Electromagnetic fields are made of photons. An incoming photon will be superimposed (interfere) with the photons in an electromagnetic field as it passes through but it's path will remain unchanged. The only way to influence the path of a photon is to bend spacetime, which is the definition of what we call gravity.
It's actually more complicated than that. The six-core chips have the ability to configure up to a quarter of the 6MB L3 cache as a probe filter. This keeps most snoop traffic from reaching down into the L2 and L1 caches of the other cores on the same die and all cores on other die in a multi-socket system. The result is better memory latency and improved memory bandwidth.
Here's a link:
http://techreport.com/articles.x/16448
For a while it will be proportional to (V^2)*f. However, transistor leakage is exponential with respect to Vds due to DIBL (drain-induced barrier lowering) and the resulting decrease in threshold voltage. Raising the voltage too much is a double-whammy WRT power consumption.
Not all of us like KDE and Gnome. Although they have innovated in some areas, they're otherwise both just attempts to make an MS clone. While this might be the right thing to make "Linux on the desktop" succeed, it's not what some of envision as the future of computing or even how we'd like the current state of computing.
I've been a Linux user since 1996 and I've watched the entire "Linux on the desktop" debacle unfold. It's sad to see that the/. crowd has changed from the attitude of "these MS clones are crap, desktop Linux should be something better" to "ho hum, this is how it should be, why innovate"? Back when this was just "Rob's page" you would've been flamed into oblivion for that public show of affection for KDE/Gnome.
Who are you to tell Google what they can and cannot build? It's about time someone put a face on the Linux desktop other than that of an MS clone. Hopefully it's not just a new window manager but a new window system. X, while great in its day, has run its course. I'd like to something fresh that builds on the concept of using modern graphics hardware to do all the heavy lifting for the GUI instead of clever CPU-intensive hacks on top of Xlib**.
You don't like Google's vision for Linux on netbooks. What's your alternative vision?
** I've written many apps with Xlib. The underlying ideas/primitives that X uses for graphics ops are obsolete so doing anything "cool" (and sometimes useful!) requires using crufty extensions rather than calling routines that are a "natural" part of the system.
While it's relatively new compared to everything on this list, the AMD Opteron, which came out in 2003, will be the face of computing for the foreseeable future. Even now in 2009 AMD's archival Intel is just coming out with integrated memory controllers and high-speed serial direct interconnects. The Opteron also forced Intel to give everyone 64-bit memory addressing in x86 (which Intel wanted to stay in the realm of high-end RISC/Itanium machines).
Opteron wasn't the first chip to have any of these features, but it was the first _x86_ chip to have all of them - making it an affordable "high-end" processor for small businesses and tech junkies. It really was a "world-shaking" product that put AMD on the map. No one expected little AMD to make a splash so big with Opteron (except Intel, which paid off companies to not release Opteron-based products, a55holes!).
What I've heard is the band thought the GH version is what's on the cd. Having the band come out and say the cd version is in any way "defective" would constitute a PR nightmare and people demanding recall & replacement of their discs. So they've spun it as "the cd version is what we (the band) wanted" so their label doesn't lose money due to the label's mastering mistake.
He did it b/c he couldn't figure out how to get the Guitar Hero version onto his PC himself. He was fed up with the static-laden "loudness war" version that's on the audio compact disc and this was his only avenue.
At least that's what I'd like to think as it's the funniest scenario in my mind.
Yeah, the big accomplishment of the US is doing all of that while keeping the rest of the economy going, ie food on the table. The USSR channeled everything into space/military R&D for short term gain but in the end we all know how that worked out. The USSR was kind of like the morons I see sprinting at the beginning of a 10k run that then get passed up somewhere in the first couple miles and eventually finish walking.
From psychology classes I've taken I believed the same thing - right up until having children of my own. I have two boys, one at 3 years and one 3 mos. The 3-yr-old has a female cousin that is only a few weeks younger. We've watched the two of them grow up side-by-side and seen how they appear to gravitate to male and female gender roles, respectively, with little prodding. ESB was on tv one day last summer and the boy sat up on the couch, watched the whole thing w/o leaving his seat. He noticed some of my old action figures in the basement one day and the rest is history (yeah, I know some of the material may be inappropriate for a 3-yr-old). When his cousin came to visit he wanted her to watch ESB with him, she got all excited, and was then disappointed and playing with her "girl" toys a few minutes in. Some of it just seems innate...
