No, but reptiles are more efficent than mammels or insects are with thier breathing. An Iguana for example can go 15-20 minutes underwater.
It's not about cross-training, it's about how respiratory systems work. And since birds came out of Dinosaurs, it's likely that thier respiratory system is more like birds than Mammals are since Mammals split off before the Dinosaurs evolved and for that matter, the Reptiles crawling around right now evolved before the evolution of dinosaurs are pretty much stayed where they are.
"The avian respiratory system delivers oxygen from the air to the tissues and also removes carbon dioxide. In addition, the respiratory system plays an important role in thermoregulation (maintaining normal body temperature). The avian respiratory system is different from that of other vertebrates, with birds having relatively small lungs plus nine air sacs that play an important role in respiration (but are not directly involved in the exchange of gases).
The air sacs permit a unidirectional flow of air through the lungs. Unidirectional flow means that air moving through bird lungs is largely 'fresh' air & has a higher oxygen content. In contrast, air flow is 'bidirectional' in mammals, moving back & forth into & out of the lungs. As a result, air coming into a mammal's lungs is mixed with 'old' air (air that has been in the lungs for a while) & this 'mixed air' has less oxygen. So, in bird lungs, more oxygen is available to diffuse into the blood."
http://arnica.csustan.edu/jones/Research/pdf/Res po nse%20to%20278.pdf
"We disagree for two reasons. First, we examined the comparative physiology literature and determined that maximum oxygen exchange rates of some extant reptiles overlap the oxygen consumption rates measured in some mammals during activity. Specifically, exceptionally active reptiles with multicameral lungs (for example, monitor lizards and sea turtles) have values of VO2 max that overlap or approach the oxygen exchange rates measured in similar size mammals during activity. Therefore, the septate lung in those reptiles must be capable of sustaining rates of gas flux characteristic of endotherms. However, mammals and birds "typically" have a greater VO2 max. Therefore, we addressed the question of what modifications in the oxygen transport system of an extant reptile would be necessary to support higher rates of oxygen consumption.
Inadequate preservation of the soft-tissue components of the oxygen transport system precludes accurate assessment of the aerobic potential of theropod dinosaurs. However, on the basis of metabolic patterns in extant reptiles and our theoretical analysis, we find that the notion that nonavian septate lungs constrain high oxygen flux rates is not supported. Our analysis suggests that modifications in lung structure were not a prerequisite for supporting higher oxygen consumption rates. In the mammalian and archosaur lineages that evolved endothermy, higher oxygen consumption rates could have been supported through changes in ventilatory mechanics and increases in blood oxygen content and cardiac output."
So it's not about the "cross-training" it's about how the lungs and blood works.
Those folks before the PT Extinction Event might simply have not been able to deal with the lower O2 levels and they all geeked it, while the habitable area decreased.
But, this is exactly why I won't pay for/. Crap editing, dups and crap submissions. This is/. not Fark. If we are going this far with/, where are the Boobies links?
Well, here in the States, we find that in areas with high concentrations of firearm ownership there are lower violent crime rates. I'm at school so I can't find right off the bat.
If a criminal assumes someone is armed, even if he is, the gain isn't worth the possible loss. That is your deterence working for you.
I've read lots of antidotal things about how just an NRA sticker in a car window can help deter crimes.
In the United States, pretty much everywhere but the Eastern Seaboard and California, one can get a Carry-Conceal permit or Open Carry a firearm in an exposed holster or in a vehicle, which is a pretty good deterence in itself
There's a corrupt government, and there's an oppressive government. And I really think that in the United States, it sure doesn't hurt to have 100-200 million firearms in the hands of the citizens to keep the government corrupt.
Really the Framers intention wasn't to keep the government from being corrupt, get Humans togeather and they get corrupt, but to keep the Government under the thumb of the People. Which I think it is.
One of the reasons I'm more leary of the Democrats than Republicans, generally, is because,generally, it is the Democrats who want to reduce the rights of Citizens in the United States in regards to Firearm ownership. It's not about crime because the vast majority of firearm crimes are committed with illegal firearms.
Those who want to reduce the number of firearms owned in the United States keep hiding behind "crime" as a reason, but societies with strong gunlaws like the UK don't see a reduction in crime, and other societies with high gunownership like the Swiss and Israelis don't have high firearm crime rates, so why do they want guns taken away?
The folks who wrote the Constitution meant for everyone to have access to arms to defend thier rights and property and lives. They assumed that that was a no brainer so they didn't go on and on and on about it.
