The 7805 itself may have an internal 1A limit but 1A is plenty for driving a current-boost transistor, at which point the limiting factor becomes pass transistor heatsinking.
1- connect ~5 ohms resistor between reg-In and power source 2- connect PNP base to the regulator-resistor node 3- connect PNP collector to regulator output 4- connect PNP emitter to power source
At very low loads, the transistor's base remains reverse-biased so the regulator provides all load current but beyond 200mA, the load's bulk migrates towards the pass transistor.
Without this patch though, the 7805 would either shutdown or burn out... from the looks of the only picture that loaded before the site died on me, they used a tiny heatsink and probably no pass transistor so...
TO220: Tja = maybe 20C/W with the tiny heatsink Pd = (Vin-Vout) * Iout = (12-2)*1 = 10W (the CPUs are practically shorting the output so 2V seems reasonable.) Tj = Pd * Tja + Ta = 25C + 10W * 20C/W = 225C
Since most silicon ICs do not like junction temperatures above 125C, I declare their 7805 most likely deep-fried.
On strictly numerical terms, numbers are not trademarkable - Intel learned this while trying to trademark "80586" or some other variant(s) of it.
As for your actual question, Microsoft might have a remotely defendable claim on binary representations of the string "Microsoft". In 7-bits ASCII, this would mean the shortest Microsoft-trademarkable bit pattern might be at most 63 bits long.
(Or it could be "XBox"... 28 bits - but the XBox is probably using unicode.)
In Canada, there are rules from the CRTC specifically banning ADAD (Auto-Dialing and Answering Devices) from being used for advertising and solicitation purposes including charities.
To me, bulk-mailing is similar to such phone directory brute-forcing. It is intrusive, wasteful and annoying.
The CRTC allows ADADs for appointment confirmations and public safety announcements, both legitimate, reasonable and pertinent reasons. This law simply brings these CRTC rules to eMail. For the record, even though CRTC stands for "Canadian Radio and Telecomunication Commitee", Internet is considered an "Information service" which is not (yet) under its jurisdiction.
Even when idle, Prescott's static power usage can be as high as 35W... that was for the 1M version though. Since the new one has nearly double as many transistors thanks to the 2MB cache, static power must have increased to over 40W.
My next desktop PC will probably be a Pentium-M or equivalent unless the desktop variants acquire P4-ish power budgets. I'm glad AMD drew the line at 100W but I would personally prefer rolling back under 40W.
Of course, with multicore and other extra on-chip hardware, static (and dynamic) power can only keep increasing so holding my breath is futile for all but mobile parts.
Singularities most likely do exist but finding them for all common block sizes would take something close to infinite time... even with shortcuts to cut the effective key size in half, testing 2^80 cases (instead of 2^160) for one particular block size would still take milions of years even if processing power increased by hundreds of times.
Now that processing power fell from doubling every 18 months to increasing by less than 50% every two years, crypto should be relatively safe from exponential advances in the future - at least until the next big thing happens.
Somewhere where there are no software patents - yet.
The MPAA, RIAA, patent, political and other mechanisms of old are all becoming increasingly abusive with each passing year, all in the name of profits and against all regardless of consequences for the general public.
After bombings and plane crashes comes litigative terrorism - but this form is endorsed by governments so we need an alternative to that.
Some legit patent applications get dropped and some very interesting (from a "let's show the world how broken the patent examination process is" dept) are granted...
Two examples frequently cited around here are: 1- A method for swinging on a swing (sideways) 2- A circular transportation device (wheel)
So obviousness is obviously very subjective... both of these should bave been chucked out during the first reading but both were actually granted not so many years ago.
Fixed-length fields make data flows more regular and therefore easier to manage.
For hardware and software designers, knowing that every field in a data structure is in a specific order and are of specific lengths make their lives an awful lot easier.
Variable length field might be nice for high-level languages but for low-level stuff and hardware implementation, they can be awfully troublesome and are usually avoided wherever possible.
Under limit conditions, one gets: Computer: ~200 Watts 24/24. Heater: 2kWh ~6 minutes per hour. (The above limit condition presumes the environment/room is leaking just enough heat to maintain steady temperature with the PC as the only heat source - human adults add about 80-120W apiece while idle, are we made on Intel's 65nm process?)
In either case, 17.28 megajoules worth of energy got injected in your work environment, the main difference being that the computer produced other useful work (and more noise) along the way.
Heat pumps for heating make sense mostly for central HVAC setups. My second sentence clearly mentionned "electric radiator" which clearly indicates what sort of electric heat I was implying in the first one.
