College-Aged Bishop: Richard Nixon's personal checking account is in here! College-Aged Cosmo: Oh, this is a challenge. Marty, we have to find someone truly worthy to give his money to. College-Aged Bishop: How about... the National Organization to Legalize Marijuana? College-Aged Cosmo: Perfect!
But the fact remains that there are a whole lot of workers all feeding the same queen, and they don't derive any direct individual payoff for having done so.
They derive even less individual payoff doing something other then activities devoted to maintaining the queen. Even if all possible choices yield a negative payoff, the one that has the least negative payoff will be selected for.
If an individual ant was selfish, it would try to avoid doing the dangerous work of food gathering.
The work is only dangerous to the individual based on the potential that is lost when the individual is damaged or killed. In the case of a worker ant, since they do not have children anyway, dying only affects their reproductive success because they failed at whatever the specific task was. The fact that they can no longer have children is irrelevant because they never could and have no incentive to do so. This is a case where literally dying for a cause can be in the individual's best interests. For another example of this in social insects, consider honey bee stings which are fatal to the honey bee.
This is of course completely different for most diploid species. Here, risks in food gathering have a direct consequence to an individual's reproductive fitness. Consider that every one of your ancestors lived to successfully reproduce. None of them died before doing so. Zero. Convincing someone else to do the hazardous work can have a big payoff.
After all, the queen will get fed by the other ants just the same, and the queen's offspring will be just as genetically related to the lazy ant, whether it works or not, right? Where's the incentive for the selfish individual to act in this scenario?
None of the other behaviors that the ant has to choose from are more selfish then looking after the queen. What else is an individual ant going to do in lew of maintaining the queen?
You choice of ants as an example was particularly poor since they were one of the first exceptions to prove the rule.
For a long time Darwin's theory of evolution was suspect because it did not explain the behavior of ants or other social insects except through group selection which did not really explain anything. Why should the workers toil to help the queen have more children instead of having children themselves? How is their social contract enforced? With the advent of selfish gene theory the reason for parental altruism toward children was easier to understand (*1) but social insect behavior still conflicted with this.
The answer lay with the nature of social insect sex determination. Ants males (drones) are haploid and receive only one set of chromosomes. The female queen and workers are diploid having two complete sets of chromosomes. The result is that workers (female) are more closely related to their sisters (relatedness of 0.75) then to their children (relatedness of 0.50 if they had any). (*2) This can be tested by measuring the sex ratio between drones and queens which is reflected by which genes (queen or worker) is controlling the nest. Excluding species of ants which take slaves, this ratio shows that the workers are actually in charge and are using their mother as an egg laying sister producing machine. (*3) The workers have every incentive to do so selfishly because the pay off for them is greater then if they raised their own children.
*1 For a long time it was considered so obvious that it was not thought to need an explanation. *2 Queens actually try to undermine this relationship by mating with multiple drones. *3 For slave species the opposite is true because the workers are unrelated to the queen an evolved the wrong behaviors for control.
I have to admit that the various safety lessons I had concerning firearms did not really stick until my best friend shot me through the hand when I was 16. Granted, it was an air rifle but it still did go completely through my hand and operating my motorcycle clutch on the way back to camp was not a trivial exercise. After that, I was nervous even when paintball guns were not pointed in a safe direction.
Now when I teach firearms safety, I have the student teach me back and I question the reasoning for each rule just to verify as much as possible that they understand and to force them to do extra consideration. The mindset when working with dangerous technology needs to include the foresight into what could go wrong. Understanding the context of each safety rule is very helpful.
So for sounds with harmonic shapes that are more important to its' reproduction (else everything would sound like a sine wave), you need to sample more than twice up and twice down to work out what the amplitude and therefore effect of the harmonic means on the SHAPE of the sound. That means no longer a basic of 20kHz but a basic that could be as low as 10 or even 8 kHz.
This just means that your 20 kHz non sinusoidal wave has frequency components above 20KHz which can not be reproduced by sampling at 40KHz and have to be either filtered out before sampling or aliased. * If I sample at 40KHz and do not have aliasing issues, then waveforms with frequency components up to 20 kHz may be reproduced accurately including the amplitude within the limitations of quantization and other errors.
