer Lightoller) officers interpreted the evacuation order differently; Murdoch took it to mean women and children first, while Lightoller took it to mean women and children only. Second Officer Lightoller lowered lifeboats with empty seats if there were no women and children waiting to board, while First Officer Murdoch allowed a limited number of men to board if all the nearby women and children had embarked.

      As you can see, men were fucked either way.

      --
      lucm, indeed.
    48. Re:NO by markdavis · · Score: 1

      >"I hope you don't work at google, because the last time someone said something like that he was publicly fired."

      Thankfully, no, so I am free to speak about actual reality instead of worrying about "offending" the PC police with facts and such nonsense.

    49. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Again, it doesn't make sense. You assume that primitive ancient society was comprised of individuals so socially responsible that they would choose interests of village over their own life. Such individuals exist mostly in badly written science fiction.

      > So who do you pick to get the food and resources?

      Easy - no one will "pick" anyone. Those who can get food survive, others don't. This strategy doesn't have to be perfect for species for it to survive. If this village perishes, there are thousands more to "save the species". Even if this is not the case - primitive tribe has no means to find out, neither it really cares.

      Chivalry and social justice are relatively new social constructs. They have nothing to do with evolution. They are definitely not imprinted in genome. This is pure nurturing, not nature.

    50. Re:NO by RespekMyAthorati · · Score: 1

      They are having a hellava time meeting and sealing the deal with any male that they consider worthy.

      They don't need a male that they consider worthy - they need sperm that they consider worthy.
      Hence sperm banks that seek out handsome, virile M.D. sperm, and not /. reader sperm.

    51. Re:NO by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 1

      They are having a hellava time meeting and sealing the deal with any male that they consider worthy.

      They don't need a male that they consider worthy - they need sperm that they consider worthy. Hence sperm banks that seek out handsome, virile M.D. sperm, and not /. reader sperm.

      Somewhere in this thread I posted about how they are having trouble finding sperm donors today, especially in the UK. They passed a law that allows the offspring of a sperm donor to contact them when they turn 18. And with some case law making a sperm donor financially responsible for a child conceived this way, A person would have to be mental or completely uninformed to volunteer for that abuse. So that sperm bank ended up with nine donors.

      It's worth noting that family court has only the interest of the mother, and more importantly the welfare of the child. So just like pre-nuptuals are now rendered worthless, if it is in the interests of the child, a man who is not even the father of the child via an affair on the part of his wife, is responsible for the offspring she had with her affair. Expect the pockets of sperm donors to be picked, especially since they are required to let the registry know their whereabouts.

      --
      The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
    52. Re:NO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      of course, if you are male, your gentials aren't designed to do just that. If they were, you may not care nearly as much.

  9. Best Place to Experiment by Kunedog · · Score: 3, Insightful

    The more disposable gender is the better one to experiment with. You could lose a LOT of men to bad genes before it costs you same (raw) reproductive capacity of losing even 5% of women.

    1. Re:Best Place to Experiment by kamapuaa · · Score: 1

      You didn't read the article title. "Fathers Pass On Four Times As Many New Genetic Mutations As Mothers, Says Study." This is about fathers, not sons.

      --
      Slashdot: providing anti-social weirdos a soapbox, since 1997.
    2. Re:Best Place to Experiment by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      This is about how sperm tend to be more mutated than eggs relative to the parent that produced them's original genes. It has nothing to do with how mutated the rest of the person is (though it effects how mutated the child is, that happens for all sexes of children).

      This could just be an accident (your balls arn't so well protected, and likely have higher cell division rates), or it could be a side effect of competition at the sperm vs sperm level.

      Perhaps its simply better to have the majority of the mutations from one parent as clustering them tends to leave you with more working genes and better able to escape local minima where multiple mutations are needed at once.

      With evolution being the way it is, I suspect its a mix of all imaginable factors...