Over the years the United States Congress put it into US Code which defined what the standing Army and National Guard and the Unregulated Milita was, basicly if you are between 18 and 40-ish you are in the Unregulated Milita.
It's not about the country being that fucked up that we don't feel safe without a weapon, its that having weapons, firearms in this case, is a fucking Constituational Right in the United States.
What honks me off is that the ALCU will go to bat for any Joe Klan Member's right to yell at Jews, but if it comes to private gun ownership, they won't touch it.
Shit the Republicans get accused of setting up a world a'la the Handmaiden's Tale when they want day before the due-date abortions to have a clause that says the father must be told, but when James Carville or other high ranking Democratic mouthpeices or even Elected Officals talk about Lists and Databases and even forfeiture it's considered a Good Thing by the Media.
The Web was cool and all, but lets be honest, the number one invention is Internet P0rn. Looking for cars, looking up nuclear warhead plans, encryption and downloading mp3s pales in comparison to Porn.
And come to think of it, the hardware inside isn't Apple. There are Hitachi hard drives and an ATi video card. You don't get locked in to buying everything from Apple, hell on the Apple Store they sell everything from Sony to NEC to Bose to Harmon Kardon to Microsoft.
Actually, more of the extra hardware isn't sold by Apple.
Look at my G5 Tower for instance. The extra gig of RAM I got from Newegg, it's Crucial. The printer is HP. The mouse is Logitech. The displays are Mitsubishi/NEC. The USB hub is D-Link, the Firewire hub is Belkin, the external Firewire drives are from Granite Digital, the scanner is Canon. The only thing Apple attached to my Apple is the Apple keyboard and an Apple iSight and some Apple Firewire cables, but I have Granite Digital cables as well.
But do you see this as analogous to forcing you to unlock both the doors and the ignition of the car you bought everytime you want to fire it up?
The customer is treated from the get go as a de facto car thief.
On a Mac or a PC with iTunes and a CD burner, it's pretty goddamned easy to burn a CD. In iTunes, you make a playlist and then click on the big circle in the corner of iTunes that says "burn disk".
In your comment you are assuming that most users are dumbasses who can't figure out the iTunes "Burn Disk" paradigm. So you are treating them from the offf as idiots. Nice.
The lowest budget deal didn't really happen with Apollo or the Shuttle. There were five initial vendors for Shuttle, they got paired down to two, then the final winner, Rockwell with all the other vendors that were eliminated before got subcontracts. Then all the subsystems were done the same way, it wasn't a matter of the "lowest bidder" it was a "who can do this best" matter.
The budget situation is a direct result of Senator Mondale, he was after the space program all during his terms as Senator and went after Apollo and Shuttle's budgets.
They planned on a metal skin for the Shuttle's belly and leading edges based off of what they'd done with the X-15 but tiles seemed cheaper because the metal skin would only last 1 or 2 flights.
If there had been a nuclear reactor on Challenger when it exploded, chances are no radioactive debris would have been released because the Shuttle wasn't atomized, large parts of it survived, the voice data recorders survived, hell the crew capsule survived intact until it hit the surface of the ocean, the crew's remains were intact, well until the fish got to them.
Expansion of the bullet has nothing to do with the caliber, but with the construction and materials of the bullet.
Likewise the size of the wound channel comes about from what the bullet does after it hits the target. If it begins to tumble then a larger wound channel is opened.
I'm playing around with a Wiki for American history with a focus on the American West (1820-1900) and the Frontier. Sometimes I think it would be easier to grab the whole damned thing, strip out what isn't in topic and add than what I'm doing now, which is adding piece by piece articles and when something is there that Wikipedia has I want, copying it over.
That means nothing. Navies and paramilitary forces all over the world patrol well outside thier tradiational 3 and 12 mile limits, and they have for hundreds of years.
The Russians fly Tu-95 and Tu-142 Bears, the Chinese fly thier knock-off of the Badger, we fly the P-3 Orion, the Brits fly Canberra and Nimrod's. Trickles down to to the smallest nations with patrol aircraft.
For decades NATO had a series of active and passive sensor networks across the GIUK (Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom) gap to monitor Soviet shipping. There were similar arrays from Alaska to northern Japan.
T-34 is about 1.1 to 1.25 of a Panther. Now a Tiger was superior to a T-34 and then the Russians brought out the Josef Stalin for parity. They didn't outbuild the Tiger 12 to one, more like 4.5 to 1
And don't forget where the T-34 came from, the United States and Germany, sort of.
