Radioactive fallout doesn't obey political boundary's.
It's not the N-weapons themselves, (couple of thousand megatons worth, on each side, yield split between fission(%50), fusion(50% relatively clean)), which will make real mess. But the 400+ Nuclear power plants around the globe melting down and/or being destroyed as a result.
Each nuclear power plant has several hundred megatons worth of highly radioactive fission byproducts stored inside the reactor and next to them in spent fuel rods. As demonstrated in Fukushima, all it takes is an extended loss of electricity to start the melt down process.
A megaton's worth of fission byproducts is created for every ~0.4TWh of electricity produced. Production of electricity via nuclear power worldwide is currently in the range of ~2200TWh. Thus ~5500 Megatons of potential fission fallout per year is added to an pre-existing inventory of ~150,000 Megatons, awaiting to deal humanity a coup de grÃce.
Seams to me, if one were to make a simple assumption that the plane was on auto pilot for the last few hours(pilot suicide, anoxia), the Geostationary SAT ping times from those previous fixes would narrow the search scope considerably. I.E. Mathematically wise, one data point, verses five or six data points, would make a huge difference.
Correction make that 1.5" of solid lead to block 99% of gamma radiation(not listed in article) from Cs-137.. (The remaining 1% will still be extremely detrimental in short order. )
Bzzzt.. wrong-o, this a Pacific wide scale disaster, various ocean layers don't mix as much as they hoped it would.
Sr-90 (beta emitter, calcium replacement has a half life of 28.79 years.. I.E. three decades later nearly half of the original material remains..
Cs-137 both a Beta and Gamma emitter, has a
half life of 30.17 years.. Again half of the original amount will still be around in 30 years..
There is a significant risk the Fukishima Area will get too hot for humans, or electronics to work in/around. Thus insuring nearly all the contents of the reactors and spent fuel pools end up in the environment.
Note: Where there is high levels of Beta radiation from Sr-90 their will also be high levels of Gamma radiation from Cs-137, no protective suit, nor reasonable amount of lead shielding will protect from high levels of Gamma radiation. It would take 3" of solid lead shielding to reduce Cs-137 Gamma radiation component by 100x (which is not enough)..
It's just a matter of time before most classrooms will be replaced by remote learning . Leaving only the lab-work to be completed in some rented facility.
Instead of trying to find new ways(taxes) to prop up a overpriced, obsolete, low ROI, educational system, we should go forward and cost reduce the whole Enchilada. Deploy a national fibre network to every occupied structure within reason, similar to the old rural electrification act brought electricity to most farms.
Besides educational aspects of a national fibre network. I will bet their will be large number of societal fringe benefits, reduced travel needs, lower levels of communicable diseases, reduced crime, reduced infrastructure requirements, etc. Remember the benefits that occurred when President Clinton removed SA from GPS sats, that act spawned entirely new industries overnight.
So don't look at patching up our backwards educational system, go forward into the future.
Did it ever occur to you that the biggest variance will be what mankind does in response to this building climate crises?
How much CO2 and CH4 will be in the atmosphere in 2040?
How much SO2, NO2 will the world be dumping into atmosphere come 2040?
Will the average Chinese citizen loose ten years of average lifespan to pollution, or will they clean up their act?
What will be the state of the glaciers, and icecaps in northern and southern hemispheres? How will the lack of them affect climate? These are real big questions that go into uncharted territory.
But, ISON is going to be exposed to roughly a million times the solar flux we have near Earth for several hours. I.E. 1/100th the distance, cubed.. or 100^3 increased solar flux.. I don't expect it to survive those conditions.
I recommend that he purchase some Panasonic DECT cordless phones with talking caller id. Program the Pana directory with the names and numbers of your frequent callers. When your friends and family call, you will here their name announced and know to answer the call.
note: Calls from Cell phones are usually ID themselves by # number only, but Pana phones will announce the preprogrammed name for the number.
If you want to take a step further, port your land line number to an Andriod smart cell phone and bluetooth to Pana's.. Smart phones can block a nearly unlimited amount of telephone numbers.
When the scammers call on a blocked number the cell phone pick's up on the the first ring and dumps them into voice mail(which you leave un-setup).. Your phones won't even ring, and it won't cost you anything, but it will cost the scammers a connection fee. Without the possibility of of any productive results, this will steadily decrease the number of rouge callers over time.
