Pure amines are expensive, and purifying water isn't cheap at the volumes this would need (see my other notes).
Note the process says it's aqueous, and therefore liquid. The temperature is 125-165 degrees, above the normal boiling point of water. Steam tables say 6 bars/atmospheres of pressure at 165 oC for pure water. 6 atmospheres isn't too bad for a pressure vessel, but you will need some engineering behind it.
Condensation requires energy, especially if you need a vacuum.
There are 44.6 moles per cubic meter of air. At 300 ppm, or 0.03% CO2, that would be 0.013 moles of CO2, at a 70% conversion rate you'd get 0.01 moles of methanol from 1 cubic meter of air. 1 kilogram of methanol (which isn't jet fuel, but never mind) is 31 moles of methanol. A 737 burns 3 kilograms of jet fuel per mile, let's say you want 6000 kilograms per trip. That means you'd need 3100 m^3 of air for one kilogram, or 18,600,000 m^3 of air. Assuming a residence time of a day for a facility to produce enough jet fuel for one flight, you'd need a facility with a total volume of 18,600,000 m^3. I'm not really sure it's cost effective to fly out a facility that as a minimum would be about 264 meters long, wide, and high. If the residence time were an hour, it would be about 100 meters on a side.
Another application is needed, this one won't cut it.
"To produce methanol from CO2 in the air, the researchers at USC's Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences first bubbled captured air through an aqueous solution of pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), an ammonia-derived organic compound with multiple amino groups that – at raised temperatures – helps form chemical derivatives from alcohols. They then added a catalyst made from ruthenium (a member of the platinum group) to promote hydrogen attachment to the CO2 when the mixture was subject to high pressure.
The solution was then heated to around 125 to 165 C (257 to 359 F), and around 79 percent of the CO2 was converted into methanol. Though the resulting methanol was still mixed with water as it was produced, the researchers state that it can be easily separated using simple distillation processes. In addition, with the new method operating at such comparatively low temperatures, minimum decomposition of the catalyst meant that the researchers were able to repeat the process five times with minimal loss of the catalyst effectiveness. It also uses a homogeneous catalyst (that is, a soluble catalyst in solution with the chemicals it is reacting with) resulting in a simpler and faster "one-pot" process."
So they have to procure an amine in the pure form, mix it with purified water, heat it to 125 to 165 oC (a lot of energy, also under pressure), bubble the air through it (requiring at least the same pressure as the solution so there wouldn't be backflow) then recover the product using distillation (energy intensive). It's good chemistry and interesting catalysis, but I don't see how it will be cost-effective.
My guess is it would be cheaper to let a tree reduce the CO2, chop it down, and make the wood alcohol from that.
They aren't intending to generate energy with this reactor; the goal is to sustain plasma at temperatures high enough to eventually get to fusion. The article says they are at 80 million deg C, which is about 7 keV. They need to get to 14 keV for a D-T reaction (look at the minimum for the Lawson Criterion) . That's excellent work, and if they can sustain it for thirty minutes, even better. When they are done, the design will be proven and then they can do the harder problem of building a reactor that can withstand the neutrons and recover the heat for a secondary cycle.
I appreciate the openness and candor of your post. My guess is others see that too. Most will recognize that you bought the site as a business, and are fine with clear advertisements; spam stories have a smell that some (like me) don't like.
Others may not like my requests, but here goes...
1. The ability to edit a post after final submission. I know you're supposed to have it perfect, but sometimes you scerw up. 2. If mod points are awarded, let the user keep them so there is no need to rush and use them. Also a little transparency about how they are awarded...sometimes I'm on a trip and I don't log in for a week and I don't get mod points for a month. 3. A certain person who shall not be named received preferential status to post incredibly long, banal, and tedious analyses that would really bring out the worst in the crowd. If that person had to have the posts make it on merit, it would be appreciated,
I agree more should be given, but at least let you keep the points when you do get them (right now you lose them in three days, which always feels like two days). If I'm in a rush I wouldn't use the mod points as well as if I had time to think about them.