Sure, heat pumps are ~10X more efficient than radiators and can usually do double-duty as air-conditionners.
One problem with heat pumps in Canada and other places higher up North is that their efficiency drops significantly below -20C and you would be fundamentally screwed if it is the only heat source available. For apartments where central heating is not possible and only one type of heating is the practical limit, the choices are either electric radiators or some variation of closed-circuit water (or sometimes even steam) heating.
If your primary heat is electric, the only cost difference is in computer repairs since computers are far more likely to fail than an electric radiator.
During summer though, I keep only the PCs I need turned on and I take a break from SETI&all.
Refresh as in screen update time or refresh as in repainting to avoid fade flicker?
They stated that image persistence is measured in days so refreshing every few days (0.000001Hz) would be enough to avoid fading on it.
They also said that pixel capacitance is much higher than LCDs so it requires more power to update a display region... for PDAs or anything that displays generally static content this is great: only need to repaint stuff that change and do a full display refresh cycle once per day to ensure color consistency of rarely updated areas.
One or two seconds in one of the cafeteria's microwave ovens would do the trick... but I presume the school would start charging for replacement of "defective" badges.
Alternatively, maybe tin-foiling the badge's backside would be enough to block it - or at least substantially reduce its range.
The CDs/DVDs themselves might cost next to nothing to make and ship... but the ~$100M budget movies that go on DVDs do not make themselves up overnight.
Blockbuster movies do easily recoup this initial investment. Although we often hear about movies raking in milions over the first week, marginally profitable or even loss-making productions also exist. For these, DVD/CD sales help fund future projects or limit losses.
Someone who bought a 3GHz P4 more than two years ago is still fairly close to top-of-the-line by today's Intel roadmaps.
Of course, platforms and video chips are a different story.
Thankfully, multicore, multithreading and 64bit-ness going mainstream this year should help shake up the x86 CPU world a bit after more than two years of stagnation.
Usually, DMCA is only one of many laws conjured in a copyright/DRM/etc. and the combined "recommendation" often exceeds 10 years... which usually gets reduced to five or less by the time verdict is due.
I wonder how many of the copyright-related laws would survive a thorough enforceability test - most countries' constitution provide a clause to void laws too troublesome (mass disobedience) to enforce... the catch is it must be clearly observable.
What would a judge do... - Judge: "I sentence you to five years." - Defendent: "Your honor, does your daughter actually own a licensed copy of all 4317 MP3s found on her 20GB iPod? How much are you going to sentence her?"
If everybody declared themselves as pirates and insisted on doing jail time at the same time, the legal/jail system would crumble under presure and the DMCA/copyright/etc. laws sent back to the drawing board for a rewrite aimed at avoiding this, probably by narrowing applicability, much against the industry's wishes.
Governments by the rich people for the rich people, thank god for the wonders of democracy.
This exception most likely implies that whatever copy protection is on the original will not be stripped during the regular full-CD copy process... like a watermark.
At least they limit prison terms to three years unlike the USA where sky may be the limit where grumpy judges are involved. Copying is only a hypothetical revenue loss and appears to be more harshly punishable than homicide under many circumstances in the USA. (and probably elsewhere too)
There are not many modern processor architectures today that do not convert OPs to micro-OPs... and even micro-OPs are further expanded into micro-code on most architectures. Micro-OPs is the actual "recipe" telling each pipeline stage exactly what to do as a particular micro-OP is moving through it.
Much of the "unnecessary" logic you enumerated is critical to maximizing single-threaded performance that dominates desktop apps. If desktop apps were optimally massively multithreaded, Intel&all could hypothetically drop branch prediction, out-of-order and a few other such features with little to no impact on overall throughput.
There is also logic associated with backwards compatibility. Supporting legacy modes, historic kludges (bugs turned features such as HMA) and other such must "waste" quite a few transistors. To some extent, the micro-OPs decoder could be considered as part of this overhead. Cell's relative virginity probably helps quite a bit here.
Re:Parent is flamebait and trollish. Mod down.
on
LokiTorrent Shut Down
·
· Score: 1
Too bad I lost my mod-points.
It really sucks how politics is ultimately all about money, basically a game for the rich to get even richer by legally screwing the general population.
People may get to choose their reps but reps need money for their campaigns, this money comes from sponsors who expect some political/legal favours so people get screwed over anywhich way.
The political process may technically be open to everyone but independents cannot get anywhere without sufficient funds. So modern politics is about just as flawed as pattent laws have always been - fully open to abuse by whoever can afford it.
