Of all the countries I've traveled, India is far and away the biggest pain in the ass to get hold of a simple prepaid SIM to stick in your cellphone. Even a little hole-in-the-wall shop wants you to fill out a detailed form, provide identification to be photocopied, provide a valid address while staying in India... all because they don't want terrorists to be able to use throwaway phones for planning and coordination of attacks.
Of course it doesn't work. At all. People who commit mass murder aren't intimidated by penalties for stealing cellphones. Hell, they don't have to steal them. Just tell the shop owner they'll burn his shop down, and him along with it, if they have to fill out the forms. The police can't keep the streets safe to terrorists, you think they can stop protection rackets?
It's more to the typical Indian attitude that there's no problem that can't be solved by filling out two additional forms.
I think the methodology in the study cited in the article is flawed.
1) I'm sure the sample sizes were too small. When it comes to psych testing, you really can't tell anything with less that a couple hundred people and results are highly suspect with anything less that a couple thousands. I'm sure some psychologists reading this will disagree with me, but they're wrong. Validation drops off precipitously as sample sizes drop.
2) Using real-world events and personalities could have poisoned the results as participants could have factored in outside information. For example, even though Newsweek retracted the article, numerous other sources validated the Koran flushing story. The study should have stuck to purely fictional scenarios that closely resembled real situations, like Supreme Court John Smith being affiliated with the violent right-wing group "End Abortion Now". That would still reveal political bias (or not!) and couldn't be poisoned.
It would be far more efficacious to push for a critical thinking and debate class requirements in grade and collegiate level schools.
PLEASE mod the parent up on this.
This is what's needed. Critical thinking should be a REQUIRED course for high school graduation. Maybe even junior high school. It's not even offered as an elective at most high schools.
You're exaggerating. Modern Intel integrated graphics fully support DirectX 10, and full onboard video decoding. They're comparable to discrete GPUs from about three years ago.
Feature set isn't the issue. It's pushing raw polygons, and the memory bandwidth constraints are killer for integrated graphics.
Do these things scream when it comes to games? No, but they don't need to. For the vast majority of people, serious gaming isn't in the cards.
Which has been true for a long time, the Voodoo launched at $250 and ALL it was useful for was 3D games.
By these accounts, integrated graphics are more than sufficient for the vast majority of users.
For about 15 years now the market has been basically divided into low-end "business" GPUs and high-end "gamer" GPUs. You're proposing a change to the status quo that doesn't seem to be in evidence.
Business NEEDS 3D graphics work. That market will always be there and ATI and NVidia will always produce new technologies for them. This is the reason PC gaming is unlikely to die anytime soon. The world MUST HAVE high-end discrete GPUs for 3D graphics processing (Do you think Pixar is going to close up shop?), there's billions to be made there. And it's only a little extra effort to develop low-yield versions of those chips for the consumer marker.
Video gaming is, right now, the largest entertainment market in the world. It beats film, music, theater, etc. Much of it is centered on the PC. People don't seem to grasp that, globally, PC gaming sales far exceed console gaming sales. The notion this is going to disappear overnight is pretty laughable.
We could make a 45 mpg gas burning only car today and it would be wildly popular. It would look a lot like the geo metro and have a top speed of 55, with a single passenger weighing less than 150 lbs.
Depending on how much you're willing to spend, you could do a lot better than this. 120mph with 1000lbs of cargo is realistic if you use exotic materials. If you don't give a fuck about safety you can just make the whole car out of plastic and aluminum. It's modern safety features that hold back fuel efficiency more than anything. You just can't make a car that crushes like a soda can anymore.
Is there anyone in the world who believes for a SECOND that their "Buy Once, Play Anywhere" will translate to anything other than "Buy Once, Play Anywhere, as long as you let us put our intrusive DRM schemes on your devices and let your devices phone home to get our approval first"?
Me for one. It will translate to "abject failure that won't work at all and nobody will use". Remember movies sold on UMD and MiniStick? Sony has a long history of format failure that doesn't seem to dissuade them for cooking up new failed formats. There is no such thing as DRM that doesn't piss off users. Either it's strong enough to prevent many attacks so it's a major annoyance, or it's so weak that it doesn't protect against many attacks but it's still a minor annoyance.
i want music provider to be my backup vault. if anything happens, i should know i can get what i bought from there again, with a click.
