On your quote... the story is more complicated that "it originated in California". Excerpts from the Wikipedia article on OOP ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... ):
"Terminology invoking "objects" and "oriented" in the modern sense of object-oriented programming made its first appearance at MIT in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the environment of the artificial intelligence group, as early as 1960, "object" could refer to identified items (LISP atoms) with properties (attributes)..."
"The formal programming concept of objects was introduced in the 1960s in Simula 67, a major revision of Simula I, a programming language designed for discrete event simulation, created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo."
"The Smalltalk language, which was developed at Xerox PARC (by Alan Kay and others) in the 1970s, introduced the term object-oriented programming to represent the pervasive use of objects and messages as the basis for computation."
So yes, the term comes from California. But the early work was done elsewhere.
Getting the most out of any processor requires processor-specific optimization. Unfortunately for AMD, Intel has the lion's share of the market, so developers pay more attention to getting software to run well on Intel processors. Some of the top tier games that get used for benchmarks have been hand-optimized for Intel, as have productivity applications such as video encoders and Photoshop. (The last two have also benefited historically from Intel having better SIMD implementations. That is probably still true. But an A-series AMD processor with properly optimized OpenCL code might be better still.)
Intel is in the developer tools business as well. They sell a compiler that generates code that is very good for Intel processors and very bad for AMD. Any application that is built with Intel tools is going to make AMD look bad.
Finally, there is the OS issue. Because of the way AMD used paired cores with some shared elements (cache and FPU), getting the most out of the FX series processors requires changes to the process scheduler. (The simplified version: threads of the same process and multiple instances of the same application should be assigned to paired cores; unconnected applications should be spread to different core pairs whenever possible. That maximizes the effectiveness of the shared cache. The shared FPU is of little concern unless you have applications that do math with long doubles; it can do two 64 bit operations simultaneously but only one 128 bit operation.) The most popular OS on the market, Windows 7, has not made the necessary adjustments, nor has any earlier version. Windows 8 and later have, as have recent Linux kernels. Mac OS probably has not, but Apple has never made a computer with an AMD processor so it isn't relevant unless you own a Hackintosh.
1830 was also republished recently by Mayfair Games. That's one more.
Hasbro is actually pretty good about licensing games when there is continuing interest but not potential for mass market numbers. But they don't own the rights to all the old Avalon Hill games; some were sold off back when AH still existed or were under contracts where the rights reverted back to the designers.
In the US, broadcast radio stations pay no performance royalties at all. That's right, zero. They do pay songwriter royalties. They are also likely to receive promotional funds from record companies that at least offset any royalties they pay.
Spotify is an interesting case because it has both free and premium tiers, and the rate of pay for the two sets of listeners is very different. A listen by a premium listener is currently worth about 10 times as much as a free listener. Basically, the way it works is that 70% of their subscription revenue gets divided among all the listens by premium members, and 70% of their advertising revenue gets divided among all the free plays. (I suspect there are a few additional complications but that's close enough for our discussion.) The gap between the two rates may narrow in the future if the company sells more ads and/or manages to charge more for them.
Some people think that both of Spotify's payment rates are too low. Some others think the rate for free plays is too low and wanted to restrict their content to premium members, but Spotify won't let them do that; it's all or nothing. The all or nothing approach may be better in the long term, because it will increase the value of the free tier and make it more attractive to advertisers. Spotify also believes that it is good for business, because it's easier to get people into the fold first and then upsell them on getting rid of ads than it is to make them pay from the start. (Reference: http://www.buzzfeed.com/reggie... )
There is also the question of how the expected upcoming product from Apple will affect the on-demand streaming market. Apple already owns Beats Music but hasn't promoted it heavily since the acquisition, probably because they plan to replace it with a new Apple-branded service. Most analysts believe that Apple won't offer a free tier; Beats does not though they do offer a free trial. If significant amounts of music goes bypasses Spotify because artists don't like the low payment rate for free Spotify plays (this has already happened with a few like Taylor Swift), Spotify may have to change its position and allow premium-only content.
I took a computer architecture class where that was the end point. We started by defining a simple architecture. (Each pair of students did their own; the available resources in the FPGA we were using pretty much limited us to 8 bit architectures.) Next was to write an assembler and an emulator for our processors. (We used Java in the class, largely because its cross-platform nature meant that students could code on whatever computer they owned and the TAs would be able to run the programs. Any reasonably modern high level language would have served as well; these were not the kind of programs that used fancy language features.) The final stage was to write a VHDL description of the CPU, load it into a board, and run code on it.