The 'no-poaching' compact was an agreement among chief executives. I know someone will drag this down to Godwin's Law in a minute, but he was doing as he was ordered. Are people expecting him to go to Eric Schmidt and Steve Jobs and tell them that he wouldn't follow direction? If he did, he'd get the opportunity to join the keyboard punchers at Wikipedia Editorial.
Are there any other reasons that he shouldn't offer advice on a board of a non-profit company?
Studsvik in Nyokping is a world leader in nuclear reactor related research, and the Swedes are one of their biggest customers. They are one of the few places with the capability to do detailed nuclear fuel analysis.
Not to mention that the Swedish plants collect an enormous amount of data, test new technologies, and share the results with the world.
Since this thread is moving towards gun control and I'm probably too late anyways, but I should note that The Riddle of the Gun is a difficult one to answer. I don't have the answer, but I have to hand it to Sam Harris for taking a good shot, I mean, stab at it.
Look at how well Facebook, Twitter, Apple Music, and Pandora do at curation to determine which is good and which is bad in the eyes of the beholder, that the devote millions of dollars to these technologies, and note their failure rate is high.
Now imagine someone's entire quality of life being decimated because of some poorly designed algorithm rushed to meet government accountability standards.
If they have plutonium (and apparently they do), it's not that much harder to get the lithium-6 using the COLEX process and deuterium from many-staged distillation separations to make the lithium deuteride needed for the Teller-Ulam bomb. It only took the US a few years after Alamagordo.
I remember being stupid with my friends driving at night brighting a car rapidly for the fun of it. The car turned on the red and blues rapidly for a second and drove on by.
Taking this one further, if you have record of every police interaction and they become public record, external groups will start analyzing the statistics based on age, race, sex, apparent religion, physical attractiveness etc. Then the external groups will prepare studies that show discrimination based on age, race, sex, apparent religion, physical attractiveness. Then there will be protests based on these studies.
Twenty years down the line these may have positive effects, but the transition to that time will be tough.
It seems as though the plaintiffs became smart enough to realize it's possible to use the legal system to enrich themselves. Was it the game that did it?
Yes, it's a great candidate, and boron-11 is more available. In comparison to He-3, it has a higher ignition temperature, the energy yield is lower, and there are high bremstrahlung emissions.
There are 10 energetically positive fusion reactions, and He-4 is the product of most of them. He-3 reacts with itself to form He-4 and two protons, and most importantly, no neutrons, and it has a high energy yield and relatively low Lawson Criterion so the ignition temperature is near current excitation methods. Deuterium-tritium reactions have a lower Lawson criterion and higher energy yield, but it generates most of it's energy as neutrons which leaves the magnetic confinement field and destroys the reactor materials.
As others have noted, very little He-3 is on the Earth's surface, the nearest source is the dark side of the moon (as the article notes).
I think the concern is you can open the lock without any physical damage, get what you want, and close the lock (they didn't demonstrate that on the video, but it looks like it's fine). They barely tapped the lock with the hammer, and you could do it with any small weighted object. Much less obvious than bolt cutters.
If ET were there, couldn't there be other E-M methods that would attenuate before reaching earth? Not saying there are beings there, but just because radio waves aren't there doesn't mean they aren't.
Some of the sequences being studied (like the example in the summary) use formulations developed from base 10 numbers. Have you explored other bases, in particular prime number bases, or perhaps a rational fraction or even irrational/transcendent number? If so, were there any interesting surprises?
Think of an ocean wave before the break where the wave moves quickly but the kelp above it barely moves at all. Electricity isn't the movement of electrons, it's the movement of electromagnetic energy where electrons are the medium that it travels through.
Slashdot Mirror
Pure amines are expensive, and purifying water isn't cheap at the volumes this would need (see my other notes).
