This process involves turning one chemical compound (SiO2) into a pure element (Si)
Graphite and diamond are both pure carbon. You need those high temperatures and pressures to cause the atoms to rearrange into the crystal lattice of diamond.
Server "holes" of the type you describe is normal operation - It can't be shut down without neutering the ability to receive mail.
That said - Spamming people that way takes a lot more effort. The spammmer has to open SMTP connections himself to every mail server he wants to spam people on. This takes a lot more resources than putting 1000 addresses on a BCC list and firing the message off to an open relay that does all the hard work.
Yes, DV is a lossy algorithm, but the loss is VERY little. Nothing compared to the likes of MPEG. One of the key factors is that DV does not do difference frame encoding - This means that EACH frame is encoded independently. The advantages of this are: a) It can be spliced at any frame b) You only have the loss of the inital compression of the frame, not additional losses from compression between frames. Difference frame compression is why high motion will often kill the quality of MPEG video - Because to keep the same bitrate, more data must be lost.
DV, despite being lossy, is fine as an archival format because it's a higher quality or equal to nearly any possible source, unless you move to gear costing in the tens of thousands of dollars. The output of any DV camcorder is already compressed - Why store it uncompressed? You're not gaining any quality there, since it was compressed (albeit very lightly) to begin with.
If capturing from an analog source - Almost guaranteed that your source is going to be the limiting factor. In fact, it IS guaranteed because DV supports progressive images while any analog capture mechanism that doesn't cost thousands (likely tens of thousands) of dollars is going to be interlaced.
For one: No statements about the compression algorithm used were made in the article.
Second: 13 gigs/hour at 720x480 (DVD quality) is not uncompressed. It's compressed DV, which is (I believe) a variant of Motion JPEG. It's very light compression, but it is compressed. (Note, DV does not use any sort of I-frames, every frame is a keyframe, there is no difference frame encoding done, so detection of "edits" based on difference frame artifacts is not possible.)
Third: Given that laptop hard drives are available in sizes up to 60 GB, it's entirely possible for them to be storing raw DV video. With a 60GB laptop drive, you could store over 5 hours of video without recompressing it. Go to a shock-mounted 3.5" drive and 60GB is SMALL.
Fourth: If the statements of the capacity in bytes and time are correct, then yes, it's 700M/hour. But those specs could easily be off. (For example, the writer could have assumed 700M/hour in calculating the time capacity.)
Not sure if EL was claiming these as damages to just themselves but damages done throughout the 'net.
If the latter, probably every spam was charged for multiple times. At Earthlink, at the backbone, at the recipient's ISP, and then at the last mile to the recipient.
Don't forget CPU usage and storage space in addition to bandwidth.
Avril and DB certainly not the best out there, but they're far better than a lot of what the RIAA likes to peddle. (Spears and Timberlake... Need I say more?)
And some of DB's more recent works are a lot less "drivel-ish" than his debut of "Gotta Get Through This". Interestingly enough, I heard somewhere that most of the work on that track (and possibly the initial recording of it) was done in his bedroom... I'm sure that it was later rerecorded in a proper studio.:)
And Avril is the anti-Britney... Or at least used to be. At least some of her music has some sort of meaning, rather than "oops I did it again".
"The only reason DVDs are hard to copy is because you can't get a DVD-r that has the same capacity."
"An average DVD is around 5-6GB"
See. The average DVD is 5-6 GB. DVD-R discs hold only 4.7 GB. It's as simple as that.
And DVD-R discs aren't $5 unless you buy Pioneer name-brand media. Even Sony RW discs are only $4 each, and decent generic -R discs (Ritek G03) are just a shade over $1. 4x -Rs are $1.80 each.
The way CD copy protection works is by introducing errors, BUT:
All errors are designed so that "normal" CD players can correct them. This includes software designed to perform EC as well as a "normal" CD player, such as cdparanoia.
Just make sure the disc is clean and scratchless, since at least Cactus Data Shield reduces the amount of real errors the EC system can correct for by introducing intentional ones.
Transcoding of media from one format to another (DivX rips for example) is easily partitioned between multiple CPUs. There's a decoding process feeding data to a seperate encoding process. In many cases, between the two there's some scaling and filtering being done, which can also naturally be split to another processor. In some cases the app must be SMP-aware, but in others (AVISynth for example), you'll have these processes naturally partitioned to begin with.