Liquid Audio offered this in 1998.
The music studios specifically didn't want this. They want you to repurchase music as much as possible and they don't care how much it pisses off consumers. Their wet dream is pay-per-play.
Sony doesn't need to develop a new "framework" or "technologies". What this deep marketspeak means is that they're trying to develop a new kind of DRM that will be more transparent to users so they'll be less pissed off about it. Good luck with that.
Biodiesel is about the only fuel which really can be produced from crops/tanks of sludge.
Without getting into the details, diesel itself has advantages and disadvantages but biodiesel is snake oil. There is not enough cast-off high-energy crops/sludge to cover any significant usage and purpose-made biodiesel is made at a net loss. Just like ethanol, it's a nice idea that has no chance of working. Even worse, ethanol has the evil corn lobby behind it.
No, it isn't, and it never will be. Arrest people for unlawful acts where the evidence merits it, sure, but you do not fuck with freedom of religion and freedom of assembly. Not even for Scientologists. Congratulations, you just sunk to their level.
So what about religious groups that engage in terrorism, like Scientology?
In the USA, foreign (this excludes Scientology under current law) groups can be designated "Foreign Terrorist Organizations", and mere membership is regarded as a crime. Most FTOs are religious in nature.
I suspect virtually any court would rule a domestic version of this law unconstitutional. For the record, I have a serious problem with the "guilt but association" inherent in this legislation. The only reason this has held up is that US courts can be weaselly about granting rights for foreign nationals.
He wanted contracts with 3rd party support that had experience with similar huge enterprise systems that he had.
When I said there were companies who could provide excellent Linux support,
You answered your own question here. The core problem was that if his exchange switched, they'd be the first. And Redhat apparently wasn't willing to tell him "We'll fly a team of 6 engineers out to your site who will work on it until you're satisfied, even if that takes months. One of them is a lead RedHat developer. We will do all the custom development you need. All of this is on OUR dime." MS does crap like this all the time. This is what RedHat/Novell/etc. need to do to compete.
The trend is towards cd keys which are verified during a central server during install. Some are doing the checks semi-continuously while the game is RUNNING. This is dramatically worse than the current solutions. It means that the computer must be hooked to the Internet to play the game (screw you laptops!) and even worse, when they bring down those authentication servers a year or two after the game launches, you'll NEVER be able to play your game again. In fact, nobody will.
The goal here is to kill the aftermarket GameStop is making so much money on. Fuck you resellers!
Personally, I'm making it a point to help crack games that use these schemes, even if I have no interest in the game at all. Game companies who go out of their way to screw their customers this way don't deserve to make a dime. If cracking and pirating their game drives them out of business, GOOD. Maybe their employees will end up working for a better company.
Weatherman's attack of America's military (they bombed Pentagon too, BTW) had no military purpose -- they were done to terrorize -- threaten civilians with more and more violence to achieve "goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature"
Incorrect. The stated aim of the Pentagon bombing was to halt the air campaign over Vietnam. It was successful, bombing operations and planning were disrupted for 2 days due to a burst pipe and power problems. Clearly a "military purpose".
One could argue the exact same of the 9-11 attacks. The WTC was hit (in part) to disrupt the US economy because it was the centerpiece of American trade. This was successful, the US economy took a hit after 9-11. THe other two targets, the Pentagon and (presumably) the White House, were military targets. They were hit to disrupt enemy command and control.
Do you consider the current Russian invasion of Georgia "terrorism"? The Russians are clearly trying to manipulate public opinion in their favor.
"Terrorist" is now largely a pejorative term with no meaning, like "evildoers".
Although per the definition above, simply threatening violence to attain certain goals is terrorism,
Violence involves harm to a person. If you wire a completely empty building with explosives and then detonate it, harming nobody, that's either demolition or arson. Not "violence".
Bill Ayers is guilty of vandalism and maybe "improper use of explosives". No more, no less. He should have done some time for this, maybe a year. It does not matter what you THINK he MIGHT have done. You MIGHT also THINK space aliens shot Kennedy.
Calling Bill Ayers a "terrorist" is just a glib attack and cheapens real terrorism. I don't consider Operation Rescue or the KKK "terrorists" either, and they both have an ideology of murder.
We're talking about something that crosses international borders; who enforces the law?