Note the process says it's aqueous, and therefore liquid. The temperature is 125-165 degrees, above the normal boiling point of water. Steam tables say 6 bars/atmospheres of pressure at 165 oC for pure water. 6 atmospheres isn't too bad for a pressure vessel, but you will need some engineering behind it.
Condensation requires energy, especially if you need a vacuum.
There are 44.6 moles per cubic meter of air. At 300 ppm, or 0.03% CO2, that would be 0.013 moles of CO2, at a 70% conversion rate you'd get 0.01 moles of methanol from 1 cubic meter of air. 1 kilogram of methanol (which isn't jet fuel, but never mind) is 31 moles of methanol. A 737 burns 3 kilograms of jet fuel per mile, let's say you want 6000 kilograms per trip. That means you'd need 3100 m^3 of air for one kilogram, or 18,600,000 m^3 of air. Assuming a residence time of a day for a facility to produce enough jet fuel for one flight, you'd need a facility with a total volume of 18,600,000 m^3. I'm not really sure it's cost effective to fly out a facility that as a minimum would be about 264 meters long, wide, and high. If the residence time were an hour, it would be about 100 meters on a side.
Another application is needed, this one won't cut it.
From the article:
"To produce methanol from CO2 in the air, the researchers at USC's Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences first bubbled captured air through an aqueous solution of pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), an ammonia-derived organic compound with multiple amino groups that – at raised temperatures – helps form chemical derivatives from alcohols. They then added a catalyst made from ruthenium (a member of the platinum group) to promote hydrogen attachment to the CO2 when the mixture was subject to high pressure.
The solution was then heated to around 125 to 165 C (257 to 359 F), and around 79 percent of the CO2 was converted into methanol. Though the resulting methanol was still mixed with water as it was produced, the researchers state that it can be easily separated using simple distillation processes. In addition, with the new method operating at such comparatively low temperatures, minimum decomposition of the catalyst meant that the researchers were able to repeat the process five times with minimal loss of the catalyst effectiveness. It also uses a homogeneous catalyst (that is, a soluble catalyst in solution with the chemicals it is reacting with) resulting in a simpler and faster "one-pot" process."
So they have to procure an amine in the pure form, mix it with purified water, heat it to 125 to 165 oC (a lot of energy, also under pressure), bubble the air through it (requiring at least the same pressure as the solution so there wouldn't be backflow) then recover the product using distillation (energy intensive). It's good chemistry and interesting catalysis, but I don't see how it will be cost-effective.
My guess is it would be cheaper to let a tree reduce the CO2, chop it down, and make the wood alcohol from that.
They aren't intending to generate energy with this reactor; the goal is to sustain plasma at temperatures high enough to eventually get to fusion. The article says they are at 80 million deg C, which is about 7 keV. They need to get to 14 keV for a D-T reaction (look at the minimum for the Lawson Criterion) . That's excellent work, and if they can sustain it for thirty minutes, even better. When they are done, the design will be proven and then they can do the harder problem of building a reactor that can withstand the neutrons and recover the heat for a secondary cycle.
Sure. One more feature request that probably won't happen: Allow the user handle to be changed once while keeping the UID.
I appreciate the openness and candor of your post. My guess is others see that too. Most will recognize that you bought the site as a business, and are fine with clear advertisements; spam stories have a smell that some (like me) don't like.
Others may not like my requests, but here goes...
1. The ability to edit a post after final submission. I know you're supposed to have it perfect, but sometimes you scerw up.
2. If mod points are awarded, let the user keep them so there is no need to rush and use them. Also a little transparency about how they are awarded...sometimes I'm on a trip and I don't log in for a week and I don't get mod points for a month.
3. A certain person who shall not be named received preferential status to post incredibly long, banal, and tedious analyses that would really bring out the worst in the crowd. If that person had to have the posts make it on merit, it would be appreciated,
Good luck.
I agree more should be given, but at least let you keep the points when you do get them (right now you lose them in three days, which always feels like two days). If I'm in a rush I wouldn't use the mod points as well as if I had time to think about them.