Super typhoon Ida achieved it's maximum intensity well out at sea when it had a tiny eye, similar to Wilma when it rapidly intensified in it's early stages. Ida subsequently lost most of energy before it landfall in Japan as a cat-3.
Meanwhile Super Typhoon Haiyan made landfall at near peak intensity with an eye wall diameter of nearly 20km..
Agreed, I'm using up the last of my SKYPE balance, still use it for calling 800 numbers(which are still free), but that's about it.
Just got Google chat to phone via gmail working, which took some doing to get around the browser id check. Now, I can call phones in the USA for free, while skype charges $0.049 to connect and $0.023/min.
In my state/city Grid electrical usage is taxed @19%..
Thus generating more revenue per dollar than gasoline or diesel. I.E 19% of $3.00 retail gas would yield $0.57 per gallon in state taxes
Nuclear power is a dead end, Thorium-232 is not fissile, it must be first breed into U-233 (which is fissile), that process takes an enormous flux of of free neutrons(U-235, Pu-239). It's a chicken verses the egg problem.
Note: Breeder reactors are far more dangerous and operate much closer to the edge. They incorporate fewer safety features, (metallic fuel instead of ceramic oxides, etc), in order to maximize neutron flux.
The Hydrogen was formed when steam(H2O) reacted with hot Zirconium(Zr) metal tubes which contained fuel pellets (and most of the fission byproducts). Upon reacting Zr +2H2O became ZrO2(white powder), H2 was released and the tubes lost all structural integrity.
As these Zr metal tubes chemically reacted and disintegrated, the fuel pellets and the associated fission byproducts(Pu included) were released into water/steam/hydrogen mix. Thus some Pu became part of the explosive mix that later detonated, destroying the containment buildings.
While a virgin U02 fuel pellet may initially start out as a hard ceramic(tightly bonded oxide), after being inside an operating nuclear reactor for several years, a significant portion(4 to 10%) is something other than a ceramic.
Yes, the pacific Ocean is very large, but it also takes a very long time to to mix evenly.. "(hundreds or thousand+ years.)" Thus a large portion of the contamination will remain in the surface layer for generations to come. These relatively hot isotopes also tend to bio-concentrate/bio-accumulate up the food chain.
We've already came wayy to close to meltdown after Hurricane Andrew(1992) went just north of Turkey Point.
If Andrew had cut across south florida a few miles further to the south and subjected the plant to strong quadrants, instead of the much weaker quadrants, we might have had to evacuate South Florida.
As it was.. even the much weaker quadrants of Andrew did some significant damage, it severely damaged a 400ft tall, 5000 ton brick smoke stack for the bunker oil/steam plant next to the reactors.. Care to guess what was in the drop zone?? The backup diesel generator building!!! Even without that disaster, the Turkey point plant was cut off for 5 days with no outside power, water, or road access and came within a day of running out diesel fuel to cool the reactors.
I dis-agree.. There is a new phenomenon unaccounted for, Supersized hurricanes and storms.. Hurricane Francis(cat 3) in 2004, following by Cat-5s Katrina, Rita, and Wilma in 2005..
All had eye diameters in excess of 60 miles wide making them much more powerful than typical cat-5 hurricanes (Andrew 1992, 8miles, Camile(1969) 12-13 miles). This is a new phenomenon not recorded previously.. Note: Super storm Sandy(2012) also supersized before landfall.
Larger hurricane eye diameters lead to wider eye walls(strongest winds), much longer duration of peak wind conditions, and a significantly larger area affected by peak winds and surge.
Agreed... The Fukishima plant site was significantly higher in elevation before construction started. Tepco removed 25 meters of the original buff", thus saving some energy costs(pumping cooling water), while incurring the risk of a tsunami.
My math (49.28GWyre * 365.24 * 24/1.16MWh//ton TNT/.30 efficiency) yields == 1241 megatons of TNT thermal (and associated radioactive fission byproducts stored onsite).
As it is.. 1241 megatons of stored fission byproducts stored in just one plant, probably equals the entire US arsenal(or Russia's) of nuclear weapons(50% fission/50%fusion energy yield). And if some event were to let all those fission byproducts loose on the coast of California. It would make quite a mess of things.