That was the most intense class I took during my education. (It's a graduate level course but I took it as part of an undergraduate degree program.) The one class was nearly a full time job.
In my opinion, a proper CS program should include some education in computer architecture. EE isn't really necessary, but you can do VHDL or Verilog programming to implement computers and that's probably low level enough for the kind of understanding that a computer scientist needs.
But a lot of the people who go to college to learn about programming aren't in CS programs, they are in software engineering programs. Sometimes those programs are called CS, but don't contain anything like theory of computing and are strictly about planning and writing code. Given their narrower intent, it is reasonable for such a program (IF it is properly named as an SE program rather than CS) to omit education on computer architecture. I do think it's a good thing for anybody who really wants to understand computers to study; any student of any aspect of computing who is at a university that offers a course on computer architecture should strongly consider taking it.
The other question is how much of the other sciences a CS or SE graduate is required to study. At the top tier schools, those degrees are generally part of a science or engineering program that requires a broader base in the sciences. (For example, any degree from MIT requires two semesters of physics, one each of chemistry and biology, and two more semesters of science from a list of eligible courses, one of which cannot be in the student's major. They also require two semesters of calculus.) Many lower-tier schools will let you get a CS or SE degree without taking any coursework in the sciences other than computing classes. That is probably why Nye is dismissive of students who don't come from a major university.
It's just as well that they don't drop you to EDGE access, since they have discontinued it or choked it down to minuscule amounts of spectrum in many major cities.
You have named one of the big risks of iOS development. In general, Apple is reluctant to approve apps that compete with their own apps; they allow competing apps from major tech companies because it would be too unpopular not to, but a smaller developer is at their mercy. One of my nightmare scenarios would be to come up with a new idea, spend a year developing an iOS app, and then have Apple reject it because they were secretly working on the same thing.
Android does not have that particular risk. Competing with an app from Google might be difficult but at least the company will let you try; they have no prohibition on apps that compete with their own. Another key difference is that sideloading is possible; even if the Google Play store won't carry your app, you can offer it through other channels. Gambling apps and apps with sexually explicit content can be sold for Android though not through Google's store. Reputable third party stores will still ban the other kinds of content that Google prohibits, such as spyware, Trojan horses, and other kinds of malware.
Facebook has network effects in its favor. Basically, Facebook is popular because Facebook is popular; people want to be on the social network that their friends are on. The company also has Instagram and the Oculus Rift.
Uber has a good idea but it's not one that can be protected. They have no way to keep customers and drivers from defecting to Lyft or other services. There is no particular advantage other than habit to using Uber today just because you used Uber yesterday.
The most I will pay to get a smart TV instead of a dumb one is the cost of a Chromecast, Fire Stick, Roku Stick, etc. That's the upper bound of its value to me, because I can turn a dumb TV into a smart one by adding an external device. Within three years I will probably have to add an external device anyway because the built in smart features will be obsolete. So really, what I will pay extra for a smart TV is zero.
If you actually had the resources to fight that case you would have won. The Supreme Court recently reaffirmed the First Sale Doctrine, which basically says that once you buy a physical object like a book you are free to do whatever you please with it. Their license is invalid under US law and cannot be enforced.
None of that helps you in practice. The publishers are counting on the fact that few people have the resources to fight them.
"You've probably heard the warning about how "descriptions" and "accounts" of the game are prohibited without the NFL's consent."
This is a misreading of the statement. What it actually says is that use of THESE descriptions and accounts is prohibited. In other words, you can't quote their words or use their images without consent. They NFL is claiming copyright on the contents of the broadcast, which is perfectly within its rights. Exceptions would exist for journalistic use, but I'm sure that all the major newspapers and broadcasters have obtained consent in any case.
Independently talking about the game without using their words is perfectly legal. Lots of people do it. Using images that didn't come from the NFL would also be legal if there were some good way to obtain them in the first place, but because the league restricts the use of recording devices at the stadium (within their rights because it is private property) those third party game images do not exist.
You do have to be careful how you use the words "Super Bowl" because of trademark law. Using the term to talk about the game itself is fine, but using it in connection with your own non-NFL-sponsored event or promotion is not. You can't have a Super Bowl public party or a Super Bowl sale, which is why you hear so much talk of the Big Game.