If you did RTFA, you missed the point. The idea is to use this on people for whom death is imminent. For example, a man suffering a heart attack. As the person "dies" you try to put him into suspended animation so the tissue never goes through "death". Once the patient is in suspended animation you have time to perform whatever surgical procedure necessary and then attempt revival. Other cases mentioned in which this will be used is severe bleeding - DARPA hopes it can be used to save soldiers who would otherwise have bled out and died.
bzzzzt. nope. Process names are the length of the gate for most of the logic FETs. You still need to contact a source and drain on either side of that gate. The SRAM cell pitch for 45nm logic is probably around 200nm (also, SRAM cells will use a gate length that's as large as the process can fit in that logic pitch without source/drain contacts shorting out). In addition that is usually just the _drawn_ length in layout. The manufactured physical length is usually significantly smaller than the process node drawn length. Anyways, grandparent was approximately right.
A high-speed clock and data recovery system like that used to implement the memory controller and RAM won't be fixed with additional mobo components. Put anything in that path and it will very likely break. 2.0V is likely well above the Vmax of the FETs used in Intel's controller. They needed to take care of the voltage conversion at the pads to avoid issues like this. Instead I'm guessing they run the whole controller at the same voltage as the pads. That might allow them to run the controller logic and FFE/DFE faster but it's bad for power and then causes problems like this one. This looks like a bad design on the part of Intel.
It actually tells exactly how they did it. For the better part of a decade we've been using interference patterns to draw features that are smaller than the wavelength of the light source being used by the photolith. The mask sets used to do this are incredible - stacks of ten lenses weighing over a ton for low-level features. Generating the correct "serifs" on rectangular layout shapes to create the correct interference pattern is very compute-intensive. It sounds like IBM is taking this beyond the simple serif shapes and doing some pretty wild interference patterns. This is even more compute intensive and hence their term "computational scaling". The other way to do this, which is proving to be much more difficult, is shorter wavelength light sources. Then we could go back to drawing directly for a generation or two and then start using interference again to scale down. Generating wavelengths necessary to draw 22nm features and having enough power so that enough photons hit the photoresist has been a pretty daunting engineering challenge. Also, those wavelengths require reflective optics, yet another challenge. Given the projected costs of said system it sounds like IBM found the computational route to be much cheaper.
They're also usually made from _the_ smallest transistors on the die for density reasons. Aside from being able to print these features you also need to reliably set the threshold voltages of all the transistors to make a cell that is both writeable and read-stable. This is not easy to do. For the FET sizes involved in this cell you're probably looking at only tens of dopant atoms setting the Vt. It only takes a few more or a few less dopants to really shift the Vt of said device which could push it into a point where you either can't write the SRAM cell or it flips when you try to read it. Once a process is reliably yielding good SRAMs it's usually "ready to go".
Tough material, great book. Remember that Einstein had the physical theory first and then looked to mathematicians to help him put it into formal equations. One can't help but feel closer to "God" (whatever that may be) after learning about GR and seeing the implications as truths in our telescopes. Good luck to you!
Sweet! After 10 years of perfect karma I finally got modded Flamebait. As a lifetime (so far) resident of the US I think I'm in a position to hold the opinion that wanting to be a rock star is an epidemic in this country and not just limited to Scottsdale (although having been to Scottsdale I agree the infection rate may be higher there).
Unfortunately science has yet to explain how how all three chords I know ROCK on my SG.
Actually, Rob, they have explained it. Please see the explanation on Wikipedia for the power chord. Note that they reference Townshend as a popular example of the power chord;) Next up, you should extend your skills and bend those fingers to play the Hendrix Chord.
douchenozzle... I couldn't quite reach the proper word to describe that reporter. Thanks for helping me out. That word will come in handy this weekend at the Fort Collins Brewfest.
Compact 5GHz on-die optical links would be a godsend for global routing. Global routes typically take several cycles for all but toplevel metals. Even at the top of the stack it's getting harder to get everything where it needs to go in a single cycle due to higher RCs as dies scale down. If this technology is viable I'm sure they'll improve on that delay time as well.
I'd recommend the book Object Thinking. The methods can be applied to any programming language. I'd also recommend that anyone working on the project have a strong background in computer science and experience to go with it.
It's not making us smarter, it's making us more efficient. By speeding up things like fact seeking, bill paying, travel directions, etc it leaves us more time to do critical thinking on "important" things. For me this means more time to do chip design, spend time with the family, play guitar, program, and read Slashdot:)
I guess indirectly it _could_ make one smarter depending on how one spends this new-found free time. In my case I have learned more about physics, engineering and music so that may be true. The Internet improving cognition is a possibility, not a given. The choice is ours...
How about we just drop some H2SO4? That's a pretty good "nano-disassembler".
I'm tired of the latest fad of calling all molecules "nanotechnology" - especially the make-up industry. My wife tells me about the latest skin care crap and tells me "it's been nano-engineered". So annoying... especially when (I think) what I'm doing is closer to an actual nanotechnology ( 45nm, 32nm silicon design ), although there's no moving parts so I kind of disagree with that, too. The MEMs guys, they can talk I guess, they're doing the real deal.