Now factor in other 63 commercial reactor sites spread throughout the USA,many of which have operational lifespans nearing 40 years.. It's not the bombs you should be worried about.. It's the Nuclear power plants that will really make a mess of things.
The 7.4Wth air cooled 1964-1969 prototype molten salt reactor, never had the optional thorium breading layer installed.. Call it a LFUR reactor.. Initially it was fueled with U-235, later with U-233 which came from conventional breeder reactors
In IT, it's a very easy concept. Process control and industrial control systems is another matter entirely. They don't have a firewall team, or an IT staff, or a network admin, or a Windows Domain Architect, or any of that stuff.
I suggest purchasing a Dl-804 ($14 amazon) or a DSR-250 ($130).. Buy a redundant spare while you're at it, cheap, easy, simple..
Just setup a named rule allowing incoming IP access to appropriate port on PC machine, and then disable it.. All a tech needs to due is enable the rule(one check box) and outside access is granted. Similar rules can also be setup to prevent the device from phoning home.. I.E. You control it..
Another item to do, restrict down ALL access from the outside by IP address ranges . I.E. Only a very small subset of Internet IPV4 range can do any remote access. (less than 0.1%)(including access to router/nat). prevents a lot hassle dealing with hackers..
16000? That would be over an over 25% of all infant deaths in the time since the accident, which would be slightly more noticed and easily studied...
Why did the EPA disable a majority of the Beta counters on it's RADNET radiation detection network shortly after Fukushima, the last readings recorded (before being disabled) where in the 500 CPM(danger) zone..,
Their are many other proxies, whole populations of new born chicks(wild birds) have been wiped out on the west coast. 70% of west coast Sea lion pups are dying, this list goes on and on.. Ignore at your own peril, but don't spread your ignorance in this forum.
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Radioactive fallout doesn't obey political boundary's.
It's not the N-weapons themselves, (couple of thousand megatons worth, on each side, yield split between fission(%50), fusion(50% relatively clean)), which will make real mess. But the 400+ Nuclear power plants around the globe melting down and/or being destroyed as a result.
Each nuclear power plant has several hundred megatons worth of highly radioactive fission byproducts stored inside the reactor and next to them in spent fuel rods. As demonstrated in Fukushima, all it takes is an extended loss of electricity to start the melt down process.
A megaton's worth of fission byproducts is created for every ~0.4TWh of electricity produced. Production of electricity via nuclear power worldwide is currently in the range of ~2200TWh. Thus ~5500 Megatons of potential fission fallout per year is added to an pre-existing inventory of ~150,000 Megatons, awaiting to deal humanity a coup de grÃce.
"The most likely cause was one of a the pilots going insane,", A more likely outcome is that the a radicalized pilot of MH370 decided on course murder/suicide after attending the sham trial of Malaysiaâ(TM)s opposition leader a few hours before takeoff.
Seams to me, if one were to make a simple assumption that the plane was on auto pilot for the last few hours(pilot suicide, anoxia), the Geostationary SAT ping times from those previous fixes would narrow the search scope considerably. I.E. Mathematically wise, one data point, verses five or six data points, would make a huge difference.
U.S. HEU Disposition Program has been up and running for several years now.
There are even plans for down blending weapons grade Plutonium and burning the resulting MOX fuel in various reactors.
.
Correction make that 1.5" of solid lead to block 99% of gamma radiation(not listed in article) from Cs-137.. (The remaining 1% will still be extremely detrimental in short order. )
.
Bzzzt.. wrong-o, this a Pacific wide scale disaster, various ocean layers don't mix as much as they hoped it would.
Sr-90 (beta emitter, calcium replacement has a half life of 28.79 years.. I.E. three decades later nearly half of the original material remains..
Cs-137 both a Beta and Gamma emitter, has a half life of 30.17 years.. Again half of the original amount will still be around in 30 years..
There is a significant risk the Fukishima Area will get too hot for humans, or electronics to work in/around. Thus insuring nearly all the contents of the reactors and spent fuel pools end up in the environment.
Note: Where there is high levels of Beta radiation from Sr-90 their will also be high levels of Gamma radiation from Cs-137, no protective suit, nor reasonable amount of lead shielding will protect from high levels of Gamma radiation. It would take 3" of solid lead shielding to reduce Cs-137 Gamma radiation component by 100x (which is not enough)..
Traditional college is vastly overrated and a waste of huge amounts of resources. Most grads don't end up having jobs related to their major.