The 'no-poaching' compact was an agreement among chief executives. I know someone will drag this down to Godwin's Law in a minute, but he was doing as he was ordered. Are people expecting him to go to Eric Schmidt and Steve Jobs and tell them that he wouldn't follow direction? If he did, he'd get the opportunity to join the keyboard punchers at Wikipedia Editorial.
Are there any other reasons that he shouldn't offer advice on a board of a non-profit company?
US capacity factor exceeds 90%.
http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-C...
Studsvik in Nyokping is a world leader in nuclear reactor related research, and the Swedes are one of their biggest customers. They are one of the few places with the capability to do detailed nuclear fuel analysis.
Not to mention that the Swedish plants collect an enormous amount of data, test new technologies, and share the results with the world.
Since this thread is moving towards gun control and I'm probably too late anyways, but I should note that The Riddle of the Gun is a difficult one to answer. I don't have the answer, but I have to hand it to Sam Harris for taking a good shot, I mean, stab at it.
Look at how well Facebook, Twitter, Apple Music, and Pandora do at curation to determine which is good and which is bad in the eyes of the beholder, that the devote millions of dollars to these technologies, and note their failure rate is high.
Now imagine someone's entire quality of life being decimated because of some poorly designed algorithm rushed to meet government accountability standards.
If they have plutonium (and apparently they do), it's not that much harder to get the lithium-6 using the COLEX process and deuterium from many-staged distillation separations to make the lithium deuteride needed for the Teller-Ulam bomb. It only took the US a few years after Alamagordo.
I remember being stupid with my friends driving at night brighting a car rapidly for the fun of it. The car turned on the red and blues rapidly for a second and drove on by.
Those were the days...glad he gave us a pass.
Taking this one further, if you have record of every police interaction and they become public record, external groups will start analyzing the statistics based on age, race, sex, apparent religion, physical attractiveness etc. Then the external groups will prepare studies that show discrimination based on age, race, sex, apparent religion, physical attractiveness. Then there will be protests based on these studies.
Twenty years down the line these may have positive effects, but the transition to that time will be tough.
It seems as though the plaintiffs became smart enough to realize it's possible to use the legal system to enrich themselves. Was it the game that did it?
Yes, it's a great candidate, and boron-11 is more available. In comparison to He-3, it has a higher ignition temperature, the energy yield is lower, and there are high bremstrahlung emissions.
I left out 'it reacts with itself and deuterium, boy do I wish there was an edit feature on /. sometimes...
There are 10 energetically positive fusion reactions, and He-4 is the product of most of them. He-3 reacts with itself to form He-4 and two protons, and most importantly, no neutrons, and it has a high energy yield and relatively low Lawson Criterion so the ignition temperature is near current excitation methods. Deuterium-tritium reactions have a lower Lawson criterion and higher energy yield, but it generates most of it's energy as neutrons which leaves the magnetic confinement field and destroys the reactor materials.
As others have noted, very little He-3 is on the Earth's surface, the nearest source is the dark side of the moon (as the article notes).
I think the concern is you can open the lock without any physical damage, get what you want, and close the lock (they didn't demonstrate that on the video, but it looks like it's fine). They barely tapped the lock with the hammer, and you could do it with any small weighted object. Much less obvious than bolt cutters.
How is this faster than a gradient method? Or does this replace a simplex method?
Two words that will ruin Voyager forever for you: Janeway whispers...
If ET were there, couldn't there be other E-M methods that would attenuate before reaching earth? Not saying there are beings there, but just because radio waves aren't there doesn't mean they aren't.
Some of the sequences being studied (like the example in the summary) use formulations developed from base 10 numbers. Have you explored other bases, in particular prime number bases, or perhaps a rational fraction or even irrational/transcendent number? If so, were there any interesting surprises?
Think of an ocean wave before the break where the wave moves quickly but the kelp above it barely moves at all. Electricity isn't the movement of electrons, it's the movement of electromagnetic energy where electrons are the medium that it travels through.