Slashdot Mirror


Distributed Computing "Advances"

Quirk writes "NewScientist is reporting on..."Software to be launched in January will let PC users run as many "distributed computing" projects as they like. The program will let PC users search for aliens, help predict climate change and perform advanced biological research - all at the same time."'It is called the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC). BOINC acts like a software platform that can run a number of screen-saver style applications on top of the PC's own operating system.'"

160 comments

  1. pretty sweet by lotas · · Score: 3, Informative

    im already running boinc on a few of the machines at home and work and it works cool. i especially like the built in queing and multi processor support.

    --
    Lotas T Smartman www.lotas-smartman.net
    1. Re:pretty sweet by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Its not released until January then :D Where did you get it

    2. Re:pretty sweet by lotas · · Score: 5, Informative

      they have a beta test on their site (http://setiboinc.ssl.berkeley.edu/ap/). i just downloaded it, setup an account on the site and it works.

      --
      Lotas T Smartman www.lotas-smartman.net
    3. Re:pretty sweet by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Well, I for one OWN MY computer...if ya want to use MY processor power for YOUR projects better PAY me or back off.

    4. Re:pretty sweet by Joe+U · · Score: 1

      Actually, you have a good point.

      These programs are not really cost free to run.

      If you have a UPS with a power use meter and you launch something that is very processor intensive, you'll actually see the power use go up on the UPS.

      That power isn't free, it might only be a few cents now, but it does add up over time.

    5. Re:pretty sweet by Dorothy+86 · · Score: 1

      Call me ignorant, and no, i didnt RTFA, but wouldnt running different ones slow itself, and the others down? causeing there to be less progress made in each individual one?

    6. Re:pretty sweet by lotas · · Score: 1

      if you meen running two tasks at a time, yea it would slow it down, unless your on a dual processor system. but im not sure if i get what you mean.

      --
      Lotas T Smartman www.lotas-smartman.net
    7. Re:pretty sweet by Dorothy+86 · · Score: 1

      ahh, uhh.. sorry, a little vague:) (i knew what im ment) what i ment was: If you run more than one of the distributed computing clients (e.g. google compute, seti at home etc) then wont thy just slow each other down, making less progress on each over a greater amount of time? and doesn't that defeat the purpose somewhat? (geting alot done on one, in my opionion, is better than a little done on a lot, but i guess it is a matter of opinion)

  2. About Time! by Joe+U · · Score: 5, Funny

    Finally, a source for my advanced alien biological climate change program!

    1. Re:About Time! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Funny

      Forgot the "Muhahahahahah" at the end of that.

    2. Re:About Time! by xaoslaad · · Score: 1

      Don't make me enlist Rowdy Roddy Piper to kick your ass! http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096256/

    3. Re:About Time! by Threni · · Score: 5, Funny

      Ah - but will it let you use any spare cycles to do some work in the background?

    4. Re:About Time! by Lord_Dweomer · · Score: 3, Funny
      "Finally, a source for my advanced alien biological climate change program!"

      Oh god, I sense a new cliched Slashdot joke about to be born. Beowulf cluster overlords profiting in Soviet Russia, step aside!

      --
      Buy Steampunk Clothing Online!
    5. Re:About Time! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Finally, while unsuspecting users think they are searching for a cure for cancer, they can be helping me hack swiss bank accounts and transfer the money to my special Cayman island account!!

  3. Huh? by vigilology · · Score: 0, Redundant
    FTA: But until now, it has only been possible to subscribe to one of these services at a time.

    I have news for them.

  4. Wont we get this in longhorn with... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    NUMA and networkable memory?

    I can then allocate to share X MB's of ram sure the latency will be shity but its there to be pooled to those permitted to access it. A boon for clustering.

    1. Re:Wont we get this in longhorn with... by Moderation+abuser · · Score: 4, Insightful

      NUMA is great for dedicated machines, but general purpose machines lending out RAM to other systems? Get real, you'd be better off with a BFO page space.

      Remote RAM has to be instantly available and it can't go away. Shitty isn't the word for it when we're talking about using general purpose networking kit like gigabit for NUMA. Utterly unusable and waste of time are the best words to describe it. You need SCI, Myrinet or similar to get shitty performance.

      --
      Government of the people, by corporate executives, for corporate profits.
    2. Re:Wont we get this in longhorn with... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Well, thats whats comming, the ability to share ram over a network, shitty or not. Now if its standardized that means we could mix and match any machine on a network and pool ram.