Slashdot Mirror
Electromagnetic fields are made of photons. An incoming photon will be superimposed (interfere) with the photons in an electromagnetic field as it passes through but it's path will remain unchanged. The only way to influence the path of a photon is to bend spacetime, which is the definition of what we call gravity.
It's actually more complicated than that. The six-core chips have the ability to configure up to a quarter of the 6MB L3 cache as a probe filter. This keeps most snoop traffic from reaching down into the L2 and L1 caches of the other cores on the same die and all cores on other die in a multi-socket system. The result is better memory latency and improved memory bandwidth. Here's a link: http://techreport.com/articles.x/16448
For a while it will be proportional to (V^2)*f. However, transistor leakage is exponential with respect to Vds due to DIBL (drain-induced barrier lowering) and the resulting decrease in threshold voltage. Raising the voltage too much is a double-whammy WRT power consumption.
Not all of us like KDE and Gnome. Although they have innovated in some areas, they're otherwise both just attempts to make an MS clone. While this might be the right thing to make "Linux on the desktop" succeed, it's not what some of envision as the future of computing or even how we'd like the current state of computing.
/. crowd has changed from the attitude of "these MS clones are crap, desktop Linux should be something better" to "ho hum, this is how it should be, why innovate"? Back when this was just "Rob's page" you would've been flamed into oblivion for that public show of affection for KDE/Gnome.
I've been a Linux user since 1996 and I've watched the entire "Linux on the desktop" debacle unfold. It's sad to see that the
Who are you to tell Google what they can and cannot build? It's about time someone put a face on the Linux desktop other than that of an MS clone. Hopefully it's not just a new window manager but a new window system. X, while great in its day, has run its course. I'd like to something fresh that builds on the concept of using modern graphics hardware to do all the heavy lifting for the GUI instead of clever CPU-intensive hacks on top of Xlib**.
You don't like Google's vision for Linux on netbooks. What's your alternative vision?
** I've written many apps with Xlib. The underlying ideas/primitives that X uses for graphics ops are obsolete so doing anything "cool" (and sometimes useful!) requires using crufty extensions rather than calling routines that are a "natural" part of the system.
While it's relatively new compared to everything on this list, the AMD Opteron, which came out in 2003, will be the face of computing for the foreseeable future. Even now in 2009 AMD's archival Intel is just coming out with integrated memory controllers and high-speed serial direct interconnects. The Opteron also forced Intel to give everyone 64-bit memory addressing in x86 (which Intel wanted to stay in the realm of high-end RISC/Itanium machines).
Opteron wasn't the first chip to have any of these features, but it was the first _x86_ chip to have all of them - making it an affordable "high-end" processor for small businesses and tech junkies. It really was a "world-shaking" product that put AMD on the map. No one expected little AMD to make a splash so big with Opteron (except Intel, which paid off companies to not release Opteron-based products, a55holes!).
What I've heard is the band thought the GH version is what's on the cd. Having the band come out and say the cd version is in any way "defective" would constitute a PR nightmare and people demanding recall & replacement of their discs. So they've spun it as "the cd version is what we (the band) wanted" so their label doesn't lose money due to the label's mastering mistake.
He did it b/c he couldn't figure out how to get the Guitar Hero version onto his PC himself. He was fed up with the static-laden "loudness war" version that's on the audio compact disc and this was his only avenue.
At least that's what I'd like to think as it's the funniest scenario in my mind.
Yeah, the big accomplishment of the US is doing all of that while keeping the rest of the economy going, ie food on the table. The USSR channeled everything into space/military R&D for short term gain but in the end we all know how that worked out. The USSR was kind of like the morons I see sprinting at the beginning of a 10k run that then get passed up somewhere in the first couple miles and eventually finish walking.
From psychology classes I've taken I believed the same thing - right up until having children of my own. I have two boys, one at 3 years and one 3 mos. The 3-yr-old has a female cousin that is only a few weeks younger. We've watched the two of them grow up side-by-side and seen how they appear to gravitate to male and female gender roles, respectively, with little prodding. ESB was on tv one day last summer and the boy sat up on the couch, watched the whole thing w/o leaving his seat. He noticed some of my old action figures in the basement one day and the rest is history (yeah, I know some of the material may be inappropriate for a 3-yr-old). When his cousin came to visit he wanted her to watch ESB with him, she got all excited, and was then disappointed and playing with her "girl" toys a few minutes in. Some of it just seems innate...
If you did RTFA, you missed the point. The idea is to use this on people for whom death is imminent. For example, a man suffering a heart attack. As the person "dies" you try to put him into suspended animation so the tissue never goes through "death". Once the patient is in suspended animation you have time to perform whatever surgical procedure necessary and then attempt revival. Other cases mentioned in which this will be used is severe bleeding - DARPA hopes it can be used to save soldiers who would otherwise have bled out and died.
bzzzzt. nope. Process names are the length of the gate for most of the logic FETs. You still need to contact a source and drain on either side of that gate. The SRAM cell pitch for 45nm logic is probably around 200nm (also, SRAM cells will use a gate length that's as large as the process can fit in that logic pitch without source/drain contacts shorting out). In addition that is usually just the _drawn_ length in layout. The manufactured physical length is usually significantly smaller than the process node drawn length. Anyways, grandparent was approximately right.