Extradition to the countries willing to enforce the law. If the nation refuses extradition, you send in kidnappers to simply grab or kill them. This is exactly what we do with drug dealers and arms dealers.
Oh my god, you're right, I'm an idiot for not wanting to use software or systems that don't have support contracts available.
Who provides support contracts for home-built MythTV boxes? None of what you're saying applies to this situation.
But his core complaint is valid. Replacing a system that you KNOW is working based on the (in this case, extremely small) possibility that a major bug will occur somehow is usually bad practice. You're assuming that the replacement will be perfectly "drop in" and will be bug-free. This is just wrong. What almost always happens is that the replacement WILL have bugs when deployed. Adopting a new system that will DEFINITELY have bugs at deployment to replace a system that is currently bug-free and MIGHT experience a bug sometime in the future is stupid and a waste of money.
You replace systems when the NEED to be replaced, either because a new requirement has arisen that requires a new system to meet or because the the current system is experiencing a serious problem.
Go run multiple datacenters with thousands of servers, then tell me how willing you are to use something that doesn't have support available.
Fact: There is lots of stuff in your datacenter right now that has no support contracts and/or those contracts are useless. I've run a datacenter, and I know at some point in any large complex install you have to rely on unsupported tools. Ex. Where are you getting the support contract for OpenSSH?
To all the people posting about MIPS support in Debian (the only Linux distribution with generic MIPS as a target): Do you have a working GUI? I couldn't get anything but pure X to work on MIPS. Most Linux MIPS development is for headless systems, so absolutely no effort has been put into porting GUI apps as far as I can tell. I suspect the GUI apps that come with this laptop will be all you'll ever get, and I bet they're buggy as hell.
How many major graphical distributions (Fedora, SUSE, Ubuntu, etc.) have MIPS versions? ZERO. Debian is it, and Debian doesn't work right. Gentoo will probably also sort-of work, just like Debian.
To all the people posting about MIPS support in Debian (the only Linux distribution with generic MIPS as a target): Do you have a working GUI? I couldn't get anything but pure X to work on MIPS. Most Linux MIPS development is for headless systems, so absolutely no effort has been put into porting GUI apps as far as I can tell.
How many major graphical distributions (Fedora, SUSE, Ubuntu) have MIPS versions? ZERO. Debian is it, and Debian doesn't work right. Gentoo will probably also sort-of work, just like Debian.
The one that got me was the completely non-representative red light camera tests. They had cooperation for law enforcement but weren't given any details on the equipment they were using so we have NO IDEA if the tests were representative of anything you'd see on the street. I know for a fact that they use many different kind of cameras with wildly varying specs in these red light cameras. I also know for a fact that some red light cameras can be easily blinded by glare, I've seen the photos.
The credit card companies are not going to enter into a protracted legal battle with significant PR consequences chasing after a few tens of millions of dollars.
What "protracted legal battle"? The American CC companies wouldn't spend a dime. They'd call their buddies in the AG office and have them THREATEN to charge Adam and Jamie with felony DMCA circumvention if they went forward. I doubt Adam and Jamie would risk jail time over this, and Discovery could lose their FCC license and soak up fines. This is why you don't see ANY hacking segments on commercial television.
Really, it's just two phone calls. Prior restraint is very common in the USA.
Savage's original claim WAS true. A lawyer representing a trade association to which American Express, Visa, etc. belong was on the call. Maybe not the CHIEF legal counsel, but definitely legal counsel of all the companies mentioned.
It's possible the non-lawyers from the trade association on the call threated Grant or Discovery (or some other entity involved with the show) most likely for revealing "proprietary data".
It is normal practice to assume a trade organization speaks for it's member companies. So if this lawyer or anyone else from the Smart Card Alliance threated Grant or Discovery, Visa and Mastercard threated Savage. Nobody lets the record labels off the hook because they're represented by a trade association (the RIAA).
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I can't imagine why a company like Asus would even "need" to crack software keys when they can, most likely, get it at a discount.
Because keeping track of product keys is a hassle and having to fill out a PO for a $30 shareware app is a PITA.
Of all the countries I've traveled, India is far and away the biggest pain in the ass to get hold of a simple prepaid SIM to stick in your cellphone. Even a little hole-in-the-wall shop wants you to fill out a detailed form, provide identification to be photocopied, provide a valid address while staying in India ... all because they don't want terrorists to be able to use throwaway phones for planning and coordination of attacks.