MSI and Gigabyte both make notebooks in the 4 pound class with 1080p displays and serious NVidia GPUs. (One of the new models has a GTX 965M.) But their battery life is terrible if the GPU actually turns on; they use NVidia Optimus so the GPU is only on when you need it. They throw off a LOT of heat when the GPU is running and the fans roar. And that still makes them over a pound heavier than the Dell, with lower resolution displays and poorer build quality. But if you need graphics on the go, systems like that do exist.
Old school systems that had a physical Big Red Switch (including the original IBM PC, XT, and AT) really were completely off when they were off. But pretty much every computer these days has a soft switch, and depends on some part of the circuitry getting a bit of power to monitor the switch so it can turn the rest of the system on.
No, GRUB doesn't ask if you want to retain the Windows bootloader. But on most distributions it AUTOMATICALLY adds a boot entry to boot Windows that chains to the Windows bootloader from GRUB, unless you chose to overwrite the entire hard disk and wipe the Windows installation.
Long Island starts right next to Manhattan. Two of the boroughs of NYC, Brooklyn and Queens, are on Long Island. The far end of Long Island is about 120 miles from Manhattan. The Hamptons are 80-100 miles from Manhattan, depending on whether you measure to the closest one (Hampton Bays) or the farthest one (East Hampton).
Just about all of Suffolk County (the more eastern of the two Long Island counties that aren't part of NYC) got at least a foot and a half of snow. NYC missed being in the blizzard by less than 50 miles, which is within the margin of error of present-day weather prediction.
On a desktop or laptop system the appearance DID change. In the previous build, the Start screen (if you used it) looked like the Windows 8 start screen. In the new build you can expand the Start menu to full screen, but it still has the app list along the left side along with tiles to the right, so it's like the Start menu but larger. The app list also looks different; it now has the Windows 8-style Metro/Modern look. I haven't yet tried the new build on a tablet or convertible, so I don't know what you will get there.
Another notable change: you can no longer search for apps by typing at the Start menu or by clicking a Search icon from the Start menu. Instead, you have to click the Search icon that is next to the Start icon and use Cortana to search for your app.
Slashdot Mirror
On your quote... the story is more complicated that "it originated in California". Excerpts from the Wikipedia article on OOP ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... ):
"Terminology invoking "objects" and "oriented" in the modern sense of object-oriented programming made its first appearance at MIT in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the environment of the artificial intelligence group, as early as 1960, "object" could refer to identified items (LISP atoms) with properties (attributes)..."
"The formal programming concept of objects was introduced in the 1960s in Simula 67, a major revision of Simula I, a programming language designed for discrete event simulation, created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo."
"The Smalltalk language, which was developed at Xerox PARC (by Alan Kay and others) in the 1970s, introduced the term object-oriented programming to represent the pervasive use of objects and messages as the basis for computation."
So yes, the term comes from California. But the early work was done elsewhere.
Not really surprising.
Getting the most out of any processor requires processor-specific optimization. Unfortunately for AMD, Intel has the lion's share of the market, so developers pay more attention to getting software to run well on Intel processors. Some of the top tier games that get used for benchmarks have been hand-optimized for Intel, as have productivity applications such as video encoders and Photoshop. (The last two have also benefited historically from Intel having better SIMD implementations. That is probably still true. But an A-series AMD processor with properly optimized OpenCL code might be better still.)
Intel is in the developer tools business as well. They sell a compiler that generates code that is very good for Intel processors and very bad for AMD. Any application that is built with Intel tools is going to make AMD look bad.
Finally, there is the OS issue. Because of the way AMD used paired cores with some shared elements (cache and FPU), getting the most out of the FX series processors requires changes to the process scheduler. (The simplified version: threads of the same process and multiple instances of the same application should be assigned to paired cores; unconnected applications should be spread to different core pairs whenever possible. That maximizes the effectiveness of the shared cache. The shared FPU is of little concern unless you have applications that do math with long doubles; it can do two 64 bit operations simultaneously but only one 128 bit operation.) The most popular OS on the market, Windows 7, has not made the necessary adjustments, nor has any earlier version. Windows 8 and later have, as have recent Linux kernels. Mac OS probably has not, but Apple has never made a computer with an AMD processor so it isn't relevant unless you own a Hackintosh.
1830 was also republished recently by Mayfair Games. That's one more.
Hasbro is actually pretty good about licensing games when there is continuing interest but not potential for mass market numbers. But they don't own the rights to all the old Avalon Hill games; some were sold off back when AH still existed or were under contracts where the rights reverted back to the designers.
In the US, broadcast radio stations pay no performance royalties at all. That's right, zero. They do pay songwriter royalties. They are also likely to receive promotional funds from record companies that at least offset any royalties they pay.