The only difference was in the PCI ID and how the driver reacted to it.
Soldering was one approach of changing that ID - The other approach was to patch the driver to recognize a GF2 PCI ID as being a Quadro one, no soldering or hardware modifications involved.
NVidia GeForce and Quadro cards both use the EXACT same chip. They only differ in the PCI ID. Hence the ability of SoftQuadro to do its magic with driver hacks.
ATI does it too (9700 vs 9500), although in this case many 9500s failed testing as 9700s and will fry if the dead pipelines are re-enabled. (In this case, it's both about providing a lower-end part and about salvaging "reject" chips - 9700s with bad pixel pipelines had those pipes disabled and then were marked as 9500s.)
IIRC, the key improvement of the Barton is that it has more cache (twice as much?) as the previous Athlon core. From what I recall, more cache is a BIG benefit in SMP systems, since you have two CPUs sharing the same memory. i.e. it's a surprise there aren't SMP-ready Bartons on the market because it's a perfect use for the extra cache.
Either way, it is capable of doing significantly (10-20%) more per clock cycle than the previous Athlon core.
The rule is that if you have a physical presence in a state, you must charge sales tax to customers in that state.
Rat Shack - Multiple stores in every single state Apple and Dell - Both have their own brick-and-mortar stores these days. Don't forget sales offices and service centers.
You can build mixers pretty easily using op-amps, and Forrest Mims' "Engineer's Notebook" has quite a few useful designs.
Where to get it? Rat Shack, although these days it's often not stocked (just like their 150-2160 UHF-only TV antennna grumble grumble)... RS is going downhill.
RS is definately not the optimum place to get electronic components, but when you need something fast and you aren't buying that much, it's quick. Digi-Key is far better, but keep in mind that DK sucks for small orders. ($5 surcharge for orders under $25, in addition to the $5+ shipping costs.)
You should be able to find some mixer designs on the 'net as well. www.headwize.com has lots of audio designs, although most of these are amplifiers and I'm not sure if they have any mixers.
"The replacement parts almost always cost more then the vehicle is worth.:-("
I don't know about you, but even "performance" computers for all cars I've driven were in the $200-300 range.
Don't forget junkyards. Plenty of unused ECMs there.
It's only the custom engine control systems for extremely modified engines that pass the kilobuck range. (Or maybe if you bought into the "imports are better" illusion. Maybe so initially, but just wait until you get gouged on replacement parts. If you want to keep a car past 100k, domestic is the way to go.)
What I would love to see in the future are drives with multiple independent heads.
At the very least, independent read and write heads. (This would be the simplest method, as you wouldn't have to deal with contentions between the heads.)
That way you can do copies of data from one part of the drive to another much more quickly - No more bouncing back and forth between destination and origin, just have one head at each place. This would be GREAT for defragging, and also for video processing.
Even though the RPM rate of drives may not have changed that much. (50% on average), the fact is that even at a given spin rate, doubling the density doubles the transfer rate.
A 7200 RPM 120GB drive will transfer data much faster than a 7200 RPM 4.5 GB drive.
Unless you have multiple drives (More than 2 per bus), you're also not going to saturate modern bus technology. One ATA100 channel has the bandwidth for two of the latest 7200 RPM drives. (ATA133 is better, though, once you take into account overhead issues. Ultra160 SCSI even better, since SCSI handles multiple drives on a bus more gracefully.)
"Although the studies mentioned above did not find an increase in cancer rates, it is my impression that brain cancer rates have indeed increased overall in the last 20 years, significantly."
Plenty of other possible causes for that. There are a LOT of things nastier and more likely to cause cancer in the last 20 years than mobile phones. Hell, the *food we eat* has become a lot more carcinogenic than in the past 20 years. Even without taking into account chemicals, there have been PLENTY of studies linking cancer rates to dietary influences, and it's a known fact that over the past two decades, Americans have been eating less healthily.
Neither of those studies showed an increase of cancer rate. Need I say more?