    3. Re:Wont we get this in longhorn with... by Moderation+abuser · · Score: 1

      It's a pointless exercise. People use RAM because it's fast. NUMA RAM is *not* fast, in fact, unless you are using a high performance, low latency proprietary network it's slower than paging to local disk. It's just like running an NFS paging space and that's just horrible.

      For dedicated servers with high performance interconnects it sucks pretty badly compared to local RAM, for general purpose desktops and servers over ethernet and oh my god TCP/IP on top it's just taking the piss.

      --
      Government of the people, by corporate executives, for corporate profits.
    4. Re:Wont we get this in longhorn with... by grub · · Score: 2, Informative


      Well, in fairness to NUMA it allows a shared memory pool and single system image. These fancy SGI Linux machines with loads of CPUs running a single system image wouldn't exist without NUMA.

      NUMA memory may be slower than RAM but it's far faster for interprocessor communications and shared RAM than is a beowulf cluster (which doesn't do shared RAM afaik)

      --
      Trolling is a art,
  5. What happens if we combine the applications? by Gothic_Walrus · · Score: 4, Funny

    Does this mean that now we'll be mapping het the genome of aliens with AIDS?

    --
    Goo goo g'joob.
  6. First distributed project by questamor · · Score: 5, Funny

    The first project underway in BOINC is to have everybody's machine submit news about BOINC to slashdot, which is so far happening succesfully. This is the first dupe of many.

  7. All-time best distributed computing app by Rosco+P.+Coltrane · · Score: 5, Funny

    The first and easily the best known is SETI@home, which since 1999 has enlisted half a million people to analyse data from the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico, looking for signs of alien life.

    Better than Seti@home and BOINC: Yeti@home.

    --
    "A door is what a dog is perpetually on the wrong side of" - Ogden Nash
    1. Re:All-time best distributed computing app by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Is that Yeti house-trained?

      I just got through cleaning up after Bonzi...

  8. Good news for standards by Palverone · · Score: 5, Informative

    Even though you *can* do multiple projects at one time, you have to run seperate applications (if I'm correct) so this would be a good integration into one application that handles multiple projects and allows your machine to be used more efficiently.

    1. Re:Good news for standards by gustgr · · Score: 1

      I belive the great achievement will come when it supports multi processors. I don't know much about clustering, but is it possible to run a program like that on a Linux cluster for example ? And how about those Intel Hyper Threading processors ?

  9. one big effort by sosegumu · · Score: 5, Funny

    Have you ever thought that the internet is just one giant 'distributed computing' effort to find pr0n?

    --
    It's easier to wear the spandex than to do the crunches. --David Lee Roth
    1. Re:one big effort by snatchitup · · Score: 1

      yes! Thanks gnutella!

      I'm going Japanese!

    2. Re:one big effort by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      it's called The Hun.

    3. Re:one big effort by yakko+nef · · Score: 1

      Thought about it and revel in it's beauty.

    4. Re:one big effort by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I've had no problem finding pr0n myself. 'The Internet' might be a good place to start looking.

  10. Who is Benefiting? by Famatra · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I was interested in the folding protein project, but are the results open to the public (like the human geneome project) free of charge, or will someone making a buck off *my* computing power?

    With all the distributed computing projects out there be sure to read the fine print, if your going to use your computer for a project make sure its helping everyone instead of a few corporations make $.

    1. Re:Who is Benefiting? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

      From the Folding@home website FAQ:

      "Who "owns" the results? What will happen to them?

      Unlike other distributed computing projects, Folding@home is run by an academic institution (specifically the Pande Group, at Stanford University's Chemistry Department), which is a nonprofit institution dedicated to science research and education. We will not sell the data or make any money off of it.
      Moreover, we will make the data available for others to use. In particular, the results from Folding@home will be made available on several levels. Most importantly, analysis of the simulations will be submitted to scientific journals for publication, and these journal articles will be posted on the web page after publication. Next, after publication of these scientific articles which analyze the data, the raw data of the folding runs will be available for everyone, including other researchers, here on this web site."

      http://www.stanford.edu/group/pandegroup/folding /

    2. Re:Who is Benefiting? by sosegumu · · Score: 1

      Yeah...and it could be worse. If Real Player were running a 'distributed computing' project, they would probably charge you for them to use your computer.

      --
      It's easier to wear the spandex than to do the crunches. --David Lee Roth
    3. Re:Who is Benefiting? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Who is benefiting? The obvious answer is YOU.

      One day this project may aid in a cure and save YOUR life. Start folding now.