After today's >5MP digital color camera we get 5kP analog monochrome sight, wonderful.
I think I will stick to organic electrochemical analog sight for a few more decades.
Of course, being able to see anything is still considerably better than being completely blind. For those who want/need this technology ASAP, I hope it will exceed >50kP soon... and at least 2MP by the time my turn is up if it ever does.
Apps written specifically for HT should be able to use the cache more intelligently - actually, one of Intel's favourite/recommended uses for HT is cache preloading so the processing thread will generate fewer misses.
Since HT's goal is to help keep the pipelines filled when one thread stalls, I am guessing SETI must be a somewhat missy piece of code and that must be why a pair of them on an HT/SMT CPU works well.
HT might not be as good as a second core but keep in mind that most people run a fundamentally (mo)no-tasking working environment - their CPUs are 99% idle or running spyware/virus/NAV 99% of the time.
HT is nice for people who want to maximize throughput, not so great for people who want peak performance for fundamentally single-threaded code. For the extra ~6W my P4 PC uses while HT is enabled and running a pair of SETIs, instead of completing one WU per nearly 3h I get through a pair of WUs in roughly 4h, a >50% throughput gain. My P4 is also the only PC I have which consistently plays videos smoothly, the others (P3-1G, A64-3000+) look like they drop a frame every now and then.
So, when I look at the P4 as a media-oriented CPU designed to deliver the smoothest media playback possible on a PC, HT is plenty good enough and quite possibly less likely to hurt than the upcoming apparently half-baked Intel CMP.
In any case, I got my P4 last year, my A64 laptop this year so both AMD and Intel have 3-4 years to sort their stuff out until I let them tempt me again.
What do you suppose MP rigs have been doing so far?
SMP and CMP can be more than an order of magnitude more efficient at managing thread synchronization simply because internal chip bandwidth and buses are far less expensive than package/socket/PCB pins and bandwidth. Also, propagation delays across a monolithic chip are far less than they would be across IO-pads + package + socket + PCB + etc.
Multi-core synchronization can be an order of magnitude more efficient than multi-chip can be because multi-core is not exposed to nearly as many unknowns and physical/economical/electrical limitations.
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The 7805 itself may have an internal 1A limit but 1A is plenty for driving a current-boost transistor, at which point the limiting factor becomes pass transistor heatsinking.
1- connect ~5 ohms resistor between reg-In and power source
2- connect PNP base to the regulator-resistor node
3- connect PNP collector to regulator output
4- connect PNP emitter to power source
At very low loads, the transistor's base remains reverse-biased so the regulator provides all load current but beyond 200mA, the load's bulk migrates towards the pass transistor.
Without this patch though, the 7805 would either shutdown or burn out... from the looks of the only picture that loaded before the site died on me, they used a tiny heatsink and probably no pass transistor so...
TO220: Tja = maybe 20C/W with the tiny heatsink
Pd = (Vin-Vout) * Iout = (12-2)*1 = 10W (the CPUs are practically shorting the output so 2V seems reasonable.)
Tj = Pd * Tja + Ta = 25C + 10W * 20C/W = 225C
Since most silicon ICs do not like junction temperatures above 125C, I declare their 7805 most likely deep-fried.
On strictly numerical terms, numbers are not trademarkable - Intel learned this while trying to trademark "80586" or some other variant(s) of it.
As for your actual question, Microsoft might have a remotely defendable claim on binary representations of the string "Microsoft". In 7-bits ASCII, this would mean the shortest Microsoft-trademarkable bit pattern might be at most 63 bits long.
(Or it could be "XBox"... 28 bits - but the XBox is probably using unicode.)
In Canada, there are rules from the CRTC specifically banning ADAD (Auto-Dialing and Answering Devices) from being used for advertising and solicitation purposes including charities.
To me, bulk-mailing is similar to such phone directory brute-forcing. It is intrusive, wasteful and annoying.
The CRTC allows ADADs for appointment confirmations and public safety announcements, both legitimate, reasonable and pertinent reasons. This law simply brings these CRTC rules to eMail. For the record, even though CRTC stands for "Canadian Radio and Telecomunication Commitee", Internet is considered an "Information service" which is not (yet) under its jurisdiction.
Even when idle, Prescott's static power usage can be as high as 35W... that was for the 1M version though. Since the new one has nearly double as many transistors thanks to the 2MB cache, static power must have increased to over 40W.
My next desktop PC will probably be a Pentium-M or equivalent unless the desktop variants acquire P4-ish power budgets. I'm glad AMD drew the line at 100W but I would personally prefer rolling back under 40W.