As to the correlations of left-side vs. right-side mobile users - Left-side vs. right-side mobile users is heavily correlated to left-handed vs. right-handed. Needless to say, this is likely the cause of the correlation, with left-vs-right mobile phone usage being an effect of handedness, and the tendency of tumors to occur on one side vs. another is an unrelated effect of handedness.
i.e. that study shows no cause-effect relationship between phones and cancer that can't be explained by an effect-effect relationship with the cause being handedness. In short, correlation between two datasets doesn't imply a cause-effect relationship, both datasets can be an effect of yet another cause.
As to the guy who mentioned his friend that got headaches in his lab - I get headaches in the lab, too. Oddly, my worst headaches show up when the unit I'm working in is in a temperature chamber. (Odd, that's when the unit is best shielded from RF. But DAMN that temp chamber is noisy and raises the room temp by a few degrees, both things which always give me headaches.) A development lab typically has a) Lots of heat-generating devices. Insufficient air conditioning can cause headaches. b) Lots of noise. Noise causes headaches c) Different lighting than the main work areas. Cheap fluorescent lights are known to cause headaches due to their spectrum/flicker rate.
Whether there's RF present or not, there are plenty of other things in an electronics development lab that will give you a headache. Oh, and I forgot to mention solder fumes. Now THAT is unhealthy stuff.
I would start with a static domain-based blocking scheme. It requires a bit of maintenance (I need to add 10 or so domains/week), but I reject a LOT of mail with no false positives.
Then use a more computationally intensive filter to catch what gets past the domain-based blocker. Potentially tie them together. (Have the computationally intensive checker make a list of domains. Then you can checkmark ones you want to block. I get legit mail from Yahoo users, so I can't block them, which is where a heuristic or bayesian filter would be useful. On the other hand, blocking Azoogle.com takes care of 10% of my spam. That number used to be 25%+)
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This process involves turning one chemical compound (SiO2) into a pure element (Si)
Graphite and diamond are both pure carbon. You need those high temperatures and pressures to cause the atoms to rearrange into the crystal lattice of diamond.
Server "holes" of the type you describe is normal operation - It can't be shut down without neutering the ability to receive mail.
That said - Spamming people that way takes a lot more effort. The spammmer has to open SMTP connections himself to every mail server he wants to spam people on. This takes a lot more resources than putting 1000 addresses on a BCC list and firing the message off to an open relay that does all the hard work.
Yes, DV is a lossy algorithm, but the loss is VERY little. Nothing compared to the likes of MPEG. One of the key factors is that DV does not do difference frame encoding - This means that EACH frame is encoded independently. The advantages of this are:
a) It can be spliced at any frame
b) You only have the loss of the inital compression of the frame, not additional losses from compression between frames. Difference frame compression is why high motion will often kill the quality of MPEG video - Because to keep the same bitrate, more data must be lost.
DV, despite being lossy, is fine as an archival format because it's a higher quality or equal to nearly any possible source, unless you move to gear costing in the tens of thousands of dollars. The output of any DV camcorder is already compressed - Why store it uncompressed? You're not gaining any quality there, since it was compressed (albeit very lightly) to begin with.
If capturing from an analog source - Almost guaranteed that your source is going to be the limiting factor. In fact, it IS guaranteed because DV supports progressive images while any analog capture mechanism that doesn't cost thousands (likely tens of thousands) of dollars is going to be interlaced.
For one: No statements about the compression algorithm used were made in the article.
Second: 13 gigs/hour at 720x480 (DVD quality) is not uncompressed. It's compressed DV, which is (I believe) a variant of Motion JPEG. It's very light compression, but it is compressed. (Note, DV does not use any sort of I-frames, every frame is a keyframe, there is no difference frame encoding done, so detection of "edits" based on difference frame artifacts is not possible.)
Third: Given that laptop hard drives are available in sizes up to 60 GB, it's entirely possible for them to be storing raw DV video. With a 60GB laptop drive, you could store over 5 hours of video without recompressing it. Go to a shock-mounted 3.5" drive and 60GB is SMALL.
Fourth: If the statements of the capacity in bytes and time are correct, then yes, it's 700M/hour. But those specs could easily be off. (For example, the writer could have assumed 700M/hour in calculating the time capacity.)
Not sure if EL was claiming these as damages to just themselves but damages done throughout the 'net.
