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User: tlhIngan

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  1. Re:Exceeds state authority on California Bill Would Dramatically Limit Commercial Drones · · Score: 1

    Maybe this is exactly why California is proposing the bill - to wake the FAA up and get them to do something

    That assumes the FAA can just pass a magic wand and the bill is passed.

    There are a LOT of stakeholders in this - you have airlines (who have to deal with drones near commercial airports), the military, and general aviation. All of whom have differing and conflicting views. There has to be adequate consultation with those stakeholders, and then you have to talk to the people who operate drones.

    Then comes the hard part of trying to balance everyone's concerns and interests against each other. I mean, do you divide drones into various categories? How do you handle licensing (if necessary)? What criteria do you use for classification (battery life? Size? weight?)? If drones are using the system, how do they pay for its use (e.g., ATC and other facilities for general aviation are paid in fuel taxes)? Are there any regulations that need to be adapted and changed to include drones, exclude drones, or take into account drones?

    There's no way things like this can be done overnight - there's too much at stake, and it's way too easy to come up with bad legislation.

  2. Re:We like them on Life With the Dash Button: Good Design For Amazon, Bad For Everyone Else · · Score: 1

    We realize they aren't pushing the cheapest priced products, it's the convenience we are looking for (prices are comparable to grocery stores, a bit higher than Wally World, at least for the things we use them for).

    Well, the problem is it isn't pushing the cheapest price of the product. It just dings you regular price - even if the website has a better deal for you. So if you pay $10 for laundry detergent, and Amazon's website has it on special for $7, you push the button, you're dinged $10, leaving Amazon to pocket $3 more in profit.

    And that ignores other specials - perhaps 1 bottle is $10. Amazon carries 2 for $15. Push button, get 1 bottle for $10. Push it for two, you get dinged 2 bottles for $10 each, instead of the $15 bundle.

    That's why it's considered "good for Amazon" - they can push you into paying more for the convenience of not having to go to their website and scanning for deals to save money.

    (You could, in theory, just put the barcode where you would put your button, then use the amazon app to scan it with your phone and select your deal).

    So yeah, they're great for the ultra-lazy who will give up the ability to save a few bucks just to avoid shopping on the website (or app). And no, it's not an emergency if you can wait for the shipping.

  3. Re:Moronic on Backwards S-Pen Can Permanently Damage Note 5 · · Score: 1

    A design can be bad by virtue of not taking into account typical use cases. While I don't think I'd put the stylus in the wrong way I could easily see a kid or a non tech savvy person doing it. And if it happens then the design should save the user from a catastrophic error such as the damage or destruction of their phone.
    e.g. Nintendo manages this feat in the DS / 3DS by having a square profile at the top of the stylus. Put the DS stylus in the wrong way and it won't fit. It shouldn't be any harder for Samsung to solve - taper the stylus or make the non writing end a little larger than the shaft so it can't be inserted the wrong way around.

    Putting the pen in backwards can also be done intentionally - they go into a holder and you need to eject it to use it again. Sometimes you're just switching between doing a lot of tapping to a lot of writing, and it's handy to put the pen away temporarily. For these cases, I put the pen in backwards - they generally get stuck halfway in so instead of fiddling with getting it ejected, I just grab the end sticking out (especially since some ejection mechanisms don't push the stylus out far enough so it's a tough grab).

    It's surprising how many stylus based devices this works on and how handy it is not having to futz with getting the pen out.

    Now, the pen isn't locked into position, but if you're switching between stylus and other control inputs, it beats holding it the entire time.

  4. Re:Bullshit on South Africans Revolutionize Concentrated Solar Power With Mini Heliostats · · Score: 5, Informative

    That's 68% efficiency, which nobody has achieved.

    These are heliostats, not PV panels. Heliostats work by heating a salt to high temperatures then using the heat to power a turbine in a traditional heat engine. The latter tends to be highly efficient (over 90%), while the former is around 75% efficient or more.

    It is as the article says - it's converted to heat then heat is used to generate electricity, something a lot of power plants do (including nuclear, coal, natural gas, and others).

    If it was PV panels, you're correct, since the best PVs are only getting around 20%. But if you don't mind the extra space for the equipment, solar thermal is the way to go.