* Actually a 40 kHz sample rate limits you to reproducing frequency components UP TO half the sample rate or 20 kHz so a 20 kHz sine wave sampled synchronously at 40 kHz is not reproducible as it aliases to 0 kHz. A 19.999KHz sine wave is.
I suspect using multiple actuators lost out to multiple drives do to economics. When they were introduced, RAID was becoming much more common in the same markets.
I am reminded of Ragnar Danneskjöld who as the counterpart to Robin Hood was returning property to its rightful owners although he was suppose to be Norwegian and not Swedish.
Alternators are something of a special case since their output characteristics and high leakage inductance make it safer to short out the input side of the power supply then disconnecting it in the event that the battery goes open circuit. Automotive systems tend to be designed incredibly cheaply.
I remember doing a chassis assembly that included a MOV for surge suppression and questioning the design engineer about the part number since it looked to me like a 32 volt MOV in a 120 volt AC application. The reassurance that the part was correct plus the spectacular failure during the first power on test made for great conversation.
I have not seen crowbar protection used on the input side of a power supply but I have designed in cascode disconnects before. The power supply was rated for 48 volt operation but would accept 600 volts until the thermal limit was reached on the cascode pass element at which point the supply would disconnect itself. Protection above that was surge suppression.
I think the same thing whenever someone uses baud as a replacement for bits per second.
From my RF design perspective, broadband as a practical matter is any untuned circuit which implies a different set of design constraints. At a higher level using more then one modulated carrier or using some type of spectrum spreading would apply. I hate using broadband to mean high data rate and always avoid it if possible.
This depends on exactly what your signal strength meter is measuring.
For FM receivers, quieting and not RF signal strength is normally measured which is roughly analogous to demodulated signal to noise level or bit error rate. Using a non coherent jamming signal will lower any measured signal strength. You might notice that tuning an FM receiver to an empty channel returns large amounts of demodulated noise and an indication of zero signal strength.
For AM and SSB receivers, signal strength is taken from either the automatic gain control or directly from the signal level. A jamming signal will directly show up in the signal strength indicator just like it would with a spectrum analyser.
Cell phones of course using complex modulation encompassing both FM and AM could read signal strength in any number of ways. If I were designing a jamming system, I would rely on using a denial of service through the base stations with or without cooperation first, jamming the control frequencies second, and jamming the data channels third.
Missouri had the same thing happen. Businesses posted the required no firearms signs at about the time the law was passed. The result was that I stopped going to the Schnucks supermarket and changed pharmacies. I see the signs very rarely.
The penalty if caught only applies if you refuse to leave the premises:
Carrying of a concealed firearm in a location specified in subdivisions 1) to (17) of subsection 20 of this section by any individual who holds concealed carry endorsement issued pursuant to this section shall not be a criminal act but may subject the person to denial to the premises or removal from the premises.
If you refuse to leave after being asked and the police are called, you will be fined $100. Second such offense in 6 months is $200 fine and suspension of permit. Third offense in 12 months is $500 fine and loss of permit for 3 years.
Nice try, but it is a violation of federal law to bring a fire-arm onto public school property.
This is incorrect. Each State controls the legality of firearms at schools unless they are on federal property.
In the case of Virginia, state law allows CCP holders to carry at universities but Virginia Tech policy forbids carrying by students or staff. If a student were to do so, they would be subject to administrative punishment.
I will say that the western smilies are quicker to type, but the asian ones are much more expressive. There really aren't any western smilies anyone can recognize beyond::);):(:| and:/ but you can express frustration and resignation much easier with the asian smilies.
I have found myself using the western style with eyebrows added. Even in certain animation, the eyes are completely featureless but the eyebrows are drawn in for expression and not even attached to the face.
>:(
I guess that makes me an Order of the Stick sort of person:
Ask him about subharmonic oscillation in current mode switching regulators. This occurs when the duty cycle is above 50% and slope compensation is not used. It is usually not detrimental to regulator performance but can be made audible by the magnetics and occasionally the ceramic capacitors through the piezoelectric effect.