Of course it doesn't work. At all. People who commit mass murder aren't intimidated by penalties for stealing cellphones. Hell, they don't have to steal them. Just tell the shop owner they'll burn his shop down, and him along with it, if they have to fill out the forms. The police can't keep the streets safe to terrorists, you think they can stop protection rackets?
It's more to the typical Indian attitude that there's no problem that can't be solved by filling out two additional forms.
I think the methodology in the study cited in the article is flawed.
1) I'm sure the sample sizes were too small. When it comes to psych testing, you really can't tell anything with less that a couple hundred people and results are highly suspect with anything less that a couple thousands. I'm sure some psychologists reading this will disagree with me, but they're wrong. Validation drops off precipitously as sample sizes drop.
2) Using real-world events and personalities could have poisoned the results as participants could have factored in outside information. For example, even though Newsweek retracted the article, numerous other sources validated the Koran flushing story. The study should have stuck to purely fictional scenarios that closely resembled real situations, like Supreme Court John Smith being affiliated with the violent right-wing group "End Abortion Now". That would still reveal political bias (or not!) and couldn't be poisoned.
It would be far more efficacious to push for a critical thinking and debate class requirements in grade and collegiate level schools.
PLEASE mod the parent up on this.
This is what's needed. Critical thinking should be a REQUIRED course for high school graduation. Maybe even junior high school. It's not even offered as an elective at most high schools.
You're exaggerating. Modern Intel integrated graphics fully support DirectX 10, and full onboard video decoding. They're comparable to discrete GPUs from about three years ago.
Feature set isn't the issue. It's pushing raw polygons, and the memory bandwidth constraints are killer for integrated graphics.
Do these things scream when it comes to games? No, but they don't need to. For the vast majority of people, serious gaming isn't in the cards.
Which has been true for a long time, the Voodoo launched at $250 and ALL it was useful for was 3D games.
By these accounts, integrated graphics are more than sufficient for the vast majority of users.
For about 15 years now the market has been basically divided into low-end "business" GPUs and high-end "gamer" GPUs. You're proposing a change to the status quo that doesn't seem to be in evidence.
Business NEEDS 3D graphics work. That market will always be there and ATI and NVidia will always produce new technologies for them. This is the reason PC gaming is unlikely to die anytime soon. The world MUST HAVE high-end discrete GPUs for 3D graphics processing (Do you think Pixar is going to close up shop?), there's billions to be made there. And it's only a little extra effort to develop low-yield versions of those chips for the consumer marker.
Video gaming is, right now, the largest entertainment market in the world. It beats film, music, theater, etc. Much of it is centered on the PC. People don't seem to grasp that, globally, PC gaming sales far exceed console gaming sales. The notion this is going to disappear overnight is pretty laughable.
We could make a 45 mpg gas burning only car today and it would be wildly popular. It would look a lot like the geo metro and have a top speed of 55, with a single passenger weighing less than 150 lbs.
Depending on how much you're willing to spend, you could do a lot better than this. 120mph with 1000lbs of cargo is realistic if you use exotic materials. If you don't give a fuck about safety you can just make the whole car out of plastic and aluminum. It's modern safety features that hold back fuel efficiency more than anything. You just can't make a car that crushes like a soda can anymore.
Is there anyone in the world who believes for a SECOND that their "Buy Once, Play Anywhere" will translate to anything other than "Buy Once, Play Anywhere, as long as you let us put our intrusive DRM schemes on your devices and let your devices phone home to get our approval first"?
Me for one. It will translate to "abject failure that won't work at all and nobody will use". Remember movies sold on UMD and MiniStick? Sony has a long history of format failure that doesn't seem to dissuade them for cooking up new failed formats. There is no such thing as DRM that doesn't piss off users. Either it's strong enough to prevent many attacks so it's a major annoyance, or it's so weak that it doesn't protect against many attacks but it's still a minor annoyance.
i want music provider to be my backup vault. if anything happens, i should know i can get what i bought from there again, with a click.
Liquid Audio offered this in 1998.
The music studios specifically didn't want this. They want you to repurchase music as much as possible and they don't care how much it pisses off consumers. Their wet dream is pay-per-play.