  5. Re:Nothing open to the sky on 2 Arrested In Plot To Fly Contraband Into Prison With Drone · · Score: 1

    No yard. They see the outside through glass or not at all until their term ends.

    The threat with the drones is that someone drops something in a fenced off area that prisoners are allowed to walk around in...

    Actually, they start putting netting up over the yard area - any drone or helicopter (full size!) gets caught in the netting. Sure, a full size helicopter will probably destory the netting, but get caught long enough for someone to either note its registration number, or to actually go arrest the pilot (the airspace above prisons is, unsurprisingly, restricted).

    In fact, the bold escape of a couple of Quebec prisoners by helicopter happened because the netting wasn't put up yet.

  6. Re:Clean bottle? on In Germany, a Message-in-a-Bottle Found 108 Years After Its Release · · Score: 2

    I find it hard to believe that bottle was so clean. Usually things out at sea over a large period of time become covered in pelagic barnacles.

    The bottle was smashed. I'm pretty sure that the one in the photo was probably just a stock photo or an example one.

    And it's not like the couple didn't try to not smash the bottle - they carefully opened it and they couldn't get the paper out. So they smashed it like the outside of the bottle said - break bottle.

    Given the article was posted long after the couple found it (they got the reward, after all), lends credence to the stock photo of the bottle was used.

  7. Re:Oops on Apple Launches Free iPhone 6 Plus Camera Replacement Program · · Score: 1

    I bet they're very happy with their decision to make Apple products impossible to disassemble and make all the parts practically impossible to replace.

    Given that iFixit gave the iPhone 6+ a 7/10 on repairability, knocking them on the use of a pentalobe screw and lack of disassembly information, I'm pretty sure Apple is more than capable of dealing with that.

    The only way to get an 8/9/10 is to basically use standard screws and make available information on how to take it apart, something you'll never see anyone do because of how easy warranty fraud is (far too many people take something apart with the hopes of fixing it, and end up screwing things up worse).

    Yeah, I'm sure Apple is REAL sorry about doing that. (iPhones since the 4 onwards have used screws to hold them shut. 5 onwards the screen is what is screwed in - the 4s are a PITA to change the screen still).

  8. Re:Wise move? on Tesla Partners With Airbnb, Subsidizes Chargers · · Score: 1

    I doubt you'll find an 80A charger anywhere near the price of Tesla's.

    I thought the Tesla "charger" was a plug in the wall. Sure, one that handles 80A @ 240V, but still, a plug.

    An L2 charger contains a lot more sophisticated electronics inside of it, which is why they cost a lot more - they aren't basically just an industrial equipment plug stuck into the wall. Which is why a Tesla one is much cheaper to install in the end - you're having an electrician wire up a new plug, while an L2 charger requires them to wire up a device that has electronics in it and costs more.

  9. Re:Why? What advantages does this have over ZFS? on Meet Linux's Newest File-System: Bcachefs · · Score: 1

    Wrong. If you have enough RAM (about 4x what you would normally estimate you need) and a fast enough CPU and keep your storage pool small, then it is not a hog. I wish people here would stop trying to mislead us about ZFS.

    That seems to limit its usefulness. I mean, ZFS typically wants 1GB of RAM per TB of storage. And ZFS makes perfect sense for large storage NAS tasks.

    But that also means that since commodity processors have a 32GB RAM limit (slightly lower thanks to peripherals), that limits you to 32TB of storage, or maybe you can push it to 64TB. Granted, the latest and greatest from Intel support 64GB of RAM but I can see upgrading hard drives in a NAS far more often than upgrading the CPU which is probably way more powerful than you need for serving up files. Maybe to serve up multiple high-def streams on something like Plex (which will transcode on the server if there's power).

    And no, 32TB of storage isn't unachievable.

  10. Re:You still go through HR for jobs? on Do Old Programmers Need To Keep Leaping Through New Hoops? · · Score: 5, Insightful

    This is marked troll but it is right on the money.

    I have been on the job market for the last 6 months due to an imminent redundancy coming my way (I was lucky to have a lot of notice). After 6 months my resume and experience didn't even land me an interview, yet a phone call or two with a few acquaintances and even to a vendor netted me 2 actual offers.

    Exactly.

    When people talk about the "hidden job market" - be aware it's real. No, you do not go to a website and there's no "magic" way to look at the "hidden job listings". Those don't exist. There is a market, and if you've got the experience and the knowledge, it can land you a job quite easily.