Pulse skipping, constant on time, and constant off time switching regulators can also have a similar problem with noise generation but I have only heard them make a hiss and not a whine or squeal.
The capacitance sensor electronics run at such a low power level that I am certain that is not the cause of the noise you are hearing. The main switching power supply is a much more likely candidate.
The framers of the U.S. Constitution knew that political parties or the contemporary equivalent would be a problem but the game theory necessary to show the cause and solution would not be discovered for many decades after their death. The measures they took were insufficient and I suspect they knew it but had no better solution.
I actually liked both versions of Alien 3 except for things like the obvious plot hole I discussed. Sure, it could have been better but as you point out, it was not Alien Resurrection. Given the original Alien 3 story ideas, I am amazed it was not worse. Like someone else who posted in this topic, I liked Star Trek TMP so my taste in movies is questionable by most standards.
I still can not reconcile Joss Whedon writing the script for Alien Resurrection and producing Firefly. I hope Fox dies in a fire.
Some of us expected the characters to be at least a little smarter then 85. Ignoring for the moment any possible suspicions about the "rescue" team, they have an impenetrable vault which they proceed to outfit with food and water for a week to live in. Err, wait. That isn't what happened. They trap the alien inside the vault at great hazard to themselves and then post one guard over a door which anybody can open.
Slashdot Mirror
College-Aged Bishop: Richard Nixon's personal checking account is in here!
College-Aged Cosmo: Oh, this is a challenge. Marty, we have to find someone truly worthy to give his money to.
College-Aged Bishop: How about... the National Organization to Legalize Marijuana?
College-Aged Cosmo: Perfect!
And then you shoot them in the hand to make sure it really sticks ;-)
:)
I suspect that would merely teach that some instructors are dangerous and insane.
I do show the scar though which is almost unnoticeable.
But the fact remains that there are a whole lot of workers all feeding the same queen, and they don't derive any direct individual payoff for having done so.
They derive even less individual payoff doing something other then activities devoted to maintaining the queen. Even if all possible choices yield a negative payoff, the one that has the least negative payoff will be selected for.
If an individual ant was selfish, it would try to avoid doing the dangerous work of food gathering.
The work is only dangerous to the individual based on the potential that is lost when the individual is damaged or killed. In the case of a worker ant, since they do not have children anyway, dying only affects their reproductive success because they failed at whatever the specific task was. The fact that they can no longer have children is irrelevant because they never could and have no incentive to do so. This is a case where literally dying for a cause can be in the individual's best interests. For another example of this in social insects, consider honey bee stings which are fatal to the honey bee.
This is of course completely different for most diploid species. Here, risks in food gathering have a direct consequence to an individual's reproductive fitness. Consider that every one of your ancestors lived to successfully reproduce. None of them died before doing so. Zero. Convincing someone else to do the hazardous work can have a big payoff.
After all, the queen will get fed by the other ants just the same, and the queen's offspring will be just as genetically related to the lazy ant, whether it works or not, right? Where's the incentive for the selfish individual to act in this scenario?
None of the other behaviors that the ant has to choose from are more selfish then looking after the queen. What else is an individual ant going to do in lew of maintaining the queen?
You choice of ants as an example was particularly poor since they were one of the first exceptions to prove the rule.
For a long time Darwin's theory of evolution was suspect because it did not explain the behavior of ants or other social insects except through group selection which did not really explain anything. Why should the workers toil to help the queen have more children instead of having children themselves? How is their social contract enforced? With the advent of selfish gene theory the reason for parental altruism toward children was easier to understand (*1) but social insect behavior still conflicted with this.