It's just a matter of time before most classrooms will be replaced by remote learning . Leaving only the lab-work to be completed in some rented facility.
Instead of trying to find new ways(taxes) to prop up a overpriced, obsolete, low ROI, educational system, we should go forward and cost reduce the whole Enchilada. Deploy a national fibre network to every occupied structure within reason, similar to the old rural electrification act brought electricity to most farms.
Besides educational aspects of a national fibre network. I will bet their will be large number of societal fringe benefits, reduced travel needs, lower levels of communicable diseases, reduced crime, reduced infrastructure requirements, etc. Remember the benefits that occurred when President Clinton removed SA from GPS sats, that act spawned entirely new industries overnight.
So don't look at patching up our backwards educational system, go forward into the future.
Did it ever occur to you that the biggest variance will be what mankind does in response to this building climate crises?
How much CO2 and CH4 will be in the atmosphere in 2040? How much SO2, NO2 will the world be dumping into atmosphere come 2040? Will the average Chinese citizen loose ten years of average lifespan to pollution, or will they clean up their act?
What will be the state of the glaciers, and icecaps in northern and southern hemispheres? How will the lack of them affect climate? These are real big questions that go into uncharted territory.
"ISON is currently moving at 117 km/s!
But, ISON is going to be exposed to roughly a million times the solar flux we have near Earth for several hours. I.E. 1/100th the distance, cubed.. or 100^3 increased solar flux.. I don't expect it to survive those conditions.
.
I recommend that he purchase some Panasonic DECT cordless phones with talking caller id. Program the Pana directory with the names and numbers of your frequent callers. When your friends and family call, you will here their name announced and know to answer the call.
note: Calls from Cell phones are usually ID themselves by # number only, but Pana phones will announce the preprogrammed name for the number.
If you want to take a step further, port your land line number to an Andriod smart cell phone and bluetooth to Pana's.. Smart phones can block a nearly unlimited amount of telephone numbers.
When the scammers call on a blocked number the cell phone pick's up on the the first ring and dumps them into voice mail(which you leave un-setup).. Your phones won't even ring, and it won't cost you anything, but it will cost the scammers a connection fee. Without the possibility of of any productive results, this will steadily decrease the number of rouge callers over time.
Super typhoon Ida achieved it's maximum intensity well out at sea when it had a tiny eye, similar to Wilma when it rapidly intensified in it's early stages. Ida subsequently lost most of energy before it landfall in Japan as a cat-3.
Meanwhile Super Typhoon Haiyan made landfall at near peak intensity with an eye wall diameter of nearly 20km..
.
Agreed, I'm using up the last of my SKYPE balance, still use it for calling 800 numbers(which are still free), but that's about it.
Just got Google chat to phone via gmail working, which took some doing to get around the browser id check. Now, I can call phones in the USA for free, while skype charges $0.049 to connect and $0.023/min.
so EVs get to freeload..
In my state/city Grid electrical usage is taxed @19%.. Thus generating more revenue per dollar than gasoline or diesel. I.E 19% of $3.00 retail gas would yield $0.57 per gallon in state taxes
Nuclear power is a dead end, Thorium-232 is not fissile, it must be first breed into U-233 (which is fissile), that process takes an enormous flux of of free neutrons(U-235, Pu-239). It's a chicken verses the egg problem.
Note: Breeder reactors are far more dangerous and operate much closer to the edge. They incorporate fewer safety features, (metallic fuel instead of ceramic oxides, etc), in order to maximize neutron flux.
The Hydrogen was formed when steam(H2O) reacted with hot Zirconium(Zr) metal tubes which contained fuel pellets (and most of the fission byproducts). Upon reacting Zr +2H2O became ZrO2(white powder), H2 was released and the tubes lost all structural integrity.
As these Zr metal tubes chemically reacted and disintegrated, the fuel pellets and the associated fission byproducts(Pu included) were released into water/steam/hydrogen mix. Thus some Pu became part of the explosive mix that later detonated, destroying the containment buildings.
While a virgin U02 fuel pellet may initially start out as a hard ceramic(tightly bonded oxide), after being inside an operating nuclear reactor for several years, a significant portion(4 to 10%) is something other than a ceramic.