Of course, with multicore and other extra on-chip hardware, static (and dynamic) power can only keep increasing so holding my breath is futile for all but mobile parts.
Singularities most likely do exist but finding them for all common block sizes would take something close to infinite time... even with shortcuts to cut the effective key size in half, testing 2^80 cases (instead of 2^160) for one particular block size would still take milions of years even if processing power increased by hundreds of times.
Now that processing power fell from doubling every 18 months to increasing by less than 50% every two years, crypto should be relatively safe from exponential advances in the future - at least until the next big thing happens.
Somewhere where there are no software patents - yet.
The MPAA, RIAA, patent, political and other mechanisms of old are all becoming increasingly abusive with each passing year, all in the name of profits and against all regardless of consequences for the general public.
After bombings and plane crashes comes litigative terrorism - but this form is endorsed by governments so we need an alternative to that.
Some legit patent applications get dropped and some very interesting (from a "let's show the world how broken the patent examination process is" dept) are granted...
Two examples frequently cited around here are:
1- A method for swinging on a swing (sideways)
2- A circular transportation device (wheel)
So obviousness is obviously very subjective... both of these should bave been chucked out during the first reading but both were actually granted not so many years ago.
Fixed-length fields make data flows more regular and therefore easier to manage.
For hardware and software designers, knowing that every field in a data structure is in a specific order and are of specific lengths make their lives an awful lot easier.
Variable length field might be nice for high-level languages but for low-level stuff and hardware implementation, they can be awfully troublesome and are usually avoided wherever possible.
$80/problem?
My calculator must be broken, it says $80k.
3.8 * 10^7 / (4.7 * 10^2) = something * 10^5
0 |something| 10
(0.8 in this case)
I think it is a safe bet that my calculator must be right.
Under limit conditions, one gets:
Computer: ~200 Watts 24/24.
Heater: 2kWh ~6 minutes per hour.
(The above limit condition presumes the environment/room is leaking just enough heat to maintain steady temperature with the PC as the only heat source - human adults add about 80-120W apiece while idle, are we made on Intel's 65nm process?)
In either case, 17.28 megajoules worth of energy got injected in your work environment, the main difference being that the computer produced other useful work (and more noise) along the way.
Heat pumps for heating make sense mostly for central HVAC setups. My second sentence clearly mentionned "electric radiator" which clearly indicates what sort of electric heat I was implying in the first one.
Sure, heat pumps are ~10X more efficient than radiators and can usually do double-duty as air-conditionners.
One problem with heat pumps in Canada and other places higher up North is that their efficiency drops significantly below -20C and you would be fundamentally screwed if it is the only heat source available. For apartments where central heating is not possible and only one type of heating is the practical limit, the choices are either electric radiators or some variation of closed-circuit water (or sometimes even steam) heating.
If your primary heat is electric, the only cost difference is in computer repairs since computers are far more likely to fail than an electric radiator.
During summer though, I keep only the PCs I need turned on and I take a break from SETI&all.
Refresh as in screen update time or refresh as in repainting to avoid fade flicker?
They stated that image persistence is measured in days so refreshing every few days (0.000001Hz) would be enough to avoid fading on it.
They also said that pixel capacitance is much higher than LCDs so it requires more power to update a display region... for PDAs or anything that displays generally static content this is great: only need to repaint stuff that change and do a full display refresh cycle once per day to ensure color consistency of rarely updated areas.
One or two seconds in one of the cafeteria's microwave ovens would do the trick... but I presume the school would start charging for replacement of "defective" badges.
Alternatively, maybe tin-foiling the badge's backside would be enough to block it - or at least substantially reduce its range.
Yup, it takes only one person worldwide with the knowledge and motivation to make "protected" contents wide-open for everyone else.
They are just making life more miserable for the average joe, inflating prices, complexity, etc. in the process.
The CDs/DVDs themselves might cost next to nothing to make and ship... but the ~$100M budget movies that go on DVDs do not make themselves up overnight.
Blockbuster movies do easily recoup this initial investment. Although we often hear about movies raking in milions over the first week, marginally profitable or even loss-making productions also exist. For these, DVD/CD sales help fund future projects or limit losses.
Someone who bought a 3GHz P4 more than two years ago is still fairly close to top-of-the-line by today's Intel roadmaps.
Of course, platforms and video chips are a different story.
Thankfully, multicore, multithreading and 64bit-ness going mainstream this year should help shake up the x86 CPU world a bit after more than two years of stagnation.
Usually, DMCA is only one of many laws conjured in a copyright/DRM/etc. and the combined "recommendation" often exceeds 10 years... which usually gets reduced to five or less by the time verdict is due.