The answer lay with the nature of social insect sex determination. Ants males (drones) are haploid and receive only one set of chromosomes. The female queen and workers are diploid having two complete sets of chromosomes. The result is that workers (female) are more closely related to their sisters (relatedness of 0.75) then to their children (relatedness of 0.50 if they had any). (*2) This can be tested by measuring the sex ratio between drones and queens which is reflected by which genes (queen or worker) is controlling the nest. Excluding species of ants which take slaves, this ratio shows that the workers are actually in charge and are using their mother as an egg laying sister producing machine. (*3) The workers have every incentive to do so selfishly because the pay off for them is greater then if they raised their own children.
*1 For a long time it was considered so obvious that it was not thought to need an explanation.
*2 Queens actually try to undermine this relationship by mating with multiple drones.
*3 For slave species the opposite is true because the workers are unrelated to the queen an evolved the wrong behaviors for control.
I have to admit that the various safety lessons I had concerning firearms did not really stick until my best friend shot me through the hand when I was 16. Granted, it was an air rifle but it still did go completely through my hand and operating my motorcycle clutch on the way back to camp was not a trivial exercise. After that, I was nervous even when paintball guns were not pointed in a safe direction.
Now when I teach firearms safety, I have the student teach me back and I question the reasoning for each rule just to verify as much as possible that they understand and to force them to do extra consideration. The mindset when working with dangerous technology needs to include the foresight into what could go wrong. Understanding the context of each safety rule is very helpful.
So for sounds with harmonic shapes that are more important to its' reproduction (else everything would sound like a sine wave), you need to sample more than twice up and twice down to work out what the amplitude and therefore effect of the harmonic means on the SHAPE of the sound. That means no longer a basic of 20kHz but a basic that could be as low as 10 or even 8 kHz.
This just means that your 20 kHz non sinusoidal wave has frequency components above 20KHz which can not be reproduced by sampling at 40KHz and have to be either filtered out before sampling or aliased. * If I sample at 40KHz and do not have aliasing issues, then waveforms with frequency components up to 20 kHz may be reproduced accurately including the amplitude within the limitations of quantization and other errors.
* Actually a 40 kHz sample rate limits you to reproducing frequency components UP TO half the sample rate or 20 kHz so a 20 kHz sine wave sampled synchronously at 40 kHz is not reproducible as it aliases to 0 kHz. A 19.999KHz sine wave is.
I suspect using multiple actuators lost out to multiple drives do to economics. When they were introduced, RAID was becoming much more common in the same markets.
If you're gonna play pool with planets you better get the maths right as I'd rather the earth didn't end up in a tighter orbit too...
What could possibly go wrong?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_World_Out_of_Time
I am reminded of Ragnar Danneskjöld who as the counterpart to Robin Hood was returning property to its rightful owners although he was suppose to be Norwegian and not Swedish.
t es/atlas_shrugged/55.html
http://education.yahoo.com/homework_help/cliffsno
". . . when the law is engaged in robbery, people who want to return stolen goods to their rightful owners must become outlaws."
Alternators are something of a special case since their output characteristics and high leakage inductance make it safer to short out the input side of the power supply then disconnecting it in the event that the battery goes open circuit. Automotive systems tend to be designed incredibly cheaply.
I remember doing a chassis assembly that included a MOV for surge suppression and questioning the design engineer about the part number since it looked to me like a 32 volt MOV in a 120 volt AC application. The reassurance that the part was correct plus the spectacular failure during the first power on test made for great conversation.
I have not seen crowbar protection used on the input side of a power supply but I have designed in cascode disconnects before. The power supply was rated for 48 volt operation but would accept 600 volts until the thermal limit was reached on the cascode pass element at which point the supply would disconnect itself. Protection above that was surge suppression.
The mixing can be done with one or more diodes.
I have occasionally gained experience in this:
"Can I use your calculator for a minute?"
"Um, no thanks."
I think the same thing whenever someone uses baud as a replacement for bits per second.
From my RF design perspective, broadband as a practical matter is any untuned circuit which implies a different set of design constraints. At a higher level using more then one modulated carrier or using some type of spectrum spreading would apply. I hate using broadband to mean high data rate and always avoid it if possible.
Correct orbital mechanics (eg, thrust behind made the robot go up instead of ahead)
The pilot for Firefly had this also: the Reaver ship thrusts forward to enter the atmosphere. I almost jumped up to cheer.