    3. Re:Best Place to Experiment by Ubi_NL · · Score: 4, Informative

      eh yah, but that's completely unrelated to TFA. This is about mutation accumulation in germ cells (i.e. sperm). This mutation rate is not specific for the Y chromosome, thus the girl babies receive the mutations at the exact same rate as the boy babies.

      Basically all the article states is that mature egg cells accumulate fewer mutations than mature sperm cells, which is kinda obvious as their stem cells go through fewer cell divisions until they create the cell that actually becomes the germ cell.

      Really people, why is this modded up?

      --

      If an experiment works, something has gone wrong.
    4. Re:Best Place to Experiment by HiThere · · Score: 1

      That's not the way to figure it. What you figure is the investment cost over evolutionary time.

      In most of our ancestral species the males did not support the children. So their cost was the cost of access to the female plus the cost of generating sperm. Females, OTOH, have the cost of supporting the fetus during pregnancy. The cost of birth. The cost of ovulation. Etc. This is a much higher cost, so they will be more careful about the production.

      It is essentially NEVER to an organisms benefit to generate a mutant. The mutant may be more likely to survive (HAH! extremely rare AND unpredictable), but it will differ from the parent, and so will not be to the advantage of the genes that were mutated. This is a summated cost-benefit calculation over all the genes, and is only handled by approximation (i.e., evolution essentially never delivers perfection).

      But no evolutionary calculation should ever assume that an organism counts itself expendable except in the case where it benefits its close relatives. And then the math gets quite tricky. Look into the justification of hive bees, and then look into the justification of termites. Then look into the Portuguese Man 'o War (a communal organism). But in each case each entity is acting in an attempt to maximize the extension of "DNA like mine" into the future.

      I didn't address epigenetic changes here, as that's both irrelevant, and I don't actually understand it. (Does anyone?) But epigenetic changes are usually temporary (only a few generations) and reversible (often within the same generation).

      --

      I think we've pushed this "anyone can grow up to be president" thing too far.
    5. Re:Best Place to Experiment by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What you meant is the gender with the lower cost to reproduction has a higher rate of experimentation.

  10. Not Reall Surprising by NicknameUnavailable · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Women are more valuable from an evolutionary standpoint than men because they take so long to reproduce, whereas a single male can impregnate hundreds of women at a time.

    This means that while males are largely disposable, there is also significantly less room for women to deviate from the norm without running the risk of losing viability for their immediate family. Therefore males will deviate from the norm much more.

    This is why males tend to dominate the ultra-high and ultra-low intellect while the bell curve for female intelligence is much tighter, and similarly why children tend to take after their father's in terms of personality and aptitude: that's the edge version.

    1. Re:Not Reall Surprising by AxeTheMax · · Score: 1

      Possibly, but what has this to do with the mutation rate?

    2. Re:Not Reall Surprising by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Exactly. GP is an bell curve-tard.

    3. Re:Not Reall Surprising by Der+Huhn+Teufel · · Score: 1

      No. Males have more mutations because they produce exponentially more sex cells, leading to more chances for mutation. That's by far the most driving force behind mutation rates.

    4. Re:Not Reall Surprising by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You'd need to look at the specifics as the number of sex cells might not make any differences if the sampling (successful fertilisation) is random.

      What could be a factor is that makes produce sex cells continually, and the equipment degrades, whereas females have their sex cells from the outset, and their accrual of damage may be slow.

    5. Re:Not Reall Surprising by NicknameUnavailable · · Score: 1

      Possibly, but what has this to do with the mutation rate?

      Thought that was spelled out pretty clearly. Males are inherently more disposable and therefore are the place in which most deviations from the norm will take place, yielding extreme wins and extreme losses from a genetic standpoint. As it relates TFA, this means males will be passing along more mutations.

    6. Re:Not Reall Surprising by NicknameUnavailable · · Score: 1

      No. Males have more mutations because they produce exponentially more sex cells, leading to more chances for mutation. That's by far the most driving force behind mutation rates.