Sony doesn't need to develop a new "framework" or "technologies". What this deep marketspeak means is that they're trying to develop a new kind of DRM that will be more transparent to users so they'll be less pissed off about it. Good luck with that.
So why, after you purchase a digital copy, is it their responsibility to know that *you* bought it and have the *right* to it?
Because it's trivially easy to implement, has virtually no cost for the provider, and is a great value-add for the consumer.
Biodiesel is about the only fuel which really can be produced from crops/tanks of sludge.
Without getting into the details, diesel itself has advantages and disadvantages but biodiesel is snake oil. There is not enough cast-off high-energy crops/sludge to cover any significant usage and purpose-made biodiesel is made at a net loss. Just like ethanol, it's a nice idea that has no chance of working. Even worse, ethanol has the evil corn lobby behind it.
No, it isn't, and it never will be. Arrest people for unlawful acts where the evidence merits it, sure, but you do not fuck with freedom of religion and freedom of assembly. Not even for Scientologists. Congratulations, you just sunk to their level.
So what about religious groups that engage in terrorism, like Scientology?
In the USA, foreign (this excludes Scientology under current law) groups can be designated "Foreign Terrorist Organizations", and mere membership is regarded as a crime. Most FTOs are religious in nature.
I suspect virtually any court would rule a domestic version of this law unconstitutional. For the record, I have a serious problem with the "guilt but association" inherent in this legislation. The only reason this has held up is that US courts can be weaselly about granting rights for foreign nationals.
He wanted contracts with 3rd party support that had experience with similar huge enterprise systems that he had.
When I said there were companies who could provide excellent Linux support,
You answered your own question here. The core problem was that if his exchange switched, they'd be the first. And Redhat apparently wasn't willing to tell him "We'll fly a team of 6 engineers out to your site who will work on it until you're satisfied, even if that takes months. One of them is a lead RedHat developer. We will do all the custom development you need. All of this is on OUR dime." MS does crap like this all the time. This is what RedHat/Novell/etc. need to do to compete.
Saw triply redundant systems fail twice in my career as a net admin.
Give me the scenario. It probably involved power. Getting redundant power systems that work is such a hassle this is normally the pain point.
The trend is towards cd keys which are verified during a central server during install. Some are doing the checks semi-continuously while the game is RUNNING. This is dramatically worse than the current solutions. It means that the computer must be hooked to the Internet to play the game (screw you laptops!) and even worse, when they bring down those authentication servers a year or two after the game launches, you'll NEVER be able to play your game again. In fact, nobody will.
The goal here is to kill the aftermarket GameStop is making so much money on. Fuck you resellers!
Personally, I'm making it a point to help crack games that use these schemes, even if I have no interest in the game at all. Game companies who go out of their way to screw their customers this way don't deserve to make a dime. If cracking and pirating their game drives them out of business, GOOD. Maybe their employees will end up working for a better company.
Weatherman's attack of America's military (they bombed Pentagon too, BTW) had no military purpose -- they were done to terrorize -- threaten civilians with more and more violence to achieve "goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature"
Incorrect. The stated aim of the Pentagon bombing was to halt the air campaign over Vietnam. It was successful, bombing operations and planning were disrupted for 2 days due to a burst pipe and power problems. Clearly a "military purpose".
One could argue the exact same of the 9-11 attacks. The WTC was hit (in part) to disrupt the US economy because it was the centerpiece of American trade. This was successful, the US economy took a hit after 9-11. THe other two targets, the Pentagon and (presumably) the White House, were military targets. They were hit to disrupt enemy command and control.
Do you consider the current Russian invasion of Georgia "terrorism"? The Russians are clearly trying to manipulate public opinion in their favor.
"Terrorist" is now largely a pejorative term with no meaning, like "evildoers".
Although per the definition above, simply threatening violence to attain certain goals is terrorism,
Violence involves harm to a person. If you wire a completely empty building with explosives and then detonate it, harming nobody, that's either demolition or arson. Not "violence".
Bill Ayers is guilty of vandalism and maybe "improper use of explosives". No more, no less. He should have done some time for this, maybe a year. It does not matter what you THINK he MIGHT have done. You MIGHT also THINK space aliens shot Kennedy.
Calling Bill Ayers a "terrorist" is just a glib attack and cheapens real terrorism. I don't consider Operation Rescue or the KKK "terrorists" either, and they both have an ideology of murder.