"In 1931 the Russians bought two Christie tanks from the US Wheel Track Layer Corporation in the United States. The Russians copied these, built Christie tanks, and then incorporated the Christie suspension system into the T-34. This was a further development of the T-32 tank. The first Russian Christies had the same engines as the U.S. Christie -- a Liberty 12-cylinder V-type of 338 horsepower with forced-water cooling. the T-34 incorporated the Christie suspension from the United States, but generally used a 500-horsepower V-type diesel developed from the German B.M.W. diesel engine."
http://www.onwar.com/tanks/ussr/data/t3476m41.ht m
The Hitler Move was pissing off the Americans. If the Germans hadn't be in a situation where the Americans declared war on them in December 1941 or if the Americans hadn't sided with the UK and Commonwealth so strongly, Germany might have pulled off a settlement with the UK.
The USSR had that one good winter offensive in them, but the Lend-Lease act's goodies that came after December 1941 gave them the ability to continue on and win at Stalingrad. For example, the "Stalin's Organs" rocket launcher formally a 1943 BM-13N ("Katyusha") was a Studebaker truck.
Slashdot Mirror
No, but reptiles are more efficent than mammels or insects are with thier breathing. An Iguana for example can go 15-20 minutes underwater.
t io n.html
s po nse%20to%20278.pdf
It's not about cross-training, it's about how respiratory systems work. And since birds came out of Dinosaurs, it's likely that thier respiratory system is more like birds than Mammals are since Mammals split off before the Dinosaurs evolved and for that matter, the Reptiles crawling around right now evolved before the evolution of dinosaurs are pretty much stayed where they are.
So, lets take a look at Aves.
http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/birdrespira
"The avian respiratory system delivers oxygen from the air to the tissues and also removes carbon dioxide. In addition, the respiratory system plays an important role in thermoregulation (maintaining normal body temperature). The avian respiratory system is different from that of other vertebrates, with birds having relatively small lungs plus nine air sacs that play an important role in respiration (but are not directly involved in the exchange of gases).
The air sacs permit a unidirectional flow of air through the lungs. Unidirectional flow means that air moving through bird lungs is largely 'fresh' air & has a higher oxygen content. In contrast, air flow is 'bidirectional' in mammals, moving back & forth into & out of the lungs. As a result, air coming into a mammal's lungs is mixed with 'old' air (air that has been in the lungs for a while) & this 'mixed air' has less oxygen. So, in bird lungs, more oxygen is available to diffuse into the blood."
http://arnica.csustan.edu/jones/Research/pdf/Re
"We disagree for two reasons. First, we examined the comparative physiology literature and determined that maximum oxygen exchange rates of some extant reptiles overlap the oxygen consumption rates measured in some mammals during activity. Specifically, exceptionally active reptiles with multicameral lungs (for example, monitor lizards and sea turtles) have values of VO2 max that overlap or approach the oxygen exchange rates measured in similar size mammals during activity. Therefore, the septate lung in those reptiles must be capable of sustaining rates of gas flux characteristic of endotherms. However, mammals and birds "typically" have a greater VO2 max. Therefore, we addressed the question of what modifications in the oxygen transport system of an extant reptile would be necessary to support higher rates of oxygen consumption.
Inadequate preservation of the soft-tissue components of the oxygen transport system precludes accurate assessment of the aerobic potential of theropod dinosaurs. However, on the basis of metabolic patterns in extant reptiles and our theoretical analysis, we find that the notion that nonavian septate lungs constrain high oxygen flux rates is not supported. Our analysis suggests that modifications in lung structure were not a prerequisite for supporting higher oxygen consumption rates. In the mammalian and archosaur lineages that evolved endothermy, higher oxygen consumption rates could have been supported through changes in ventilatory mechanics and increases in blood oxygen content and cardiac output."
So it's not about the "cross-training" it's about how the lungs and blood works.
Those folks before the PT Extinction Event might simply have not been able to deal with the lower O2 levels and they all geeked it, while the habitable area decreased.
This theory is a few months old, I heard about it at the Geological shindig in Denver in the fall of '04.
Altitudinal Compression Hypothesis (ACH)
Carboniferous - 30% O2
Triassic - 12% O2
Loss of 60% habitable area for terrestrials
Evidence of Global superanoxia comes from
Black mudstones
Thin coal beds
At the same time you have the Siberian Traps volcanic eruptions.