A high-speed clock and data recovery system like that used to implement the memory controller and RAM won't be fixed with additional mobo components. Put anything in that path and it will very likely break. 2.0V is likely well above the Vmax of the FETs used in Intel's controller. They needed to take care of the voltage conversion at the pads to avoid issues like this. Instead I'm guessing they run the whole controller at the same voltage as the pads. That might allow them to run the controller logic and FFE/DFE faster but it's bad for power and then causes problems like this one. This looks like a bad design on the part of Intel.
The spin-off is private.
It actually tells exactly how they did it. For the better part of a decade we've been using interference patterns to draw features that are smaller than the wavelength of the light source being used by the photolith. The mask sets used to do this are incredible - stacks of ten lenses weighing over a ton for low-level features. Generating the correct "serifs" on rectangular layout shapes to create the correct interference pattern is very compute-intensive. It sounds like IBM is taking this beyond the simple serif shapes and doing some pretty wild interference patterns. This is even more compute intensive and hence their term "computational scaling". The other way to do this, which is proving to be much more difficult, is shorter wavelength light sources. Then we could go back to drawing directly for a generation or two and then start using interference again to scale down. Generating wavelengths necessary to draw 22nm features and having enough power so that enough photons hit the photoresist has been a pretty daunting engineering challenge. Also, those wavelengths require reflective optics, yet another challenge. Given the projected costs of said system it sounds like IBM found the computational route to be much cheaper.
They're also usually made from _the_ smallest transistors on the die for density reasons. Aside from being able to print these features you also need to reliably set the threshold voltages of all the transistors to make a cell that is both writeable and read-stable. This is not easy to do. For the FET sizes involved in this cell you're probably looking at only tens of dopant atoms setting the Vt. It only takes a few more or a few less dopants to really shift the Vt of said device which could push it into a point where you either can't write the SRAM cell or it flips when you try to read it. Once a process is reliably yielding good SRAMs it's usually "ready to go".
Tough material, great book. Remember that Einstein had the physical theory first and then looked to mathematicians to help him put it into formal equations. One can't help but feel closer to "God" (whatever that may be) after learning about GR and seeing the implications as truths in our telescopes. Good luck to you!
Sweet! After 10 years of perfect karma I finally got modded Flamebait. As a lifetime (so far) resident of the US I think I'm in a position to hold the opinion that wanting to be a rock star is an epidemic in this country and not just limited to Scottsdale (although having been to Scottsdale I agree the infection rate may be higher there).
I live in the United States where a lot of people try to appear to have money when they don't.
There, fixed that for you.
Unfortunately science has yet to explain how how all three chords I know ROCK on my SG.
;) Next up, you should extend your skills and bend those fingers to play the Hendrix Chord.
Actually, Rob, they have explained it. Please see the explanation on Wikipedia for the power chord. Note that they reference Townshend as a popular example of the power chord
douchenozzle... I couldn't quite reach the proper word to describe that reporter. Thanks for helping me out. That word will come in handy this weekend at the Fort Collins Brewfest.
Compact 5GHz on-die optical links would be a godsend for global routing. Global routes typically take several cycles for all but toplevel metals. Even at the top of the stack it's getting harder to get everything where it needs to go in a single cycle due to higher RCs as dies scale down. If this technology is viable I'm sure they'll improve on that delay time as well.
I'd recommend the book Object Thinking. The methods can be applied to any programming language. I'd also recommend that anyone working on the project have a strong background in computer science and experience to go with it.
And how could Jesus have built my hot rod?
It's not making us smarter, it's making us more efficient. By speeding up things like fact seeking, bill paying, travel directions, etc it leaves us more time to do critical thinking on "important" things. For me this means more time to do chip design, spend time with the family, play guitar, program, and read Slashdot :)
I guess indirectly it _could_ make one smarter depending on how one spends this new-found free time. In my case I have learned more about physics, engineering and music so that may be true. The Internet improving cognition is a possibility, not a given. The choice is ours...
How about we just drop some H2SO4? That's a pretty good "nano-disassembler".
I'm tired of the latest fad of calling all molecules "nanotechnology" - especially the make-up industry. My wife tells me about the latest skin care crap and tells me "it's been nano-engineered". So annoying... especially when (I think) what I'm doing is closer to an actual nanotechnology ( 45nm, 32nm silicon design ), although there's no moving parts so I kind of disagree with that, too. The MEMs guys, they can talk I guess, they're doing the real deal.