A common misstatement. Planck's constant is a quantum of action, not energy. It has the dimensions of angular momentum, which is momentum*distance or energy*time, i.e. a volume of phase space (4-space in special relativity, dot product of position and momentum 4 vectors). Two free charged particles can exchange arbitrarily small amounts of energy over a long period of time, classical electrodynamics describing that perfectly. However a bound particle can only exchange discrete amounts of energy, the smallest corresponding to a Planck's constant change in action.
To say that "a photon" of a given energy is involved in the interaction between two bound states is a leap of faith. Photons emerge from the Bose-Einstein statistics of spin 1 particles, and are created and destroyed using the statistical raising and lowering operators that describe the energy change in the electromagnetic field.
All good points. Add to that there is no closed solution to N body gravitational interactions.
There has been some success in modelling the density of spiral arms through pertubation theory. Galactic rotational speeds are of course inferred from measurements of very small doppler shifts and when you get close to noise funding bias starts to dominate, but the windup of spiral arms does not indicate all that many classical Newtonian revolutions. Occam's razor does not extrapolate very well over a few orders of magnitude. Personally I think it's a mishmash of observational error, relativistic effects, electromagnetic effects, statistical gravitational effects, and physical constants not.
Let us not lose sight of the fact that a photon is a statistical convenience, not a particle, and a phonon is even less a particle. You can't send "one photon" and detect "one phonon". These are statistical coincidence measurements that detect correlated behavior between the two diamonds after an electromagnetic interaction that can not transfer less than Planck's constant of action. Either diamond would show a 50% excitation in the absence of the signal from the other. Spooky action at a distance is inferred from correlation of the states over a large number of events. Which is why quantum computing is not going to be as fast as everyone thinks it will be.
But after the executive response to the act of war the Presidential ass out to be on the line until there is a Congressional confirmation of war. I don't even mind a silly declaration of War on Drugs or War on Terrorism or War on Unfair Trade as long as all three branches of government have to commit to the process. Better theater if nothing else.
Attributed to Boltzmann, "There are many kinds of order, but only one kind of disorder"
Randomness would have the joint probabilities of every possible pair of outcomes over every possible pair of spacings to approach 1/2 exactly. Let's see that data set please.
Would it were so. Google police action. According to wikipedia the US has engaged in military actions at least 125 times without prior authorization of Congress. World War II was the last authorized war. Even the Civil War needed no authorization because the opposition was a "belligerent power" and not a "sovereign nation".
You can design simple games with simple rules such as rock-paper-scissors where randomness is the best strategy. You can design simple games with complicated rules based on random events, and random playing will pay off half the time less a house percentage. In chess the rules are completely known and random playing is a losing strategy
Survival is a sufficiently complicated game since no one knows the rules. Hence according to von Neumann any strategy based on what the world will like in the future is more likely to fail than succeed. Even Carpe Diem will fail as a strategy but at least it makes for easy rationalization when you lose. Consumers understand this.
I both agree and disagree with that. The survival of a species during a sudden change is enhanced by the diversity of individuals, viz. Von Neumann's theory that random moves are the best strategy in any sufficiently complicated game. So I am for Liberty and against government manipulations, whether to provide a basic standard of living or to subsidize education.
Existing nuclear plants heat to a relatively low water temperature ~320C as opposed to fossil fuel plants heating to 500 or 600C. Thermodynamic efficiency depends on the temperature difference between that and the steam exhaust, so raising the exhaust temperature by 50C to run a condensing system is not a big deal for a coal plant but a killer for a nuke plant. That is why they often use cooling towers (which becomes consumptive use of water) instead of non-consumptive river cooling - the extra 20C drop at the top of the tower translates into a few percentage points increase in efficiency.
A 3 GW thermal plant at 30% efficiency would put out 1 GW electricity, At 25% efficiency you would need 4 GW(t) to get 1 GW(e). That is a whopping 25 percent increase in heat generation, or if you like decrease in profit.
The Plato IV protoypes used a plasma panel with touch screen in the late '60s, and had downloadable characters you could point to to activate different functions. Not a far reach to make those program and folder icons. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLATO_(computer_system)
Social Security was a separate program until the 1980s. There was a pie chart on the tax form showing federal expenditures, and the military slice was getting more and more prominent at a time when the need for a big military seemed less and less. Combining SS into the budget made everything seem reasonable again. And of course the SS revenue made it possible to increase current spending without adding to the "deficit".
The above shows how effective the stratagy was, "The combined total spent every year on the Department of Defense and both the operations in Iraq and Afghanistan are still a few billion shy of all we spend on Social Security per year." Apples and Oranges.
Now SS revenue is just another regressive tax and SS expenditures are entitlements subject to political posturing. Take SS back out of the budget and there could be rational discussion about the revenues and expenditures of both. Which is why that'll never happen.
During negotiations with the examiner the claims are pared to something technically reasonable and usually not useful if you understand patentspeak. Then that patent is bundled with similar patents in a licensing pool that gets protection money from any that can't afford to understand or challenge it. Tthe professional players usually ante up without complaint because they are overall winners in the game.
Above 3GW laser beams are channeled through the atmosphere (google atmospheric self channeling). Compact FELs have no problem with that power level (short pulses, exponential gain with length) and if you kept one idling there would be a good chance of getting it to fire once when you pull the trigger. After that I suspect it would need a month of repairs.