I've been wondering, what does it take to run a Realm hardware wise?
I'm on the often troubled Uther and wonder, how do they run the Auction House and what hardware is that on.
Anyone know?
But, this is exactly why I won't pay for /. Crap editing, dups and crap submissions. This is /. not Fark. If we are going this far with /, where are the Boobies links?
And at the same time the amount of energy put out by the Sun is increasing.y /sun_output_0 30320.html
http://www.space.com/scienceastronom
http://www.hypography.com/article.cfm?id=32945
When the Editors verify it, they link the story as a duplicate post.
Well, here in the States, we find that in areas with high concentrations of firearm ownership there are lower violent crime rates. I'm at school so I can't find right off the bat.
If a criminal assumes someone is armed, even if he is, the gain isn't worth the possible loss. That is your deterence working for you.
I've read lots of antidotal things about how just an NRA sticker in a car window can help deter crimes.
In the United States, pretty much everywhere but the Eastern Seaboard and California, one can get a Carry-Conceal permit or Open Carry a firearm in an exposed holster or in a vehicle, which is a pretty good deterence in itself
There's a corrupt government, and there's an oppressive government. And I really think that in the United States, it sure doesn't hurt to have 100-200 million firearms in the hands of the citizens to keep the government corrupt.
,generally, it is the Democrats who want to reduce the rights of Citizens in the United States in regards to Firearm ownership. It's not about crime because the vast majority of firearm crimes are committed with illegal firearms.
Really the Framers intention wasn't to keep the government from being corrupt, get Humans togeather and they get corrupt, but to keep the Government under the thumb of the People. Which I think it is.
One of the reasons I'm more leary of the Democrats than Republicans, generally, is because
Those who want to reduce the number of firearms owned in the United States keep hiding behind "crime" as a reason, but societies with strong gunlaws like the UK don't see a reduction in crime, and other societies with high gunownership like the Swiss and Israelis don't have high firearm crime rates, so why do they want guns taken away?
I'll bite.
The folks who wrote the Constitution meant for everyone to have access to arms to defend thier rights and property and lives. They assumed that that was a no brainer so they didn't go on and on and on about it.
Over the years the United States Congress put it into US Code which defined what the standing Army and National Guard and the Unregulated Milita was, basicly if you are between 18 and 40-ish you are in the Unregulated Milita.
It's not about the country being that fucked up that we don't feel safe without a weapon, its that having weapons, firearms in this case, is a fucking Constituational Right in the United States.
What honks me off is that the ALCU will go to bat for any Joe Klan Member's right to yell at Jews, but if it comes to private gun ownership, they won't touch it.
Shit the Republicans get accused of setting up a world a'la the Handmaiden's Tale when they want day before the due-date abortions to have a clause that says the father must be told, but when James Carville or other high ranking Democratic mouthpeices or even Elected Officals talk about Lists and Databases and even forfeiture it's considered a Good Thing by the Media.
The Web was cool and all, but lets be honest, the number one invention is Internet P0rn. Looking for cars, looking up nuclear warhead plans, encryption and downloading mp3s pales in comparison to Porn.
Look, climates change. 10,000 years ago, Europe and the Eastern United States were "Arctic".
Ecoregions change, they've always changed. The Arctic will not "suffer" it will simply change, like climates and regions always have.
And come to think of it, the hardware inside isn't Apple. There are Hitachi hard drives and an ATi video card. You don't get locked in to buying everything from Apple, hell on the Apple Store they sell everything from Sony to NEC to Bose to Harmon Kardon to Microsoft.
Actually, more of the extra hardware isn't sold by Apple.
Look at my G5 Tower for instance. The extra gig of RAM I got from Newegg, it's Crucial. The printer is HP. The mouse is Logitech. The displays are Mitsubishi/NEC. The USB hub is D-Link, the Firewire hub is Belkin, the external Firewire drives are from Granite Digital, the scanner is Canon. The only thing Apple attached to my Apple is the Apple keyboard and an Apple iSight and some Apple Firewire cables, but I have Granite Digital cables as well.
But do you see this as analogous to forcing you to unlock both the doors and the ignition of the car you bought everytime you want to fire it up?
The customer is treated from the get go as a de facto car thief.
On a Mac or a PC with iTunes and a CD burner, it's pretty goddamned easy to burn a CD. In iTunes, you make a playlist and then click on the big circle in the corner of iTunes that says "burn disk".