  11. Double work by enodev · · Score: 3, Interesting

    "Keeping track of how much work everybody has done is one of the prime motivations," says Anderson. BOINC checks this by farming out each problem twice and comparing the results. "If the answers are different we have to assume that one of those parties may have cheated," he says.

    So the whole work has to be done twice for the sake of correctness. I think they should introduce some trusted user mode, let's say, so that results from users who have invested a certain amount of cpu time should be trusted or at least not every received result double checked. Just every n'th packet or so and if it's invalid they have to recheck all unchecked packets. I guess this would reduce double work a lot as there is normaly only a minority of users who's trying to cheat.
    Does this sound sane?
    1. Re:Double work by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      sounds good to me, it could work much as the moderation points @/.

    2. Re:Double work by jkcity · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Double results and checking also helps to capture random errors i would guess as well though, not just cheating.

    3. Re:Double work by j7953 · · Score: 1
      I think they should introduce some trusted user mode, let's say, so that results from users who have invested a certain amount of cpu time should be trusted [...]

      How do you know how much CPU time a user invested? That's also information submitted by the user that you cannot trust.

      Unless of course the "trusted user mode" involves requiring the user to run the software on some sort of "trusted" computer, Microsoft Palladium style. In that case you might be able to save 50% computing time, but I suppose at the same time the project would lose more than 50% of its users.

      --
      Sig (appended to the end of comments I post, 54 chars)
    4. Re:Double work by enodev · · Score: 1

      No no, I didn't mean trusted computing. But if a user sent a certain amount of work units (and therefore invested a certain amout of cpu time) not each and every packet should be double checked.

    5. Re:Double work by j7953 · · Score: 1

      Oops, sorry, I somehow missed the "every n'th packet" in your post. Yes, that would probably make sense for some projects, if the checked packets are selected randomly.

      --
      Sig (appended to the end of comments I post, 54 chars)
  12. I'm afraid this will be the end of my SETI years by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I've always had some mild reservations about running the closed-source SETI code, but convinced myself it wasn't an unreasonable exposure. A meta-app that exists to download yet more closed-source code without telling me... nope, that's over the line. Sorry, lil' green guy, but this is too much to ask.

    (signed) a top 1% setiathome client.

  13. Stuff to read again... by BillGodfrey · · Score: 4, Informative
    If you didn't read it first time, here it is again...

    My Primer on building a distributed computing project.

    (It still needs updating.)

  14. BOINK by Dylan2000 · · Score: 4, Funny

    Wouldn't it make more sense if they'd chosen a last word beginning with a K?

    Boinking aliens and cancer with my computer? Sign me up!

    --
    Build your own website - full service homepage system your m
    1. Re:BOINK by sharkey · · Score: 2, Funny
      Wouldn't it make more sense if they'd chosen a last word beginning with a K?

      I'm looking forward to the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Networking GNOME (BOING). Maybe they could get Berke Breathed to design the mascots for it.

      --

      --
      "Outlook not so good." That magic 8-ball knows everything! I'll ask about Exchange Server next.
  15. Overuse of "quotation marks" by Bowie+J.+Poag · · Score: 4, Funny



    Using "quotation marks" in the "wrong places" makes everything you "say" seem "suspicious".. Like you're trying to "pull one over" on the "reader" by insinuating theres a double "meaning" to the "word" in "quotes"..

    Hate to be a grammar Nazi, but, the the whole quotation mark thing is a pet peeve. :)

    Cheers,

    --
    Bowie J. Poag

    1. Re:Overuse of "quotation marks" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "Hate to be a grammar Nazi, but, the the whole quotation mark thing is a pet peeve. :)"

      "the the" ??

    2. Re:Overuse of "quotation marks" by donnyspi · · Score: 1
      Using all those quotes reminds me of Chris Farley's character Bennett Brauer (spelling?) on SNL.

    3. Re:Overuse of "quotation marks" by RevMike · · Score: 2, Funny
      Using "quotation marks" in the "wrong places" makes everything you "say" seem "suspicious".. Like you're trying to "pull one over" on the "reader" by insinuating theres a double "meaning" to the "word" in "quotes".

      You're absolutely "right", nothing annoys "me" more than overuse of this "technique". I "literally" claw my eyes out everytime someone "misuses" quotes.

    4. Re:Overuse of "quotation marks" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That's not the whole quotation mark thing. Air-quotes are a seperate species of pet peeve.