Spotify is an interesting case because it has both free and premium tiers, and the rate of pay for the two sets of listeners is very different. A listen by a premium listener is currently worth about 10 times as much as a free listener. Basically, the way it works is that 70% of their subscription revenue gets divided among all the listens by premium members, and 70% of their advertising revenue gets divided among all the free plays. (I suspect there are a few additional complications but that's close enough for our discussion.) The gap between the two rates may narrow in the future if the company sells more ads and/or manages to charge more for them.
Some people think that both of Spotify's payment rates are too low. Some others think the rate for free plays is too low and wanted to restrict their content to premium members, but Spotify won't let them do that; it's all or nothing. The all or nothing approach may be better in the long term, because it will increase the value of the free tier and make it more attractive to advertisers. Spotify also believes that it is good for business, because it's easier to get people into the fold first and then upsell them on getting rid of ads than it is to make them pay from the start. (Reference: http://www.buzzfeed.com/reggie... )
There is also the question of how the expected upcoming product from Apple will affect the on-demand streaming market. Apple already owns Beats Music but hasn't promoted it heavily since the acquisition, probably because they plan to replace it with a new Apple-branded service. Most analysts believe that Apple won't offer a free tier; Beats does not though they do offer a free trial. If significant amounts of music goes bypasses Spotify because artists don't like the low payment rate for free Spotify plays (this has already happened with a few like Taylor Swift), Spotify may have to change its position and allow premium-only content.
I took a computer architecture class where that was the end point. We started by defining a simple architecture. (Each pair of students did their own; the available resources in the FPGA we were using pretty much limited us to 8 bit architectures.) Next was to write an assembler and an emulator for our processors. (We used Java in the class, largely because its cross-platform nature meant that students could code on whatever computer they owned and the TAs would be able to run the programs. Any reasonably modern high level language would have served as well; these were not the kind of programs that used fancy language features.) The final stage was to write a VHDL description of the CPU, load it into a board, and run code on it.
That was the most intense class I took during my education. (It's a graduate level course but I took it as part of an undergraduate degree program.) The one class was nearly a full time job.
In my opinion, a proper CS program should include some education in computer architecture. EE isn't really necessary, but you can do VHDL or Verilog programming to implement computers and that's probably low level enough for the kind of understanding that a computer scientist needs.
But a lot of the people who go to college to learn about programming aren't in CS programs, they are in software engineering programs. Sometimes those programs are called CS, but don't contain anything like theory of computing and are strictly about planning and writing code. Given their narrower intent, it is reasonable for such a program (IF it is properly named as an SE program rather than CS) to omit education on computer architecture. I do think it's a good thing for anybody who really wants to understand computers to study; any student of any aspect of computing who is at a university that offers a course on computer architecture should strongly consider taking it.
The other question is how much of the other sciences a CS or SE graduate is required to study. At the top tier schools, those degrees are generally part of a science or engineering program that requires a broader base in the sciences. (For example, any degree from MIT requires two semesters of physics, one each of chemistry and biology, and two more semesters of science from a list of eligible courses, one of which cannot be in the student's major. They also require two semesters of calculus.) Many lower-tier schools will let you get a CS or SE degree without taking any coursework in the sciences other than computing classes. That is probably why Nye is dismissive of students who don't come from a major university.
It's just as well that they don't drop you to EDGE access, since they have discontinued it or choked it down to minuscule amounts of spectrum in many major cities.
You are probably using an ad-supported flashlight app. The ads are using the data.
You have named one of the big risks of iOS development. In general, Apple is reluctant to approve apps that compete with their own apps; they allow competing apps from major tech companies because it would be too unpopular not to, but a smaller developer is at their mercy. One of my nightmare scenarios would be to come up with a new idea, spend a year developing an iOS app, and then have Apple reject it because they were secretly working on the same thing.
Android does not have that particular risk. Competing with an app from Google might be difficult but at least the company will let you try; they have no prohibition on apps that compete with their own. Another key difference is that sideloading is possible; even if the Google Play store won't carry your app, you can offer it through other channels. Gambling apps and apps with sexually explicit content can be sold for Android though not through Google's store. Reputable third party stores will still ban the other kinds of content that Google prohibits, such as spyware, Trojan horses, and other kinds of malware.
Facebook has network effects in its favor. Basically, Facebook is popular because Facebook is popular; people want to be on the social network that their friends are on. The company also has Instagram and the Oculus Rift.