Yes, the pacific Ocean is very large, but it also takes a very long time to to mix evenly.. "(hundreds or thousand+ years.)" Thus a large portion of the contamination will remain in the surface layer for generations to come. These relatively hot isotopes also tend to bio-concentrate/bio-accumulate up the food chain.
Recommendation.. "Eat low on the food chain" and avoid Meat products, especially those that were caught, or were fed fish meal products from the Pacific ocean.
What you need to remove are the sugar carbs... (sugars like sucrose, fructose, etc added to processed food products)..
Keaping the starch carbs is just a start.. Exercise, watching your pH balance are some other items you need to add to the list.
.
We've already came wayy to close to meltdown after Hurricane Andrew(1992) went just north of Turkey Point.
If Andrew had cut across south florida a few miles further to the south and subjected the plant to strong quadrants, instead of the much weaker quadrants, we might have had to evacuate South Florida.
As it was.. even the much weaker quadrants of Andrew did some significant damage, it severely damaged a 400ft tall, 5000 ton brick smoke stack for the bunker oil/steam plant next to the reactors.. Care to guess what was in the drop zone?? The backup diesel generator building!!! Even without that disaster, the Turkey point plant was cut off for 5 days with no outside power, water, or road access and came within a day of running out diesel fuel to cool the reactors.
.
I dis-agree.. There is a new phenomenon unaccounted for, Supersized hurricanes and storms.. Hurricane Francis(cat 3) in 2004, following by Cat-5s Katrina, Rita, and Wilma in 2005..
All had eye diameters in excess of 60 miles wide making them much more powerful than typical cat-5 hurricanes (Andrew 1992, 8miles, Camile(1969) 12-13 miles). This is a new phenomenon not recorded previously.. Note: Super storm Sandy(2012) also supersized before landfall.
Larger hurricane eye diameters lead to wider eye walls(strongest winds), much longer duration of peak wind conditions, and a significantly larger area affected by peak winds and surge.
Agreed... The Fukishima plant site was significantly higher in elevation before construction started. Tepco removed 25 meters of the original buff", thus saving some energy costs(pumping cooling water), while incurring the risk of a tsunami.
But It was human greed when they made the decision to lower Fukishima plant site/bluff height by 25 meters in order to reduce the pumping energy losses for cooling.
Their was no thorium breading layer installed in the US molten salt reactor prototype.
Thus, It was never a thorium based reactor.
For a limited period, it was fueled with U-233, which came from conventional breeder reactors.
My math (49.28GWyre * 365.24 * 24/1.16MWh//ton TNT/.30 efficiency) yields == 1241 megatons of TNT thermal (and associated radioactive fission byproducts stored onsite).
As it is.. 1241 megatons of stored fission byproducts stored in just one plant, probably equals the entire US arsenal(or Russia's) of nuclear weapons(50% fission/50%fusion energy yield). And if some event were to let all those fission byproducts loose on the coast of California. It would make quite a mess of things.
Now factor in other 63 commercial reactor sites spread throughout the USA,many of which have operational lifespans nearing 40 years.. It's not the bombs you should be worried about.. It's the Nuclear power plants that will really make a mess of things.
The 7.4Wth air cooled 1964-1969 prototype molten salt reactor, never had the optional thorium breading layer installed.. Call it a LFUR reactor.. Initially it was fueled with U-235, later with U-233 which came from conventional breeder reactors
I suggest purchasing a Dl-804 ($14 amazon) or a DSR-250 ($130).. Buy a redundant spare while you're at it, cheap, easy, simple..
Just setup a named rule allowing incoming IP access to appropriate port on PC machine, and then disable it.. All a tech needs to due is enable the rule(one check box) and outside access is granted. Similar rules can also be setup to prevent the device from phoning home.. I.E. You control it..
Another item to do, restrict down ALL access from the outside by IP address ranges . I.E. Only a very small subset of Internet IPV4 range can do any remote access. (less than 0.1%)(including access to router/nat). prevents a lot hassle dealing with hackers..
Why did the EPA disable a majority of the Beta counters on it's RADNET radiation detection network shortly after Fukushima, the last readings recorded (before being disabled) where in the 500 CPM(danger) zone.. ,
Their are many other proxies, whole populations of new born chicks(wild birds) have been wiped out on the west coast. 70% of west coast Sea lion pups are dying, this list goes on and on.. Ignore at your own peril, but don't spread your ignorance in this forum.