    5. Re:Overuse of "quotation marks" by bj8rn · · Score: 1
      --
      Hell is not other people; it is yourself. - Ludwig Wittgenstein
    6. Re:Overuse of "quotation marks" by smitty45 · · Score: 1

      But in this case, it's correct, because the intention is to place suspicion on the word 'advances'.

      Maybe you ought to make a new year's resolution to reduce the number of things that bother you. It'd be better on the rest of us who are constantly reading your dumb pet peeves. Hate to be a grammar Nazi my ass, you love it.

    7. Re:Overuse of "quotation marks" by value_added · · Score: 1

      Your suggesting, then, that bold-faced type or other forms of often inappropriately-selected HTML markup is a superior method of adding emphasis or delineating portions of one's comments?

      I'd submit that quotation marks are preferrable for two reasons. First, they're subtle. No has anything so important to say that it requires bold type or some nutty indentation. Second, the use of italics (the only remaining option as no one seems to get usenet-styled astersisks and underscores) not only requires one to use something other than "plain old text" but also is frequently difficult to read on screen. Which is where we're all reading it, right?

      So "there."

    8. Re:Overuse of "quotation marks" by melee · · Score: 2, Informative

      "Your suggesting, then, that bold-faced type or other forms of often inappropriately-selected HTML markup is a superior method of adding emphasis or delineating portions of one's comments?"

      Yes. Quotation marks, in case you missed it, are for demarcating *quotations*, much as I have done above. To use them otherwise, regardless of what limitations the medium might have, really only serves to show that you probably haven't been paying attention.

      If you think that there are no viable alternatives for emphasis than overloading the use of such a well-defined and widely-used punctutation mark, I suggest you simply go without. Good writing doesn't need emphasis markup anyway: I suspect that you'll find no bold typefaces in the nearest novel or newspaper to hand, nor quotations used for emphasis. (Unless you have one of the perticularly trashy examples of these media.)

      http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/quotation.h tm
      http://www.juvalamu.com/qmarks/#current

  16. YAPSFUAS by cyclist1200 · · Score: 3, Funny

    Yet Another Project Suffering From Unfortunate Acronym Syndrome.

  17. seti@home wasnt the first distributed process by Indy1 · · Score: 5, Informative

    typical reporters fscked their facts in the story.

    qoute "The first and easily the best known is SETI@home, which since 1999 has enlisted half a million people to analyse data from the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico, looking for signs of alien life."

    I believe distributed.net's client was the first program of its type to download information from a remote server, use idle cpu cycles to calculate whatever, then resubmit it back to the central server. I ran distributed.net back in 98, more then a year before seti came out.

    --
    Lawyers, MBA's, RIAA? A jedi fears not these things!
    1. Re:seti@home wasnt the first distributed process by dcw3 · · Score: 2, Informative

      According to their site the first release was on 6/8/98. Not sure if distributed.net was before that, but you weren't running it "more then a year before seti".

      They were way off on the user stats by nearly an order of magnitude. The statistics page shows over 4,800,000 users.

      --
      Just another day in Paradise
    2. Re:seti@home wasnt the first distributed process by stevey · · Score: 4, Funny

      I'm not sure that I can prove this, but I created a distributed client of sorts in 1997.

      It was a java applet which ostensibly did some cute" image animation, back when such things were new and fun to write.

      What it actually did was download from my server the latest value of PI and try to compute more digits. When the applet was destroyed it submitted its result to the server.

      It was fun watching the result get gradually longer and longer with no effort on my part just due to people who were interested in my webpages.

      Maybe it should have been advertised, but I took pleasure knowing what was going on ..

    3. Re:seti@home wasnt the first distributed process by Darkness+Productions · · Score: 2, Informative

      the GIMPS project has been around longer than both of them, and unless I'm mistaken, is the longest running DC project currently available.

    4. Re:seti@home wasnt the first distributed process by Lars+T. · · Score: 1
      "We know this method works! On 19 October 1997 at 1325 UTC, we found the correct solution for RSA Labs' 56-bit secret-key challenge. (That's RC5-32/12/7 56-bit for you stats junkies.) The key was 0x532B744CC20999, and it took us 250 days to locate."

      IOW d-net started more than a year before SETI@HOME.

      --

      Lars T.

      To the guy who modded me down from perfect to terrible Karma - Apple haters still suck

    5. Re:seti@home wasnt the first distributed process by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I see, but Oct 97 is not more than a year before June 98.

    6. Re:seti@home wasnt the first distributed process by Lars+T. · · Score: 1

      You didn't see "it took us 250 days to locate". 250 days before Oct 19 1997 sure is more than a year before June 1998.