Slashdot Mirror
Obligatory reference http://www.phespirit.info/montypython/four_yorkshiremen.htm
A common misstatement. Planck's constant is a quantum of action, not energy. It has the dimensions of angular momentum, which is momentum*distance or energy*time, i.e. a volume of phase space (4-space in special relativity, dot product of position and momentum 4 vectors). Two free charged particles can exchange arbitrarily small amounts of energy over a long period of time, classical electrodynamics describing that perfectly. However a bound particle can only exchange discrete amounts of energy, the smallest corresponding to a Planck's constant change in action.
To say that "a photon" of a given energy is involved in the interaction between two bound states is a leap of faith. Photons emerge from the Bose-Einstein statistics of spin 1 particles, and are created and destroyed using the statistical raising and lowering operators that describe the energy change in the electromagnetic field.
All good points. Add to that there is no closed solution to N body gravitational interactions.
There has been some success in modelling the density of spiral arms through pertubation theory. Galactic rotational speeds are of course inferred from measurements of very small doppler shifts and when you get close to noise funding bias starts to dominate, but the windup of spiral arms does not indicate all that many classical Newtonian revolutions. Occam's razor does not extrapolate very well over a few orders of magnitude. Personally I think it's a mishmash of observational error, relativistic effects, electromagnetic effects, statistical gravitational effects, and physical constants not.
Put each sequence into a git repo, and periodically rebase ...
Let us not lose sight of the fact that a photon is a statistical convenience, not a particle, and a phonon is even less a particle. You can't send "one photon" and detect "one phonon". These are statistical coincidence measurements that detect correlated behavior between the two diamonds after an electromagnetic interaction that can not transfer less than Planck's constant of action. Either diamond would show a 50% excitation in the absence of the signal from the other. Spooky action at a distance is inferred from correlation of the states over a large number of events. Which is why quantum computing is not going to be as fast as everyone thinks it will be.
But after the executive response to the act of war the Presidential ass out to be on the line until there is a Congressional confirmation of war. I don't even mind a silly declaration of War on Drugs or War on Terrorism or War on Unfair Trade as long as all three branches of government have to commit to the process. Better theater if nothing else.
Not Fluctuation, Turtles. Turtles all the way down.
Attributed to Boltzmann, "There are many kinds of order, but only one kind of disorder"
Randomness would have the joint probabilities of every possible pair of outcomes over every possible pair of spacings to approach 1/2 exactly. Let's see that data set please.
Would it were so. Google police action. According to wikipedia the US has engaged in military actions at least 125 times without prior authorization of Congress. World War II was the last authorized war. Even the Civil War needed no authorization because the opposition was a "belligerent power" and not a "sovereign nation".
You can design simple games with simple rules such as rock-paper-scissors where randomness is the best strategy. You can design simple games with complicated rules based on random events, and random playing will pay off half the time less a house percentage. In chess the rules are completely known and random playing is a losing strategy
Survival is a sufficiently complicated game since no one knows the rules. Hence according to von Neumann any strategy based on what the world will like in the future is more likely to fail than succeed. Even Carpe Diem will fail as a strategy but at least it makes for easy rationalization when you lose. Consumers understand this.
Maybe even Star Trek replicators would not solve The Problem: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marching_Morons
That fits with my view that laughter is an interrupted defense mechanism. Ideologues have no other running tasks to interrupt the foreground process.
I both agree and disagree with that. The survival of a species during a sudden change is enhanced by the diversity of individuals, viz. Von Neumann's theory that random moves are the best strategy in any sufficiently complicated game. So I am for Liberty and against government manipulations, whether to provide a basic standard of living or to subsidize education.
Existing nuclear plants heat to a relatively low water temperature ~320C as opposed to fossil fuel plants heating to 500 or 600C. Thermodynamic efficiency depends on the temperature difference between that and the steam exhaust, so raising the exhaust temperature by 50C to run a condensing system is not a big deal for a coal plant but a killer for a nuke plant. That is why they often use cooling towers (which becomes consumptive use of water) instead of non-consumptive river cooling - the extra 20C drop at the top of the tower translates into a few percentage points increase in efficiency.
A 3 GW thermal plant at 30% efficiency would put out 1 GW electricity, At 25% efficiency you would need 4 GW(t) to get 1 GW(e). That is a whopping 25 percent increase in heat generation, or if you like decrease in profit.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power_station,
The Plato IV protoypes used a plasma panel with touch screen in the late '60s, and had downloadable characters you could point to to activate different functions. Not a far reach to make those program and folder icons.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLATO_(computer_system)
Social Security was a separate program until the 1980s. There was a pie chart on the tax form showing federal expenditures, and the military slice was getting more and more prominent at a time when the need for a big military seemed less and less. Combining SS into the budget made everything seem reasonable again. And of course the SS revenue made it possible to increase current spending without adding to the "deficit".
The above shows how effective the stratagy was, "The combined total spent every year on the Department of Defense and both the operations in Iraq and Afghanistan are still a few billion shy of all we spend on Social Security per year." Apples and Oranges.
Now SS revenue is just another regressive tax and SS expenditures are entitlements subject to political posturing. Take SS back out of the budget and there could be rational discussion about the revenues and expenditures of both. Which is why that'll never happen.
During negotiations with the examiner the claims are pared to something technically reasonable and usually not useful if you understand patentspeak. Then that patent is bundled with similar patents in a licensing pool that gets protection money from any that can't afford to understand or challenge it. Tthe professional players usually ante up without complaint because they are overall winners in the game.
Above 3GW laser beams are channeled through the atmosphere (google atmospheric self channeling). Compact FELs have no problem with that power level (short pulses, exponential gain with length) and if you kept one idling there would be a good chance of getting it to fire once when you pull the trigger. After that I suspect it would need a month of repairs.
The next round of funding must be coming up.