    Thing is, to access it requires soft skills. I know there's a strong temptation to "bottle up" and be one with the machine, but you have to realize that your next job will come from your coworkers. So do socialize with them, do spend time going out on lunches together, make friends and be civil.

    Because when it comes time to jump ship, being able to call a friend or an acquaintance is what will get you the job. Sometimes it may be more runabout - you got a job from a friend-of-a-friend-of-a-friend who heard you're looking around and knows someone is needing someone.

    And yes, this job market is hidden. Because if you're good, companies will make a job for you. Their public postings may be slim, but going in the back door, especially at smaller companies, may create a job just for you.

    The HR and job posting thing will never find the best candidates (only the good ones amongst those looking). It's why companies have referral bonuses because they know great employees don't answer job ads. All it takes is someone putting your resume on a manager's desk, say "we need this guy" and you're in.

  11. Re:Why is there so much work to be done? on Engaging Newbies In Email Encryption and Network Privacy · · Score: 1

    Why is there? Why hasn't private key ala GPG/PGP become a totally integrated feature in mail clients? Even years ago when there was still a decent free Windows PGP with all the add-ons they had it integrated pretty well into Outlook and basic clipboard operations.

    Why isn't it just a completely vendor-integrated feature, with address books having default fields for public keys, smartphone integration, etc. On a phone it could be totally automated to send PGP encrypted mail by default with only a prompt for your thumbprint to authenticate access to your private key. (This may or may not be a great security practice, but it's already widespread and well integrated and the post was about ease of use to begin with.)

    Is it patents on PGP? "Meh" public attitude? Vendors pushing other solutions (S/MIME) or other certificate-driven solutions or "enterprise" authentication systems not wanting to give any room for what could be a free cross-platform solution?

    Obviously someone hasn't actually used PGP in a while.

    It IS integrated. It works great - it plugs into Outlook and automatically decrypts email if it finds an encrypted one. Managing keys is a bit of a pain, but it's basically just generating the keys, then sending the public key to your recipient where it's stored with your contact information.

    The reason why it's not more popular? It costs money. You can have PGP for free, but it's like you say, not integrated, hard to use, etc. But use the commercial version of it with all the nice integration costs money. And it probably also integrates nicely with Exchange, as well. Again, more money features.

    In effect, it's the Apple thing - Apple doesn't invent the stuff, but they put on nice interface and wrap it around to make it work seamlessly. You can choose to use the free stuff, or you can pay and use it with full integration and be sending encrypted email without a second thought.

  12. Re:A country sized face palm event. on Finland Considers Minimum Income To Reform Welfare System · · Score: 1

    That being said what a fucking STUPID idea. Its hard enough to get people to get off their ass and work now, and you are going to treat adults like spoiled children by giving them an allowance expecting nothing in return?!

    Here is a crazy idea if you don't work, you don't eat. Want a basic living allowance? Then you need to work 40 hours a week at a job, any job. There is trash that needs to be picked up on the side of the road and public toilets everywhere that need to be scrubbed.

    I personally see nothing wrong with letting people suffer as a form of motivation. A friend's dad had a saying that makes perfect sense to me now in my old age.

    "You do kick a man when he is down. It gives him motivation to get back up."

    It's insane to think giving money and benefits to a person sitting on their ass things will get them to get going again. It's very comfortable sitting on your ass, even when it is on the ground.

    One of the failings of capitalism is that non-productive people are left by the wayside. That said, you know what happens to those "who are down?" They create crime. If you're hungry, you're not going to care how you get food. If they mug people on the streets, or rob houses or cars for quick hits, they will to get the food they need.

    Starvation doesn't motivate people to work. It motivates people to eat. If it means knocking an old lady down and stealing her purse, so be it.

    People have been known to be freed from jail only to commit a crime to go back in - because it offers shelter and 3 meals a day.

    That said, a minimum living allowance actually encourages people to work - the minimum allowance means they have shelter and food. Not terribly good accommodations, and rather plain food, The goal is to encourage people to work - and you do it by not cutting back benefits immediately - but gradually - something along the lines of for every after-tax dollar you make, your allowance goes down 50 cents.