      --

      Lars T.

      To the guy who modded me down from perfect to terrible Karma - Apple haters still suck

    7. Re:seti@home wasnt the first distributed process by B3ryllium · · Score: 1

      I once got hit by a worm that installed a D.Net client in the background. I didn't notice it for two or three months.

      I damn near fell over laughing when I found it. :)

    8. Re:seti@home wasnt the first distributed process by Duncan3 · · Score: 1

      Distributed computing toolkits go back AT LEAST to 1973 and before with DCS. It's not like the d.net client was the first one I or someone else ever wrote. That's why it only took us a couple weeks from when Genx pulled the plug to write what whould be known as the d.net client.

      But yes, SETI does always claim to be the first.

      They are claiming to be the first "multi-project" client too, but you all remember picking between DES and RC5 I'm sure :) Folding@home and others are multi-project too, and that was back in 2000 using the Cosm SDK.

      The only interesting thing about BOINC is that it took them so long and it's XML for buzzword compliance and extra overhead, but people are used to that now.

      Oh and if you see claims that Folding@home is using BOINC (and you will), that's not true either.

      --
      - Adam L. Beberg - The Cosm Project - http://www.mithral.com/
    9. Re:seti@home wasnt the first distributed process by Nugget · · Score: 2, Informative

      Yes, this is absolutely true. GIMP was around when d.net started and they're still going strong today. There was also Rocke Verser's DESCHALL group which had a head start on distributed.net by a couple months, but they shut down when they completed the RSA Labs DES challenge.

      Seti came well over a year later.

      For d.net, at least, our first assigned block was in early March 1997.

      http://www.distributed.net/history.html.en

  18. Virus maker excuse by AtariAmarok · · Score: 5, Funny

    Judge: "What do you have to say about the virus you created, young man?"

    Virii writer: "It wasn't a virus, your honor. It was really a non-permission-based propagation model for a distributed computing application that involved producing the results of decreased uptime and further propagation of the non-permission-based distributed application."

    --
    Don't blame Durga. I voted for Centauri.
    1. Re:Virus maker excuse by kalgen · · Score: 1

      Of course, it's not really non-permission-based as you've consented to the distributed application unless you specifically opt-out.

  19. Didn't see anyone else post this yet... by xaoslaad · · Score: 4, Informative

    http://boinc.berkeley.edu/

    I didn't see it in the story either. Pardon me please if I'm just blind/illiterate

  20. Skeptical by Root+Down · · Score: 4, Funny

    ... because we all know that no really good concept in computing has ever come out of Berkeley. ;)

    1. Re:Skeptical by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      At least not anything that wasn't stolen from SCO.

    2. Re:Skeptical by RicktheBrick · · Score: 2, Insightful

      This only works if one is using one's computer for personal reasons and contributing the wasted cyles to the cause. If one leaves the computer on only to do the calucations than one is paying more for the electricity to run the program than the calculations are worth. I refer to the $5 million dollar supercomputer at Virginia Tech. This computer can do 8 trillion calculations a second. Now how many pc would it take to equal that and than caculate the cost of electricity for that amount of pc's. Now the question is "Is it better to contribute money to a cause so they can buy and maintain the supercomputers or to run one own computer?" Today it might be questionable but in a couple of years the supercomputers will difinitely be cheaper. Running a supercomputer would eliminate the redundancy problem which is 5 times at Gric.org(cancer and smallpox research).

    3. Re:Skeptical by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Oh c'mon... I mean, doesn't everyone use the M4 macro language?? Sendmail uses it, after all. :-P

      I swear whoever wrote M4 was on LSD at the time.

    4. Re:Skeptical by jaf1230 · · Score: 1

      LSD and BSD, man!

      --
      SIG 666 - Signature stolen by the devil
  21. What I'd like to see by elliotj · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I'd like to see a distributed computing app that can be used to both do the work (like the current ones do), AND optionally have the ability to submit a task. This way you could have a world wide supercomputer that everybody would have a chance to employ. Very few people would probably use it, but it would be very interesting to see the ways in which different people put it to use.

    1. Re:What I'd like to see by mo^ · · Score: 1

      Isnt this what GRID is about? It may not be, i dont know, but i can't be arsed to find a link and check for myself...

      --
      bah!*@%!
    2. Re:What I'd like to see by andyb2083 · · Score: 1

      Do you think it would be possible to turn this into some form of business model. Where companies who have one-off projects with lots of data to process but not enough to warrant buying their own supercomputer can submit tasks to the system. Of course they should pay for it.