Directi is not apparently an American company.
Check out the the Flicker site attached to their "official response". They are located in India. They're an Indian company.
We're talking about something that crosses international borders; who enforces the law?
Extradition to the countries willing to enforce the law. If the nation refuses extradition, you send in kidnappers to simply grab or kill them. This is exactly what we do with drug dealers and arms dealers.
My 2 year old daughter is having a birthday party.
You really don't know how the law works do you?
I'll give you a hint: ALL law enforcement is selective.
Oh my god, you're right, I'm an idiot for not wanting to use software or systems that don't have support contracts available.
Who provides support contracts for home-built MythTV boxes? None of what you're saying applies to this situation.
But his core complaint is valid. Replacing a system that you KNOW is working based on the (in this case, extremely small) possibility that a major bug will occur somehow is usually bad practice. You're assuming that the replacement will be perfectly "drop in" and will be bug-free. This is just wrong. What almost always happens is that the replacement WILL have bugs when deployed. Adopting a new system that will DEFINITELY have bugs at deployment to replace a system that is currently bug-free and MIGHT experience a bug sometime in the future is stupid and a waste of money.
You replace systems when the NEED to be replaced, either because a new requirement has arisen that requires a new system to meet or because the the current system is experiencing a serious problem.
Go run multiple datacenters with thousands of servers, then tell me how willing you are to use something that doesn't have support available.
Fact: There is lots of stuff in your datacenter right now that has no support contracts and/or those contracts are useless. I've run a datacenter, and I know at some point in any large complex install you have to rely on unsupported tools. Ex. Where are you getting the support contract for OpenSSH?
The OP is absolutely right.
To all the people posting about MIPS support in Debian (the only Linux distribution with generic MIPS as a target): Do you have a working GUI? I couldn't get anything but pure X to work on MIPS. Most Linux MIPS development is for headless systems, so absolutely no effort has been put into porting GUI apps as far as I can tell. I suspect the GUI apps that come with this laptop will be all you'll ever get, and I bet they're buggy as hell.
How many major graphical distributions (Fedora, SUSE, Ubuntu, etc.) have MIPS versions? ZERO. Debian is it, and Debian doesn't work right. Gentoo will probably also sort-of work, just like Debian.
The OP is absolutely right.
To all the people posting about MIPS support in Debian (the only Linux distribution with generic MIPS as a target): Do you have a working GUI? I couldn't get anything but pure X to work on MIPS. Most Linux MIPS development is for headless systems, so absolutely no effort has been put into porting GUI apps as far as I can tell.
How many major graphical distributions (Fedora, SUSE, Ubuntu) have MIPS versions? ZERO. Debian is it, and Debian doesn't work right. Gentoo will probably also sort-of work, just like Debian.
The one that got me was the completely non-representative red light camera tests. They had cooperation for law enforcement but weren't given any details on the equipment they were using so we have NO IDEA if the tests were representative of anything you'd see on the street. I know for a fact that they use many different kind of cameras with wildly varying specs in these red light cameras. I also know for a fact that some red light cameras can be easily blinded by glare, I've seen the photos.
The credit card companies are not going to enter into a protracted legal battle with significant PR consequences chasing after a few tens of millions of dollars.
What "protracted legal battle"? The American CC companies wouldn't spend a dime. They'd call their buddies in the AG office and have them THREATEN to charge Adam and Jamie with felony DMCA circumvention if they went forward. I doubt Adam and Jamie would risk jail time over this, and Discovery could lose their FCC license and soak up fines. This is why you don't see ANY hacking segments on commercial television.
Really, it's just two phone calls. Prior restraint is very common in the USA.
Savage's original claim WAS true. A lawyer representing a trade association to which American Express, Visa, etc. belong was on the call. Maybe not the CHIEF legal counsel, but definitely legal counsel of all the companies mentioned.
It's possible the non-lawyers from the trade association on the call threated Grant or Discovery (or some other entity involved with the show) most likely for revealing "proprietary data".
It is normal practice to assume a trade organization speaks for it's member companies. So if this lawyer or anyone else from the Smart Card Alliance threated Grant or Discovery, Visa and Mastercard threated Savage. Nobody lets the record labels off the hook because they're represented by a trade association (the RIAA).