    So yes, your basic needs are covered, and if you want to be a lazy ass and do nothing, that's all you want. But if you want to own anything more than cheap housing and probably basic food, well, you have to go out and earn it. And by not cutting back benefits 1:1, it ensures you will seek work (a lot of people don't get off welfare because for every dollar they earn, they lose a dollar of benefits, so it's more advantageous to sit on your ass). But by cutting back at a disproportionate rate, it encourages you to find work and improve yourself. So if the minimum allowance was $20k/year, you need a $30k/year after tax job to lose your benefits. But at this point, your extra spending money means you can improve your personal comfort. So it encourages people to work and make money rather than sit on their ass.

    Surprisingly, a province in Canada had tried it for 5 years and noted marked improvements that were not present the years before, nor after. And those improvements include a markedly lower cost - it cost less to give people the living allowance than to administer all the social programs available. It cost less than half the taxpayer dollars (something like $80M versus over $200M), because you can get rid of most of the social security safety nets.

  13. Re:second mouse button on Could the Best Windows 10 Laptop Be a Mac? · · Score: 1

    Be wary of this if you are used to a windows laptop because not having a dedicated second mouse button takes some getting used to.

    The Apple Bootcamp drivers make it so two-fingered click is right-click. Have to admit, it's pretty damn easy and convenient to use once you get used to it. or if you're using a Mac, it comes naturally.

  14. Via a BBS at first on Debian Founder: How I Came To Find Linux · · Score: 1

    My first exposure came via a BBS - they ran RemoteAccess, and they were experimenting with Linux. As part of that, that Linux machine would do UUCP or so every night, so you could get *gasp*, email.

    So what they had was a door that basically connected to the Linux machine over serial to which you could log into that and use your email. It wasn't a full shell prompt - more of a limited menu of options, but regular internet email! I used it join the DOOM mailing list back in the day. I remember getting emails from that admin saying my inbox was taking too long to synchronize nightly over UUCP.

    From there, I acquired internet access via a shell - PPP/SLIP access being a cost-plus feature and Singapore was juts experimenting with Internet access. Then I lost that over to a real PPP account, and I ended up missing the best part of that shell account - usenet.

    A friend of mine loaned me his book on Linux and I saw it as an opportunity to get my usenet back (using tin). It was a slackware release - kernel 1.2.3 I remember fondly running under UMSDOS.

    It's been on and off until I started working and then maintained a Linux box full time.

  15. Re: For the love of... on Microsoft Patches Remote Code Execution Hole for Internet Explorer · · Score: 1

    Whoever thought that was an appropriate message should be beaten with a rubber hose.

    Well, technically it's an unexpected error. Which happened because your locale was not set to "en-us" - everyone who saw it generally was outside the US - Australia (en-au), Canada (en-ca), etc. For whatever reason, the tool accesses something by the locale rather than language, so when it tried to find an en-ca or en-au or en-uk image, it fails. Given it's something that shouldn't ever fail, well...

  16. Re:Still need RAM on Intel Promises 'Optane' SSDs Based On Technology Faster Than Flash In 2016 · · Score: 2

    Memory management would be tougher because now you're using the same device for both long-term storage (which still requires file systems and all the usual stuff) and working RAM (which needs to be directly accessible by the CPU without any sort of thing like a filesystem). Dynamically sharing the two doesn't sound simple to me. Certainly no simpler than managing what pages get swapped in or out.

    A solved problem, actually, besides magnetic core memory way back when. Many devices in the 80s and 90s used RAM as both working memory AND storage memory, and the fancier ones even let you set the partition - they would come with maybe 1MB of RAM, and you could set it for 640kiB of working RAM and 384kiB of storage, and so forth. (A lot of these were palmtop PCs that ran some MS-DOS compatible OS).

    It's the reason why we have execute-in-place - these devices with 1-2-4MB of RAM, some of it used for working memory, while others are used for storage, and the main OS and applications stored in ROM.

  17. Re:Are they going to fine airlines for doing the s on FCC Fines Smart City $750K For Blocking Wi-Fi · · Score: 1

    Well, all that and there used to be safety reasons to make you turn off your phone...

    Still are - there are documented instances where particular models of cellphones have interfered with navigational equipment - either causing the onboard heading indicators to indicate a few degrees off, to GPS units losing lock. With GPS being prominent in a lot of new approaches, especially RNP operations, this could be a problem.