      On the other end, the client can make money from processing data for the system. Maybe just to pay for the electricity used by their computers. Or even some kind of system where the more data you process, the less popup adverts you see while browsing. For example I could say I want all my earned money given to slashdot.org in return for no advertising. Everyone's a winner!

    3. Re:What I'd like to see by Lars+T. · · Score: 1

      Add some sort of payment to the mix, and it might work. You get CCredits for doing computations and pay C(ompute)Credits to get something computed. Projects have to acquire CCredits for their computations by some kind of authority, commercial ones for real money, good cause / scientific ones for free. Clients can then use their CCredits for their own projects (a la your "submit a task"), or (if coming from a commercial project) cash them in or donate them to a good cause. At some kind of exchange the clients can "buy" packets to compute, and get the CCredits on completion. Better yet, make that two kinds of CCredits, one for cash projects (CCC), one for the free projects (FCC) - now auction off CCC-paying packets to the one paying the most FCCs. That way there'll be more incentive to also do "community work" for those who just join to make money.

      --

      Lars T.

      To the guy who modded me down from perfect to terrible Karma - Apple haters still suck

    4. Re:What I'd like to see by jcrosby · · Score: 1

      This is a great idea and that's why it already exists :-) IBM, among others, is doing this under the name of grid computing.

    5. Re:What I'd like to see by jcrosby · · Score: 1

      In that case, it's your lucky day. Check out these sites:

      The Dream Project
      Global Grid Forum

    6. Re:What I'd like to see by mazarin5 · · Score: 1

      One of the nice things about BOINC is that anybody can develop an app based on its architecture, and anybody who wants to can run it. So then, maybe we will see something like 'DistributedprojectForge' spring up soon.

      --
      Fnord.
  22. Wait, Isn't that what MS Operating Systems For? by KyootFox · · Score: 2, Funny
    BOINC acts like a software platform that can run a number of screen-saver style applications on top of the PC's own operating system.
    Sounds like Internet Explorer to me... Can't get much more "distributed" than the virii hiway of MS Products! And the nice thing is you don't even have to trouble the user to install your clients...
  23. Obligatory Calvin And Hobbes by devnullkac · · Score: 3, Funny

    Scientific progress goes 'BOINC'?


    --
    What do you mean they cut the power? How can they cut the power, man? They're animals!
    1. Re:Obligatory Calvin And Hobbes by klokwise · · Score: 1

      bizarre... duplicate article gets a duplicate comment.

    2. Re:Obligatory Calvin And Hobbes by philbert26 · · Score: 3, Funny
      bizarre... duplicate article gets a duplicate comment.

      No, that's part of the BOINC process, you do everything twice to make sure it's right.

    3. Re:Obligatory Calvin And Hobbes by Krellan · · Score: 1

      Here's the link that was pointed out in the other article:

      http://calvin.nanovox.com/1990/01/ch900110.gif

      I loved how SETI has named the project BOINC, and also immediately thought of the Calvin And Hobbes reference :)

  24. Multiple Projects on the same machine by Seek_1 · · Score: 5, Insightful

    This really isn't as good as you might think.

    Most distributed computing projects are distributed because they need massive amounts of CPU cycles. Running multiple projects on one machine isn't going to make the projects faster since the same amount of CPU cycles are now being divided up amongst the number of projects that you're running. Infact it'll actually be less because now the machine has to deal with the overhead of switching between project processes.

    On the other hand it might make sense if you were running a CPU-intensive project and a data-intensive project at the same time (ie projects that will maximize separate non-conflicting resources on the same machine..)

    My Folding@Home Team

    1. Re:Multiple Projects on the same machine by Seek_1 · · Score: 1

      Pre-emptive response to any RTFA posts.

      I realize that BOINC won't necessarily be running projects concurrently on one client machine, but the point remains the same. There is not a very significant advantage to having something like this. It's not like Stanford is running out of data for Folding@Home.. (which would be the only reason that you would need to switch projects..)

    2. Re:Multiple Projects on the same machine by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I have not RTFA myself but I think the projects also makes it eaisier for developers. Having an SDK for distributed code. Thats the big strength.

    3. Re:Multiple Projects on the same machine by SETIGuy · · Score: 2, Insightful
      Running multiple projects on one machine isn't going to make the projects faster since the same amount of CPU cycles are now being divided up amongst the number of projects that you're running.

      The default BOINC operating mode on single processor machines is to alternate projects to balance work between projects.