Uber has a good idea but it's not one that can be protected. They have no way to keep customers and drivers from defecting to Lyft or other services. There is no particular advantage other than habit to using Uber today just because you used Uber yesterday.
You would know if it was always sending your conversations because your battery life would be terrible.
Microsoft has never been about extinguishing its hardware partners. Can't see any reason for Samsung to be an exception.
Half of them are below average!
Problem is, although they may be the same panels, they don't have the same video processing. That makes a difference in the picture quality.
The most I will pay to get a smart TV instead of a dumb one is the cost of a Chromecast, Fire Stick, Roku Stick, etc. That's the upper bound of its value to me, because I can turn a dumb TV into a smart one by adding an external device. Within three years I will probably have to add an external device anyway because the built in smart features will be obsolete. So really, what I will pay extra for a smart TV is zero.
Google isn't likely to support replacing Javascript with Swift. Go, perhaps.
If you actually had the resources to fight that case you would have won. The Supreme Court recently reaffirmed the First Sale Doctrine, which basically says that once you buy a physical object like a book you are free to do whatever you please with it. Their license is invalid under US law and cannot be enforced.
None of that helps you in practice. The publishers are counting on the fact that few people have the resources to fight them.
"You've probably heard the warning about how "descriptions" and "accounts" of the game are prohibited without the NFL's consent."
This is a misreading of the statement. What it actually says is that use of THESE descriptions and accounts is prohibited. In other words, you can't quote their words or use their images without consent. They NFL is claiming copyright on the contents of the broadcast, which is perfectly within its rights. Exceptions would exist for journalistic use, but I'm sure that all the major newspapers and broadcasters have obtained consent in any case.
Independently talking about the game without using their words is perfectly legal. Lots of people do it. Using images that didn't come from the NFL would also be legal if there were some good way to obtain them in the first place, but because the league restricts the use of recording devices at the stadium (within their rights because it is private property) those third party game images do not exist.
You do have to be careful how you use the words "Super Bowl" because of trademark law. Using the term to talk about the game itself is fine, but using it in connection with your own non-NFL-sponsored event or promotion is not. You can't have a Super Bowl public party or a Super Bowl sale, which is why you hear so much talk of the Big Game.
MSI and Gigabyte both make notebooks in the 4 pound class with 1080p displays and serious NVidia GPUs. (One of the new models has a GTX 965M.) But their battery life is terrible if the GPU actually turns on; they use NVidia Optimus so the GPU is only on when you need it. They throw off a LOT of heat when the GPU is running and the fans roar. And that still makes them over a pound heavier than the Dell, with lower resolution displays and poorer build quality. But if you need graphics on the go, systems like that do exist.
The current recommended amount of RAM for building current versions of Android is 16GB. That's just one example.
Old school systems that had a physical Big Red Switch (including the original IBM PC, XT, and AT) really were completely off when they were off. But pretty much every computer these days has a soft switch, and depends on some part of the circuitry getting a bit of power to monitor the switch so it can turn the rest of the system on.
No, GRUB doesn't ask if you want to retain the Windows bootloader. But on most distributions it AUTOMATICALLY adds a boot entry to boot Windows that chains to the Windows bootloader from GRUB, unless you chose to overwrite the entire hard disk and wipe the Windows installation.
Long Island starts right next to Manhattan. Two of the boroughs of NYC, Brooklyn and Queens, are on Long Island. The far end of Long Island is about 120 miles from Manhattan. The Hamptons are 80-100 miles from Manhattan, depending on whether you measure to the closest one (Hampton Bays) or the farthest one (East Hampton).
Just about all of Suffolk County (the more eastern of the two Long Island counties that aren't part of NYC) got at least a foot and a half of snow. NYC missed being in the blizzard by less than 50 miles, which is within the margin of error of present-day weather prediction.
On a desktop or laptop system the appearance DID change. In the previous build, the Start screen (if you used it) looked like the Windows 8 start screen. In the new build you can expand the Start menu to full screen, but it still has the app list along the left side along with tiles to the right, so it's like the Start menu but larger. The app list also looks different; it now has the Windows 8-style Metro/Modern look. I haven't yet tried the new build on a tablet or convertible, so I don't know what you will get there.
Another notable change: you can no longer search for apps by typing at the Start menu or by clicking a Search icon from the Start menu. Instead, you have to click the Search icon that is next to the Start icon and use Cortana to search for your app.
Cyanogenmod has KitKat and Lollipop builds for that phone.