      You're comparing a "how?" and a "why?" - they are two different questions. Evolution concerns the "why?", the mechanisms of evolution concern the "how?"

    7. Re:Not Reall Surprising by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Women are more valuable from an evolutionary standpoint than men because they take so long to reproduce, whereas a single male can impregnate hundreds of women at a time.

      This means that while males are largely disposable, there is also significantly less room for women to deviate from the norm without running the risk of losing viability for their immediate family. Therefore males will deviate from the norm much more.

      This is both wrong and irrelevant.

      It is wrong because it is very rarely the "time to reproduce" (ie, the gestation time of the baby) that is the bound on female fertility rates. Even in times when fertility rates (children per woman) were much higher, we're still talking averages of 8-10 -- significantly lower than biological capacity. And given that the population is close to gender balance that is also the average for children per man. No (in the overwhelming majority of cases) a single male cannot impregnate hundreds of women at a time because that isn't how human society tends to work.

      And it's irrelevant because the question is about mutations passed on to the child. Which has a very obvious reason: while eggs are *already formed prior to the mother's birth*, sperm are produced throughout the father's life from cells that are themselves being constantly replaced. ie, there is simply greater opportunity for mutation as there are more cellular reproductions between the time when the parent formed as an embryo and when that parent produces the gamete for men than for women.

    8. Re:Not Reall Surprising by Ubi_NL · · Score: 1

      except this is about mutation in sperm cells, which are also used to make girls

      --

      If an experiment works, something has gone wrong.
    9. Re:Not Reall Surprising by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Erm, no.

      Religion concerns the "why", science concerns the "how".

    10. Re:Not Reall Surprising by AmiMoJo · · Score: 1

      whereas a single male can impregnate hundreds of women at a time.

      Sounds like one hell of a gang-bang.

      This means that while males are largely disposable

      Not really, because particularly in prehistoric times women were quite dependent on men to ensure the survival of their children. Child birth was risky and often resulted in death, so having the father around increased the child's chances of survival. Since men where the primary hunters, with women tending to do more gathering, they were also reliant on the father for nutrients that only come from meat. Also, pregnancy hinders the ability to run away, so someone willing to risk their lives to protect mother and unborn child is beneficial.

      This is why males tend to dominate the ultra-high and ultra-low intellect while the bell curve for female intelligence is much tighter

      Only if you measure by IQ tests, which are bunk.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    11. Re:Not Reall Surprising by angel'o'sphere · · Score: 1

      Since men where the primary hunters, with women tending to do more gathering
      Actually, while it is somewhat 'common sense', we absolutely have no evidence for that.

      --
      Cost free eBook I read (by iBook/Kobo/Amazon/ObookO/Gutenberg etc.): "The Green Odyssey" by Philip Jose Farmer.
    12. Re:Not Reall Surprising by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Women are more valuable from an evolutionary standpoint than men ... males are largely disposable ...

      In certain sense, evolution is like gravity: it's not what should happen, it's what does happen. So I'm not quite sure what it means to be evolutionarily valuable.

      But it's remarkable that in most organisms the ratio of male to female offspring is almost equal (to one, if you want to get technical). If there was even a slight evolutionary advantage to having female offspring rather than male offspring, or vice versa, then mechanisms would almost certainly have evolved to make that happen. But, except for unusual cases like certain insect colonies where most members of the colony don't reproduce, males and females are born in an almost equal ratio.

    13. Re:Not Reall Surprising by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Funny how AmiMoJo goes a la carte with science to support his preferences. To be more specific, we do have evidence that, in the low and middle paleolithic at minimum, the norm was for every person to have every skill needed to survive. We also have very strong evidence that IQ tests are the best measure of intelligence and correlates the best with a number of factors that define intelligence, success, and various cognitive reasoning skills.

    14. Re:Not Reall Surprising by NicknameUnavailable · · Score: 1

      Theory concerns the why, law concerns the how.