      But that's not really the point. I'll assume you donate to charities. Do you only donate to one charity? Probably not, becase there is more than one worthy charity.

      I think that there is more than one worthy distributed computing project as well. One of the design goals of BOINC is to allow volunteers/donors to spread their contribution among worthy projects.

      Another goal is to unify the donor base. Projects may have a varying processing load depending upon data source. Some projects may be I/O intensive rather than processor intensive. Some may be network intensive. (Running an I/O intensive and a processor intensive process simultaneously DOES make better use of the machine.) It's no big secret that SETI@home has somewhat more processing capacity than it needs right now. (That may change soon, but that's another story.) BOINC allows projects and their donors to shift resources to where they are needed. Assuming everyone signs up for more than one project, excess processing capacity will flow to where it's needed.

  25. Distributed Computing OR my time is NOT free by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Well....the processors in my computers are OWNED by me. I pay the electricity bills to operate them, and YOU want to use my processor time for FREE ?? I dont think so, pony up some cash or keep your distributed clients, thank you.

    1. Re:Distributed Computing OR my time is NOT free by Seek_1 · · Score: 2, Insightful

      I suppose contributing to the collective good doesn't turn your crank then does it?

    2. Re:Distributed Computing OR my time is NOT free by The+Lynxpro · · Score: 1

      "Well....the processors in my computers are OWNED by me. I pay the electricity bills to operate them, and YOU want to use my processor time for FREE ?? I dont think so, pony up some cash or keep your distributed clients, thank you."

      I run SETI on my PC all the time. Its cheaper for me to leave the computer on at all times and use it to maintain a consistent temperature during the winter with it than to crank on than the apartment's electrical heater... :)

      --
      "Right now, somewhere in this world, Scott Baio is plowing a woman he doesn't love," - Peter Griffin, *Family Guy*
    3. Re:Distributed Computing OR my time is NOT free by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I guess that's why its called volunteerism? I couldn't begin to calculate the number of good causes out there that rely on volunteers. Although I find the idea of searching for ET's a waste of time, there are several medical research projects that you could donate your spare cycles to.

      A good place to start:
      http://www.stanford.edu/group/pandegroup/f olding/

    4. Re:Distributed Computing OR my time is NOT free by jes5199 · · Score: 1

      hey, that's right! electricity turns into heat energy at the same rate, no matter what it did in the meantime. so for every watt of power your computer uses, that's one less watt of power your heater needs to crank out. (assuming you have it on a thermostat, and that the computer isn't hot enough to heat the room above its ideal temperature, and that air flow in your home is good enough that the heat from the computer affects the whole house)

      --
      monkeys.
    5. Re:Distributed Computing OR my time is NOT free by The+Lynxpro · · Score: 1

      "hey, that's right! electricity turns into heat energy at the same rate, no matter what it did in the meantime. so for every watt of power your computer uses, that's one less watt of power your heater needs to crank out. (assuming you have it on a thermostat, and that the computer isn't hot enough to heat the room above its ideal temperature, and that air flow in your home is good enough that the heat from the computer affects the whole house)"

      Well, I don't know if it would work for the size of a house, but for my dumpy apartment, SETI and my AthlonXP 1700 keeps it toasty. I think if I were to upgrade my videocard to one of the GeForce models with 256Mb onboard, my apt. would remain a toasty 72 F at all times... Granted, it is a living hell in the summer time... :)

      --
      "Right now, somewhere in this world, Scott Baio is plowing a woman he doesn't love," - Peter Griffin, *Family Guy*
  26. What was that? by TrekkieGod · · Score: 2, Funny

    Oh...that was the sound of a million auxiliary generators being turned on to counter the increased power needs of all these processors.

    --

    Warning: Opinions known to be heavily biased.

  27. STI - Haven't Found Any Yet by Boricle · · Score: 4, Funny
    I always thought that it was the

    Search For Terrestrial Intelligence

    I know I've been struggling... have you found any? Will this help?

    1. Re:STI - Haven't Found Any Yet by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I think after billions of years of evolution we've finally given up on earth and have thus started looking elsewhere.

  28. An Open Agent-based Distributed System by Seek_1 · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I've been thinking about something like this all semester in my Distributed Computing class.

    What I'd really like to see is a system setup where you have a network of clients, any of whom can dispatch an agent across the system that consumes resources to accomplish some goal.

    Obviously there would have to be some sort of non-malicious code signing or sandboxing going on within the system, as well as forcing the agents to consume proportional resources (ie the more time/space/bandwidth you give to the sytem, the more you can consume)... either way it's still a neat idea that I'd be eager to participate in...