In your comment you are assuming that most users are dumbasses who can't figure out the iTunes "Burn Disk" paradigm. So you are treating them from the offf as idiots. Nice.
That's true, there is the whole kinetic energy aspect.
b ul letenergy.html
KE = (m * v) * ½: Where; m is the mass of the bullet, v is the velocity.
185-grain bullet at a muzzle velocity of 2530 fps.
KE = (v ÷ 450400) * m
KE = (2530 ÷ 450400) * 185
KE = (6400900 ÷ 450400) * 185
KE = 14.2115896980462 * 185
KE = 2629.14409413854
KE ~ 2629 foot-pounds
http://www.aeroballisticsonline.com/ballistics/
The lowest budget deal didn't really happen with Apollo or the Shuttle. There were five initial vendors for Shuttle, they got paired down to two, then the final winner, Rockwell with all the other vendors that were eliminated before got subcontracts. Then all the subsystems were done the same way, it wasn't a matter of the "lowest bidder" it was a "who can do this best" matter.
The budget situation is a direct result of Senator Mondale, he was after the space program all during his terms as Senator and went after Apollo and Shuttle's budgets.
They planned on a metal skin for the Shuttle's belly and leading edges based off of what they'd done with the X-15 but tiles seemed cheaper because the metal skin would only last 1 or 2 flights.
If there had been a nuclear reactor on Challenger when it exploded, chances are no radioactive debris would have been released because the Shuttle wasn't atomized, large parts of it survived, the voice data recorders survived, hell the crew capsule survived intact until it hit the surface of the ocean, the crew's remains were intact, well until the fish got to them.
Spaceship One can't orbit. Spaceship Two won't orbit. There is a huge leap from what Spaceship One can do and what it takes to orbit.
I have a tile from Buran, light and tough, I'd not drop it over and over, as it's the only one I have, but it is very far from crushable.
Expansion of the bullet has nothing to do with the caliber, but with the construction and materials of the bullet.
Likewise the size of the wound channel comes about from what the bullet does after it hits the target. If it begins to tumble then a larger wound channel is opened.
I've not done it yet because to get the whole database of Wikipedia is honkin' huge.
I'm playing around with a Wiki for American history with a focus on the American West (1820-1900) and the Frontier. Sometimes I think it would be easier to grab the whole damned thing, strip out what isn't in topic and add than what I'm doing now, which is adding piece by piece articles and when something is there that Wikipedia has I want, copying it over.
That means nothing. Navies and paramilitary forces all over the world patrol well outside thier tradiational 3 and 12 mile limits, and they have for hundreds of years.
The Russians fly Tu-95 and Tu-142 Bears, the Chinese fly thier knock-off of the Badger, we fly the P-3 Orion, the Brits fly Canberra and Nimrod's. Trickles down to to the smallest nations with patrol aircraft.
For decades NATO had a series of active and passive sensor networks across the GIUK (Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom) gap to monitor Soviet shipping. There were similar arrays from Alaska to northern Japan.
T-34 is about 1.1 to 1.25 of a Panther. Now a Tiger was superior to a T-34 and then the Russians brought out the Josef Stalin for parity. They didn't outbuild the Tiger 12 to one, more like 4.5 to 1
t m
And don't forget where the T-34 came from, the United States and Germany, sort of.
"In 1931 the Russians bought two Christie tanks from the US Wheel Track Layer Corporation in the United States. The Russians copied these, built Christie tanks, and then incorporated the Christie suspension system into the T-34. This was a further development of the T-32 tank. The first Russian Christies had the same engines as the U.S. Christie -- a Liberty 12-cylinder V-type of 338 horsepower with forced-water cooling. the T-34 incorporated the Christie suspension from the United States, but generally used a 500-horsepower V-type diesel developed from the German B.M.W. diesel engine."
http://www.onwar.com/tanks/ussr/data/t3476m41.h
The Hitler Move was pissing off the Americans. If the Germans hadn't be in a situation where the Americans declared war on them in December 1941 or if the Americans hadn't sided with the UK and Commonwealth so strongly, Germany might have pulled off a settlement with the UK.
The USSR had that one good winter offensive in them, but the Lend-Lease act's goodies that came after December 1941 gave them the ability to continue on and win at Stalingrad. For example, the "Stalin's Organs" rocket launcher formally a 1943 BM-13N ("Katyusha") was a Studebaker truck.