  11. Sexism and evolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    ... a quarter of the rate found in men.

    Men have for a long time, bought a younger model. But it seems that doesn't improve his virility, on a genetic level. Although, on a social level, such behaviour will result in his virility being admired.

    Women are now having pregnancy later in life, with deleterious effects to the health of children. This research claims she could alleviate that by marrying a much-younger model. Although on a social level, such behaviour may cause her fecundity and sex-drive to be insulted.

    In 70 years, feminism has not changed marital roles in a, now female-driven, society. (Women spending more time away from the home, has not changed marital roles.) If women want to sustain the model of 'career, then babies', marital roles will have to change drastically.

    1. Re:Sexism and evolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      ... a quarter of the rate found in men.

      Men have for a long time, bought a younger model....

      So what do you call the women who allow themselves to be bought by older men?

    2. Re:Sexism and evolution by PPH · · Score: 1

      women who allow themselves to be bought by older men?

      They do so for the wallet. If they want to reproduce, odds are they'll step out with the 19 y.o. pool boy.

      --
      Have gnu, will travel.
  12. Women love to get mutated by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Mothers & daughters enjoying a night of hot mutation

  13. Sex Selection by mentil · · Score: 1, Interesting

    This makes me wonder if men having substantially higher mutation rates than women is a result of sex selection: women tending to be more attracted to men whose genes mutate faster, probably reaching some 'optimum' point rather than having a runaway effect. There might be some actual way of detecting another's mutation rate, or it might have just manifested as women being attracted to older men.

    --
    Corruption is convincing someone that the selfless ideal is the same as their selfish ideal.
    1. Re:Sex Selection by serviscope_minor · · Score: 4, Insightful

      This makes me wonder if men having substantially higher mutation rates than women is a result of sex selection: women tending to be more attracted to men whose genes mutate faster,

      Probably not. Almost all "just so" stories about evolution (and biology in general) are wrong.

      A nice way to test your hypothesis would be to, say, do the experiment with the lab standards, mice, rats, zebrafish and drosophila. You could also both allow for choice and largely eliminate it.

      --
      SJW n. One who posts facts.
    2. Re:Sex Selection by drinkypoo · · Score: 1

      If I were making wild guesses (which is fun!) I'd guess it's either because nature doesn't need many men and is often done with us earlier than women, or because some men tend to dominate and do more than their share of the impregnation.

      --
      "You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
    3. Re:Sex Selection by jellomizer · · Score: 1

      You are treating evolution like it is some sort of planed design. Not all traits are for genetic survival. They are a lot of them that get passed on because it doesn’t kill the person before they can pass on to the next generation.
      The high rate of mutation is probably a numbers game as males are constantly making sperm vs woman who have a fixed supply of eggs. This fact may have little to do about survival as most mutations don’t do anything noticeable or will kill you.

      --
      If something is so important that you feel the need to post it on the internet... It probably isn't that important.
    4. Re:Sex Selection by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You are treating evolution like it is some sort of planed design. Not all traits are for genetic survival.

      If it was then things like nearsightedness wouldn't be so rampant on modern society.

  14. Proud of /. by Evtim · · Score: 1

    In 20 comments all relevant was said. Before the troll brigade arrived. I've nothing to add.
    Bravo gentlemen!

  15. Re:Thing is by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Women are most fertile at age 19, so if you're having a 1-night-stand, pick the most fertile mate. Has nothing to do with birth defects, and even if it did it wouldn't matter, since the vast majority of your children still won't have any; the risk is 1 in hundreds even with a 40 year old mother.

  16. Sarah Palin made a retarded child by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I hate retarded children and there's no way I would put up with one. Autism is even worse. It's like retardation but with a malicious, calculated insolence. I would definitely beat it to death if it started shit in a restaurant. It's not possible to love a retarded child.