I wonder how many of the copyright-related laws would survive a thorough enforceability test - most countries' constitution provide a clause to void laws too troublesome (mass disobedience) to enforce... the catch is it must be clearly observable.
What would a judge do...
- Judge: "I sentence you to five years."
- Defendent: "Your honor, does your daughter actually own a licensed copy of all 4317 MP3s found on her 20GB iPod? How much are you going to sentence her?"
If everybody declared themselves as pirates and insisted on doing jail time at the same time, the legal/jail system would crumble under presure and the DMCA/copyright/etc. laws sent back to the drawing board for a rewrite aimed at avoiding this, probably by narrowing applicability, much against the industry's wishes.
Governments by the rich people for the rich people, thank god for the wonders of democracy.
This exception most likely implies that whatever copy protection is on the original will not be stripped during the regular full-CD copy process... like a watermark.
At least they limit prison terms to three years unlike the USA where sky may be the limit where grumpy judges are involved. Copying is only a hypothetical revenue loss and appears to be more harshly punishable than homicide under many circumstances in the USA. (and probably elsewhere too)
There are not many modern processor architectures today that do not convert OPs to micro-OPs... and even micro-OPs are further expanded into micro-code on most architectures. Micro-OPs is the actual "recipe" telling each pipeline stage exactly what to do as a particular micro-OP is moving through it.
Much of the "unnecessary" logic you enumerated is critical to maximizing single-threaded performance that dominates desktop apps. If desktop apps were optimally massively multithreaded, Intel&all could hypothetically drop branch prediction, out-of-order and a few other such features with little to no impact on overall throughput.
There is also logic associated with backwards compatibility. Supporting legacy modes, historic kludges (bugs turned features such as HMA) and other such must "waste" quite a few transistors. To some extent, the micro-OPs decoder could be considered as part of this overhead. Cell's relative virginity probably helps quite a bit here.
Too bad I lost my mod-points.
It really sucks how politics is ultimately all about money, basically a game for the rich to get even richer by legally screwing the general population.
People may get to choose their reps but reps need money for their campaigns, this money comes from sponsors who expect some political/legal favours so people get screwed over anywhich way.
The political process may technically be open to everyone but independents cannot get anywhere without sufficient funds. So modern politics is about just as flawed as pattent laws have always been - fully open to abuse by whoever can afford it.
After today's >5MP digital color camera we get 5kP analog monochrome sight, wonderful.
I think I will stick to organic electrochemical analog sight for a few more decades.
Of course, being able to see anything is still considerably better than being completely blind. For those who want/need this technology ASAP, I hope it will exceed >50kP soon... and at least 2MP by the time my turn is up if it ever does.
Apps written specifically for HT should be able to use the cache more intelligently - actually, one of Intel's favourite/recommended uses for HT is cache preloading so the processing thread will generate fewer misses.
Since HT's goal is to help keep the pipelines filled when one thread stalls, I am guessing SETI must be a somewhat missy piece of code and that must be why a pair of them on an HT/SMT CPU works well.
HT might not be as good as a second core but keep in mind that most people run a fundamentally (mo)no-tasking working environment - their CPUs are 99% idle or running spyware/virus/NAV 99% of the time.
HT is nice for people who want to maximize throughput, not so great for people who want peak performance for fundamentally single-threaded code. For the extra ~6W my P4 PC uses while HT is enabled and running a pair of SETIs, instead of completing one WU per nearly 3h I get through a pair of WUs in roughly 4h, a >50% throughput gain. My P4 is also the only PC I have which consistently plays videos smoothly, the others (P3-1G, A64-3000+) look like they drop a frame every now and then.
So, when I look at the P4 as a media-oriented CPU designed to deliver the smoothest media playback possible on a PC, HT is plenty good enough and quite possibly less likely to hurt than the upcoming apparently half-baked Intel CMP.
In any case, I got my P4 last year, my A64 laptop this year so both AMD and Intel have 3-4 years to sort their stuff out until I let them tempt me again.
What do you suppose MP rigs have been doing so far?
SMP and CMP can be more than an order of magnitude more efficient at managing thread synchronization simply because internal chip bandwidth and buses are far less expensive than package/socket/PCB pins and bandwidth. Also, propagation delays across a monolithic chip are far less than they would be across IO-pads + package + socket + PCB + etc.
Multi-core synchronization can be an order of magnitude more efficient than multi-chip can be because multi-core is not exposed to nearly as many unknowns and physical/economical/electrical limitations.