    Now, the vast majority of cellphones out there are fine - they don't interfere, but several models have proven problematic.

    Don't worry too much about it though - they usually detect these issues and confirm it with the flight attendants asking everyone to turn off their electronic devices to see if their navigation equipment recovers. There are typically plenty of checks in the system - if the plane was off course, people generally know before your flight to LA ends up in Timbuktu.

  18. Re:Needless limiting of options on You Can Have My TIPs When You Pry Them From My Cold, Dead Hands · · Score: 1

    Analog computers weren't built of TIP120s or LM386s or 2N2222s. They were built with 12AX7s and 5U4Gs, and the later ones of Philbrick K2-Ws. By the time the TIP120 came out, DEC was building PDP-11s out of TTL chips. TTL is rather dumb nowadays, as we have CMOS.

    Actually, they were. Because digital computers either were too big, too unreliable, or too hard to use.

    Discrete logic was brought into play by Apollo (you can thank the Apollo Guidance Computer for basically bringing the 74xx series logic chips to life), but for a lot of things, the necessary parts and interfaces didn't exist (you have a time-varying signal, to use a digital computer, you needed an ADC to get it in, and a DAC to bring it out).

    Apollo used a lot of numerical calculations, so a digital computer was great. But for a lot of present-day tasks, the AGC was way too big and bulky and inefficient. Many targeting computers, for example, were analog computers.

    And through the 60s and 70s, analog computers ruled, many were rated on how many different operations they could do at once. Remember, most analog computers were fixed-function (like said targeting computers), but there were many "programmable" ones - desk sized units you programmed using jumpers and other things.

    Basically, an analog computer's fundamental part is the op-amp - the first part being "operational" which actually means doing operations - adding, subtracting, multiplication, division, integration, differentiation, etc. Early analog computers used discrete transistors to make up the op-amp, while later ones used real op-amp ICs (though this was late enough that the digital home computer was just emerging).

  19. Re:Have they fixed non-secure FAT32 access yet? on Android M's Official Name Is Marshmallow · · Score: 1

    Isn't FAT32 mostly obsolete due to volume size limitations?

    Well, FAT32 supports up to 2TB filesystems.

    Windows artificially limits it to 32GB to promote NTFS, but you can use Linux to make a FAT32 partition bigger than that. You can even bring it over to Windows and format it FAT32

    Anyhow, Google really likes to avoid patents. They avoided the Apple "rounded corners" patent[1] (because the launcher part of that patent was different). Their Nexus devices don't have SD cards and thus can conveniently skip FAT32 and ExFAT support and all the Microsoft patents there.

    [1] - The rounded corners patent is a design patent covering a rounded corner smartphone with a grid of icons, of which one row of icons status static while you flip between pages of grids of icons. Android gets around it because the grid of icons is the app launcher, to which there is no static row of icons, and the closest you get would be the home screen, but then you have widgets which are not icons.

  20. Re:No shit, Sherlock on Virginia Ditches 'America's Worst Voting Machines' · · Score: 1

    Where was Captain Obvious ten years ago? Why is there no outrage over "trivial to hack" and "we can never know"? Little else is as sacrosanct to our system of law and government as the integrity of the electoral process. That those who knew better were unable to get attention focused on this problem until now is deeply troubling.

    Probably because the contract on those machines just ran out. Those machines were probably bought and paid for over 10 years with support, and they were hoping that the vendor would actually fix things in those intervening years.

    Well, 10 years later, the contract was not renewed, the vendor probably doesn't even support them anymore, and it's all paid off, so it can be dumped as scrap equipment.

    I suspect most states who have gone back have a store room filled with voting machines they don't use anymore, purely because they're still under contract. The day they do, out to the recyclers it goes.

  21. Re:We need more carrot, not more stick on Data-Crunching Could Kill Your Downtime At Work · · Score: 5, Insightful

    If you metric everything to the point the adhoc does not occur you might be missing out value you don't know how to measure.

    Even worse, you get what you measure.

    If, for example, you measure keystrokes, then you'll find productivity "went up" according to the keystroke measure. But real productivity probably went down because as anyone knows, it's trivial to write a load of crap. Or even worse, just have someone retype a bunch of crap because it counts as more "productivity" than using copy-and-paste.