  17. A fault of anatomy. by locater16 · · Score: 1

    The difference between men and women, genetically, comes down to the SRY gene and a few missing ones that makes the difference between the sex chrosome (X or Y). Meaning the difference would either have to be that the SRY gene somehow also causes mutations in sperm versus eggs, or more likely eggs are less likely to mutate than sperm are. Which is understandable, men's reproductive area, as such, is more exposed to radiation than women's (water does wonders for blocking ionizing radiation). Meaning sperm are more likely to get hit and mutate. And/Or sperm production cycles are more messy and take less time to correctly copy all genetic code.

    Actually that last one makes sense as well. Millions of sperm, quantity over quality, coming at (usually) one egg a month. IE it's all the sperm's fault. Sperm causes mutants! Down with the sperm! Let's start some bizarre ultra feminist dystopia where sperm is considered evil.

  18. Re:Thing is by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    You must have a really, Really, REALLY old mum!

  19. X-Men by Togden · · Score: 1

    This would have been a really good explanation for why mutants are only being noticed in the modern era in x-men.

    1. Re:X-Men by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      In a way, the second film had said that, when Bobby Drake (that should have appeared as Iceman, but it was decided otherwise...) came home with all the other that have escaped the Charles Xavier Institute attack, he reveals to his family that he is a mutant.

      When his father say to his mother "that comes from your side of the family", another character respond that no, that's the father that carries and pass the X Genes...

    2. Re: X-Men by Jesus+H+Rolle · · Score: 1

      That's interesting. Please elaborate.

    3. Re: X-Men by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      the explanations varies, but I think this wikia page give quite a good idea of the lore of X-men mutant biology : http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Mutant_Biology

      Basically in the lore, the X-Gene that provokes the mutations is carried on the sexual chromosomes X & Y (23rd chromosome), and once activated create a domino effect that in turn activates other genes that should remain dormant otherwise.

      the "only fathers carries the X-Gene" seems to be a variation only linked to the "earth 10005" timeline (that is the X-men Cinematic universe, see the "X-Gene and other mutant genes" / "Localisation and Transmission" in the wikia article), as for the other timelines it seems that the two parents had to carries the gene.

  20. See ladies? by Chas · · Score: 1

    You need our wrigglers to keep things jumping!

    --


    Chas - The one, the only.
    THANK GOD!!!
  21. One leading male impregnate many women .. by aliquis · · Score: 1

    Maybe that suit well with the concept of one leading male fertilizing multiple women. Get some help with extra variation.

    (4:1 would even fit the Islamic ratio of women per man.)

  22. Please reread the summary by FeelGood314 · · Score: 4, Informative

    You read the short summary incorrectly. They never said men have more mutations they said men pass on more mutations to their children, both to sons and daughters. Other than in their sperm men don't have more mutations than women.

    1. Re:Please reread the summary by geantvert · · Score: 2

      You are probably right but if there is an excess of mutations in the male sex cells then that means that the Y chromosomes are on average more subject to mutations than the X chromosome. Another way to see the problem is to consider that the 'ancestors' of a Y chromosomes were all males while the 'ancestors' of a X chromosome were 1/3 males and 2/3 females. By 'ancestor', I of course mean from which parent that chromosome was inherited. So over multiple generations the Y chromosomes should accumulate more mutations than the X chromosomes. This is of course assuming that the effect described in the research paper can be generalized in time and to larger populations.

      The 'ancestors' of non-sexual chromosomes should be 1/2 males and 1/2 females and so should not be affected.

    2. Re:Please reread the summary by NicknameUnavailable · · Score: 1

      The summary cannot be interpreted the way you state, not enough information is available in the underlying material.

    3. Re:Please reread the summary by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You are probably right but if there is an excess of mutations in the male sex cells then that means that the Y chromosomes are on average more subject to mutations than the X chromosome.