If the latter, probably every spam was charged for multiple times. At Earthlink, at the backbone, at the recipient's ISP, and then at the last mile to the recipient.
Don't forget CPU usage and storage space in addition to bandwidth.
It may be somewhat inflated, but it all adds up.
Seabiscuit is a Universal film.
Also, Meyer cofounded Tobey's new agency.
Avril and DB certainly not the best out there, but they're far better than a lot of what the RIAA likes to peddle. (Spears and Timberlake... Need I say more?)
:)
And some of DB's more recent works are a lot less "drivel-ish" than his debut of "Gotta Get Through This". Interestingly enough, I heard somewhere that most of the work on that track (and possibly the initial recording of it) was done in his bedroom... I'm sure that it was later rerecorded in a proper studio.
And Avril is the anti-Britney... Or at least used to be. At least some of her music has some sort of meaning, rather than "oops I did it again".
"The only reason DVDs are hard to copy is because you can't get a DVD-r that has the same capacity."
"An average DVD is around 5-6GB"
See. The average DVD is 5-6 GB. DVD-R discs hold only 4.7 GB. It's as simple as that.
And DVD-R discs aren't $5 unless you buy Pioneer name-brand media. Even Sony RW discs are only $4 each, and decent generic -R discs (Ritek G03) are just a shade over $1. 4x -Rs are $1.80 each.
The way CD copy protection works is by introducing errors, BUT:
All errors are designed so that "normal" CD players can correct them. This includes software designed to perform EC as well as a "normal" CD player, such as cdparanoia.
Just make sure the disc is clean and scratchless, since at least Cactus Data Shield reduces the amount of real errors the EC system can correct for by introducing intentional ones.
Normally puts you at a disadvantage.
Tobey - Do NOT dump this girl. You will pay dearly.
Transcoding of media from one format to another (DivX rips for example) is easily partitioned between multiple CPUs. There's a decoding process feeding data to a seperate encoding process. In many cases, between the two there's some scaling and filtering being done, which can also naturally be split to another processor. In some cases the app must be SMP-aware, but in others (AVISynth for example), you'll have these processes naturally partitioned to begin with.
The only difference was in the PCI ID and how the driver reacted to it.
Soldering was one approach of changing that ID - The other approach was to patch the driver to recognize a GF2 PCI ID as being a Quadro one, no soldering or hardware modifications involved.
NVidia GeForce and Quadro cards both use the EXACT same chip. They only differ in the PCI ID. Hence the ability of SoftQuadro to do its magic with driver hacks.
ATI does it too (9700 vs 9500), although in this case many 9500s failed testing as 9700s and will fry if the dead pipelines are re-enabled. (In this case, it's both about providing a lower-end part and about salvaging "reject" chips - 9700s with bad pixel pipelines had those pipes disabled and then were marked as 9500s.)
IIRC, the key improvement of the Barton is that it has more cache (twice as much?) as the previous Athlon core. From what I recall, more cache is a BIG benefit in SMP systems, since you have two CPUs sharing the same memory. i.e. it's a surprise there aren't SMP-ready Bartons on the market because it's a perfect use for the extra cache.
Either way, it is capable of doing significantly (10-20%) more per clock cycle than the previous Athlon core.
The rule is that if you have a physical presence in a state, you must charge sales tax to customers in that state.
Rat Shack - Multiple stores in every single state
Apple and Dell - Both have their own brick-and-mortar stores these days. Don't forget sales offices and service centers.
To summarize:
You can build mixers pretty easily using op-amps, and Forrest Mims' "Engineer's Notebook" has quite a few useful designs.
Where to get it? Rat Shack, although these days it's often not stocked (just like their 150-2160 UHF-only TV antennna grumble grumble)... RS is going downhill.
RS is definately not the optimum place to get electronic components, but when you need something fast and you aren't buying that much, it's quick. Digi-Key is far better, but keep in mind that DK sucks for small orders. ($5 surcharge for orders under $25, in addition to the $5+ shipping costs.)
You should be able to find some mixer designs on the 'net as well. www.headwize.com has lots of audio designs, although most of these are amplifiers and I'm not sure if they have any mixers.