This depends on exactly what your signal strength meter is measuring.
For FM receivers, quieting and not RF signal strength is normally measured which is roughly analogous to demodulated signal to noise level or bit error rate. Using a non coherent jamming signal will lower any measured signal strength. You might notice that tuning an FM receiver to an empty channel returns large amounts of demodulated noise and an indication of zero signal strength.
For AM and SSB receivers, signal strength is taken from either the automatic gain control or directly from the signal level. A jamming signal will directly show up in the signal strength indicator just like it would with a spectrum analyser.
Cell phones of course using complex modulation encompassing both FM and AM could read signal strength in any number of ways. If I were designing a jamming system, I would rely on using a denial of service through the base stations with or without cooperation first, jamming the control frequencies second, and jamming the data channels third.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_School_of _Law_shooting
Missouri had the same thing happen. Businesses posted the required no firearms signs at about the time the law was passed. The result was that I stopped going to the Schnucks supermarket and changed pharmacies. I see the signs very rarely.
i mits
The penalty if caught only applies if you refuse to leave the premises:
Carrying of a concealed firearm in a location specified in subdivisions 1) to (17) of subsection 20 of this section by any individual who holds concealed carry endorsement issued pursuant to this section shall not be a criminal act but may subject the person to denial to the premises or removal from the premises.
If you refuse to leave after being asked and the police are called, you will be fined $100. Second such offense in 6 months is $200 fine and suspension of permit. Third offense in 12 months is $500 fine and loss of permit for 3 years.
http://www.packing.org/state/missouri/#stateoff_l
Nice try, but it is a violation of federal law to bring a fire-arm onto public school property.
This is incorrect. Each State controls the legality of firearms at schools unless they are on federal property.
In the case of Virginia, state law allows CCP holders to carry at universities but Virginia Tech policy forbids carrying by students or staff. If a student were to do so, they would be subject to administrative punishment.
http://volokh.com/posts/1178639680.shtml
I will say that the western smilies are quicker to type, but the asian ones are much more expressive. There really aren't any western smilies anyone can recognize beyond: :) ;) :( :| and :/ but you can express frustration and resignation much easier with the asian smilies.
I have found myself using the western style with eyebrows added. Even in certain animation, the eyes are completely featureless but the eyebrows are drawn in for expression and not even attached to the face.
>:(
I guess that makes me an Order of the Stick sort of person:
http://www.giantitp.com/comics/oots0001.html
Ask him about subharmonic oscillation in current mode switching regulators. This occurs when the duty cycle is above 50% and slope compensation is not used. It is usually not detrimental to regulator performance but can be made audible by the magnetics and occasionally the ceramic capacitors through the piezoelectric effect.
Pulse skipping, constant on time, and constant off time switching regulators can also have a similar problem with noise generation but I have only heard them make a hiss and not a whine or squeal.
The capacitance sensor electronics run at such a low power level that I am certain that is not the cause of the noise you are hearing. The main switching power supply is a much more likely candidate.
The framers of the U.S. Constitution knew that political parties or the contemporary equivalent would be a problem but the game theory necessary to show the cause and solution would not be discovered for many decades after their death. The measures they took were insufficient and I suspect they knew it but had no better solution.
I actually liked both versions of Alien 3 except for things like the obvious plot hole I discussed. Sure, it could have been better but as you point out, it was not Alien Resurrection. Given the original Alien 3 story ideas, I am amazed it was not worse. Like someone else who posted in this topic, I liked Star Trek TMP so my taste in movies is questionable by most standards.
I still can not reconcile Joss Whedon writing the script for Alien Resurrection and producing Firefly. I hope Fox dies in a fire.
Some of us expected the characters to be at least a little smarter then 85. Ignoring for the moment any possible suspicions about the "rescue" team, they have an impenetrable vault which they proceed to outfit with food and water for a week to live in. Err, wait. That isn't what happened. They trap the alien inside the vault at great hazard to themselves and then post one guard over a door which anybody can open.