      No. It means that the male gametes are more likely to proliferate mutations than the female gametes. Which is not really all that surprising since the female gametes are complete at or shortly after birth, while the male gametes keep being generated all life long by splitting cells in the gonadic tissues. That's also the reason that older males sire a disproportionally large amount of children with birth defects: the evolutionary competition between sperm precursors leads to different gamete populations in the long run than the competition between the resulting individuals.

      The small difference in chromosomes is insignificant in comparison, and actually the smaller Y chromosome is on average less subject to mutations than the X chromosome because of its reduced impact area.

      If the Y chromosome were involved here, we'd have male offspring showing stronger signs of mutation than female offspring, but it's male/female alike that get more mutated genes (X as well as Y) from their father.

  23. First 40 posts are clueless - Fathers pass on more by FeelGood314 · · Score: 5, Insightful

    I lose faith in slashdot readers sometime. The study said nothing about X or Y chromosomes or that men had more mutations than women. It said fathers as they age pass on more mutations to BOTH their sons and daughters than mothers.

  24. The total entropy of any system can't decrease by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    The total entropy of any system can't decrease. This with mutations destroying our DNA, is nothing new. Researches have already for a long time been estimating for how long time the human race can continue until the increased entropy in our genes will give us too serious problems and we would die out if we don't manually correct by gene manipulation.

    The scary thing is that this is not in a far, far future. This is an accelerating process, and we are on the border to see a lot more problems within just a few generations.

  25. My Mistake by Kunedog · · Score: 1

    You're right, I misunderstood. The gender of the kid should be irrelevant (unless the mutations were disproportionately on the Y chromosome).

  26. Funny, the focus... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Is on childhood diseases, and not those other wonders of evolution, like intelligence, height and disease resistance.

    Personally I am curious about the sample size and it's location. Iceland. Is different than the rest of the world. Would this result be reproduced if done in the middle of Europe, Africa or the United States?

  27. Just four? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    I mean, oozytes (eggs for the non-fancy talkers) are all there at birth already. In contrast, sperm is constantly being produced by cell division and thus mutations duke it out all the while based on competition of the gamete precursors rather than the resulting individuals. This should certainly cause a large amplification for mutations causing accelerated division of sperm precursors.

    So I'd not be surprised if we were talking about a factor of a hundred or so here. There is just so much more potential for mutation in the male gametes to proliferate.

  28. yet another statistics-based bullshit.. by dschiptsov · · Score: 1

    There is literally no underlying biology to support such claim. The very basic process of mitosis is exactly what makes such numbers impossible. Yes, men could get some mutations in a lifetime due to harsh lifestyle and substance abuse, but to make it into a gamete is very improbable. Life has good guard mechanisms against deadly mutations.

    1. Re:yet another statistics-based bullshit.. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      There's belief that estrogen can have neuroprotective properties:
      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22079780

      Perhaps estrogen or something that is more exhibited in females decreases rates of mutations?

  29. In Iceland? by redmid17 · · Score: 2

    The same place where they have dating apps to confirm you aren't fucking your cousin? Please bring this study to some place normal like eastern Kentucky or a West Virginia holler. No way you could replicate it there!

  30. Great...:/ by MadMonk67 · · Score: 0

    Great...something else for my wife to blame me for.

  31. Will a cite from The NY Times do? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    http://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/22/us/californians-as-in-1960-s-lead-in-resistance-to-selective-service.html "many women's groups opposed President Carter's unsuccessful proposal for registration of women"

    I don't know if you are old enough to remember when Jimmy Carter was President and he tried to extend Selective Service registration to include women too. By any reasonable measure that is still modern times and feminists fought very hard for their gender to be allowed to escape this potential danger men must accept.

    While some feminist groups also fought to extend their gender's unique protections to men, many others did not.

  32. whoosh by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    And you skipped health class. Daughters receive a backup X chromosome from mom that will often be used to correct mutations in the one they got from dad; because sons receive no such protection this effectively does mean that sons are the expendable evolutionary experiments.