"The replacement parts almost always cost more then the vehicle is worth. :-("
I don't know about you, but even "performance" computers for all cars I've driven were in the $200-300 range.
Don't forget junkyards. Plenty of unused ECMs there.
It's only the custom engine control systems for extremely modified engines that pass the kilobuck range. (Or maybe if you bought into the "imports are better" illusion. Maybe so initially, but just wait until you get gouged on replacement parts. If you want to keep a car past 100k, domestic is the way to go.)
A lot of marine engines (even larger ones in the past) used magnetos.
But automotive engines? Never seen one.
What I would love to see in the future are drives with multiple independent heads.
At the very least, independent read and write heads. (This would be the simplest method, as you wouldn't have to deal with contentions between the heads.)
That way you can do copies of data from one part of the drive to another much more quickly - No more bouncing back and forth between destination and origin, just have one head at each place. This would be GREAT for defragging, and also for video processing.
Even though the RPM rate of drives may not have changed that much. (50% on average), the fact is that even at a given spin rate, doubling the density doubles the transfer rate.
A 7200 RPM 120GB drive will transfer data much faster than a 7200 RPM 4.5 GB drive.
Unless you have multiple drives (More than 2 per bus), you're also not going to saturate modern bus technology. One ATA100 channel has the bandwidth for two of the latest 7200 RPM drives. (ATA133 is better, though, once you take into account overhead issues. Ultra160 SCSI even better, since SCSI handles multiple drives on a bus more gracefully.)
The Shuttle is more likely to have an immediate benefit from the research done onboard than a deep-space probe will.
People who breathe oxygen have a 100% chance of dying at some point.
Hold your breath! Boycott oxygen!
"Although the studies mentioned above did not find an increase in cancer rates, it is my impression that brain cancer rates have indeed increased overall in the last 20 years, significantly."
Plenty of other possible causes for that. There are a LOT of things nastier and more likely to cause cancer in the last 20 years than mobile phones. Hell, the *food we eat* has become a lot more carcinogenic than in the past 20 years. Even without taking into account chemicals, there have been PLENTY of studies linking cancer rates to dietary influences, and it's a known fact that over the past two decades, Americans have been eating less healthily.
Neither of those studies showed an increase of cancer rate. Need I say more?
As to the correlations of left-side vs. right-side mobile users - Left-side vs. right-side mobile users is heavily correlated to left-handed vs. right-handed. Needless to say, this is likely the cause of the correlation, with left-vs-right mobile phone usage being an effect of handedness, and the tendency of tumors to occur on one side vs. another is an unrelated effect of handedness.
i.e. that study shows no cause-effect relationship between phones and cancer that can't be explained by an effect-effect relationship with the cause being handedness. In short, correlation between two datasets doesn't imply a cause-effect relationship, both datasets can be an effect of yet another cause.
As to the guy who mentioned his friend that got headaches in his lab - I get headaches in the lab, too. Oddly, my worst headaches show up when the unit I'm working in is in a temperature chamber. (Odd, that's when the unit is best shielded from RF. But DAMN that temp chamber is noisy and raises the room temp by a few degrees, both things which always give me headaches.) A development lab typically has
a) Lots of heat-generating devices. Insufficient air conditioning can cause headaches.
b) Lots of noise. Noise causes headaches
c) Different lighting than the main work areas. Cheap fluorescent lights are known to cause headaches due to their spectrum/flicker rate.
Whether there's RF present or not, there are plenty of other things in an electronics development lab that will give you a headache. Oh, and I forgot to mention solder fumes. Now THAT is unhealthy stuff.
That's what I was going to suggest.
I would start with a static domain-based blocking scheme. It requires a bit of maintenance (I need to add 10 or so domains/week), but I reject a LOT of mail with no false positives.
Then use a more computationally intensive filter to catch what gets past the domain-based blocker. Potentially tie them together. (Have the computationally intensive checker make a list of domains. Then you can checkmark ones you want to block. I get legit mail from Yahoo users, so I can't block them, which is where a heuristic or bayesian filter would be useful. On the other hand, blocking Azoogle.com takes care of 10% of my spam. That number used to be 25%+)
I use the NVidia binary-only drivers and TV-out quality from both my laptop's integrated GF4MX and my desktops Ti4600 are excellent under Linux.