    The real problem is productivity isn't measurable. So people use all sorts of proxy methods, all of which are extremely poor proxies. And crunching garbage data produces garbage, thanks to that old time computer idiom, garbage in, garbage out.

    It also doesn't take long before people figure out how to game the system, either, by looking at the proxies and doing just that.

    Heck, remember when lines of code was the proxy to measure programmer productivity? Yeah, you can see what happened.

  22. Re:But loses its meaning quickly on How 'Rock Star' Became a Business Buzzword · · Score: 1

    +1 often it means long hours, promises of stock options, and a "Brogrammer" environment. I want cash and co-workers with a clue.

    Not to mention most "rock stars" are really just prima donnas who wrote some cool code back in the day and think they are the best programmer ever. They're impossible to deal with, and in general, write horrendous unmaintainable code. Sure they may be 10x as productive, but then everyone else has to waste 10x as much time unravelling all that code.

  23. Re:Would Jobs have taken this path? on Documents Indicate Apple Is Building a Self-Driving Car · · Score: 1

    We don't have a lot to go on here, and what we have doesn't even mean Apple cares much about self-driving cars.

      We do know that Apple wants to get in on the dashboard console systems of cars. It could be as simple as someone at a car company saying, "We kind of are leaning towards Android, because Google is building self-driving cars, and we want in on that technology." And the salesman responding, "Well, we have self-driving cars too!" Then quickly starting some kind of lousy program.

    Most likely, Apple is doing it for the experience. Apple making a dashboard or infotainment system is likely, but there are a LOT of tricky laws and regulations to adhere to. And sometimes, really stupid design decisions in cars may boil down to really stupid design decisions made elsewhere in the vehicle.

    After all, it's all well and good to say "Why light the Check Engine light when 99% of the time, it's because the driver didn't tighten the gas cap?" Why not say "Gas cap loose" or something? But then you find out the error is from the pollution control system unable to do its job. (And it's hard too since it takes a little while after filling to light up, and a little while after tightening to go off).

    Sometimes the best way to figure out how to do it is just to do it. Build a car, learn how the laws and everything work, then figure out how to make it better.

  24. Re:Thanks anonymous reader! on How to Quash Firefox's Silent Requests · · Score: 1

    Privacy is important, indeed, but I wonder if this will also break functionality on some websites. What if the final "Buy Now" function in one of your apps is a link rather than a button? You hover over it, thinking about it; but little do you know, your browser has already made the decision for you. When you realize your bank account doesn't have enough money for the purchase, you decide not to place the order, but then you check your email and have an order confirmation ID from the vendor.

    Technically, then your app is broken. Because the way you do this is by clicking buttons. You're not supposed to make state-changing actions on a hyperlink.

    If you use a link, you as a web developer are not only an idiot, but is going to have a severe problem with web crawlers who troll every link.

    And it's happened before - people have put up "delete" hyperlinks, and Googlebot happily went and deleted their entire website. No, robots.txt only helps if you have a crawler that obeys it.

  25. Re:Targeting? WTF? on HBO, Netflix, and Amazon Targeting Kids · · Score: 1

    Targeting is the most appropriate word because they are not interested in helping children learn and develop, they are only interested in baiting them with content to target them with manipulative and psychological destructive ads https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/..., "In the United Kingdom, Greece, Denmark, and Belgium advertising to children is restricted. In Quebec, Sweden and Norway advertising to children under the age of 12 is illegal." Will this ever happen in the United State of America, not bloody likely after all freedom of speech and greed takes precedence (perhaps USA should change to B$A to match the love of advertising and public relations).

    They're not advertising. HBO, Amazon and Netflix don't carry ads during programming.

    However, all three of them are subscriber funded (not eyeball funded), which means they're looking at ways to grow their subscriber base all the time. And unique programming that targets not just current subscribers, but to attract new subscribers is the way they do that. Preferably, they want the programming to appeal to those with money to subscribe - they don't want to target the average Joe, because they're unlikely to spend money subscribing.

    So they study who their demographics are, and they realize those people have kids who generally watch good programming, so they buy up that kind of programming. First is to attract new subscribers, second is to keep current subscribers - there are plenty on Amazon, Netflix and HBO who subscribe when their show starts and cancel at the end of the season (or I'm sure for Netflix, a mass binge watching session in the Netflix free trial). So if they can get people to keep paying year-round, that's the plus.