    1. Re:whoosh by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No; that is not how it works and you lack a basic knowledge of biology.

  33. Not surprising, really... by Timothy2.0 · · Score: 1

    I'm not surprised by this conclusion. Traditionally, men have faced harsher conditions, either in terms of being hunters in hunter-gatherer societies, or in terms of workplace dangers in the wage-slave world. Such harsh conditions, as well as trauma from interacting with such conditions, can have a direct impact on DNA (say, from greater exposure to damaging chemicals in the workplace). It's no surprise men may face a higher possibility of genetic mutations.

  34. Must ban something by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I'll say it before some feminist progressive busy-body does. Ban men. It's for the children.

  35. And all because sex is imperative... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Yet again, mutable state, side effects, errors. When will they ever learn...

  36. misogynist by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    This article should be banned for being misogynist and against women. How can men think women are just a sperm catcher!

  37. Genetic containers by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    So ratio-wise, what would be the size of an egg vs. the size of a sperm? Then, how much genetic data is in one vs. the other?

  38. fuck the medical industry by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    i'm inclined to distrust the medical industry's attempts to blame all these diseases on human genes. these pieces of shit are constantly trying to find a way to claim that it's all the patients' fault. that the patient is defective in some way and that that is the cause of disease. It's not the fact that these idiotic whores start shooting the babies up with all kinds of nasty shit as soon as they are cut out of their moms and then put them on gmpo formula and shoot them up periodically after that to make sure their little bodies can't recover before getting properly soft-killed and brain damaged.

    bad health(diet mainly) of the mother coupled with doctors, hospitals and pharma committing crimes against humanity is the reason for the diseases. you're not going to continue getting away with it. we're going to make you pay, you stupid motherfuckers.

  39. Life imitates art. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Or "Women, children and the captain first" for the captain of the Costa Concordia.

    Strangely this is the same behaviour as Zapp Branigan in an episode of Futurama which was made several years previously.

  40. *Rare* childhood diseases by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    If the diseases are rare then, by definition, the actual problem caused by whatever has been discovered here is also rare.

    I think the main reproductive problem we have right now is that we don't give women the economic flexibility and emotional maturity to have healthy children in stable homes during their prime reproductive years.

    However we should be careful of using men as a dumping ground, because we seem to be prone to that. Should they endure decades of loneliness, shifting attacks on their value as partners, and a matrix of double-binds defining every behaviour they can execute as inhumanely awful? The levels of male suicide that spike at about the age they realize how this game works suggests we've taken this too far. Let's stop, and go back to what men do best: cooperatively making things better for women.

    1. Re:*Rare* childhood diseases by HiThere · · Score: 1

      I doubt that the event is rare, but being able to detect it probably depends on rare events happening. Most mutations are neutral. Most of the rest are fatal before a period has been missed. It's only the remainder that even have a chance of being detected. Of those, most aren't blatant. Of the blatant, most are fatal before birth. So we're looking at that small residue.

      OTOH, if it ever becomes common to do whole genome sequencing, then there will probably be a lot more evidence of this happening.

      --

      I think we've pushed this "anyone can grow up to be president" thing too far.
  41. Obviously, what is the sperm/egg ratio? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Some studies are so stupid it hurts....

  42. Re:First 40 posts are clueless - Fathers pass on m by Holi · · Score: 1

    I read the title and I guessed it was because we keep out genetic reproductive material externally where it is exposed to more possibility for damage.

    --
    Sorry, teleporters just kill you and then make a copy. A perfect, soul-less copy.
  43. Re:First 40 posts are clueless - Fathers pass on m by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Most mutations happen when cells divide, and egg cells are no longer produced shortly after birth while sperm is constantly being generated all male life long. Where your family jewels may or may not be hanging is not much of an issue in contrast.

  44. So it follows by JohnStock · · Score: 1

    .. That men are more evolved than women.. I mean it "confirms"