    It'd be a little more exciting that Folding at anyrate.. :)

    My Folding@Home Team

    1. Re:An Open Agent-based Distributed System by borgboy · · Score: 1

      Have a look at Robocode or Terrarium
      I am not sure about Robocode, I always assumed they addressed those issues. I know Terrarium does.

      --
      meh.
    2. Re:An Open Agent-based Distributed System by kiwipeso · · Score: 0

      What I'd really like to see is a system setup where you have a network of clients, any of whom can dispatch an agent across the system that consumes resources to accomplish some goal.
      Actually, I'm building an operating system that does act like that, it contacts agents running locally on each machine within their own sandbox.

      --
      - Kaos games and encryption systems developer
  29. Jorn Wittenberger by Elektroschock · · Score: 1

    Jorn Wittenberger's Askemos project may be intresting for you.

  30. wow!! by billyforgot · · Score: 1

    this is amazing....i can't believe ive never heard about this before....on slashdot....oh wait...

  31. Flexibility at the cost of speed? by Dan+Crash · · Score: 2, Insightful

    I know one of the reasons they created BOINC is that the current SETI@home clientbase is very rigid and can only process data from one telescope -- Aricebo. I also know that the commandline client is tons faster than the screensaver-based client. Is BOINC's flexiblity going to end up making BOINC clients slower than the current dedicated clients?

    --
    He who refuses to do arithmetic is doomed to talk nonsense.
    1. Re:Flexibility at the cost of speed? by Loosewire · · Score: 2, Insightful

      is that that the screensaver is only less efficient when displaying its graphs?? how does it compare to the command line versin once the screensaver switches to go to blank mode (thats a setting directly in the screensaver not just a power save of the monitor....)

      --
      Slashdot - The one stop shop for procrastination
    2. Re:Flexibility at the cost of speed? by andyb2083 · · Score: 1
      how does it compare to the command line versin once the screensaver switches to go to blank mode

      I'm not sure what happens when the screensaver switches off. However, I do know that when using SETI@Home on a P4c (with HT) and the SETI window is brought to the front, the processor usage shoots up from 50% to 100%. Maybe this is due to a separate thread being spawned that can be used on the second logical processor. I'm not sure.

      This is one thing I would like about the new system, the ability to run more than one instance of SETI at a time. I have tried and failed to get two copies to run together on different logical processors.

  32. Other distributed projects by AndroidCat · · Score: 5, Funny

    I'm sure that spammers will be registering their distributed spam/DDoS zombies real soon. Why sneak the software onto machines when you can get people to sign up for it if you provide fancy ratings and team standings? Throw in some t-shirts and blue pills and they're gold!

    --
    One line blog. I hear that they're called Twitters now.
  33. Bill Watterson: off by a letter by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
  34. Scientific progress by drpentode · · Score: 0, Redundant

    Scientific progress goes BOINC!

    /a donut to whoever knows that reference. :)

    1. Re:Scientific progress by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      C&H

    2. Re:Scientific progress by AndroidCat · · Score: 1

      Ooo! Ooo! From the previous post further up the page? When do I get my donut?

      --
      One line blog. I hear that they're called Twitters now.
  35. Re:I'm afraid this will be the end of my SETI year by AndroidCat · · Score: 2, Funny
    A meta-app that exists to download yet more closed-source code without telling me...

    Sounds like Windows Update on the automatic setting. :^)

    --
    One line blog. I hear that they're called Twitters now.
  36. Curing AIDS, finding aliens, predicting weather... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Funny

    is there anything BOINC-ing can't do?

  37. Compared to OGSA? by jonasmit · · Score: 2, Interesting

    This may be great for a few high profile applications that users are willing to support. But the Globus Toolkit OGSA project has higher ambitions OGSA and arguably a better chance of making a difference in the next generation of the WWW.

  38. Re:Curing AIDS, finding aliens, predicting weather by The+Lynxpro · · Score: 1

    "is there anything BOINC-ing can't do?"

    Yeah, Boinc can't transform Michael Jackson from a homosexual pedophile (to use Norm MacDonald's term) into a normal upstanding citizen... :)

    --
    "Right now, somewhere in this world, Scott Baio is plowing a woman he doesn't love," - Peter Griffin, *Family Guy*
  39. graphics and Boinc by The+Lynxpro · · Score: 2, Interesting

    From my understanding, Boinc uses OpenGL to unload the screensaver graphics off the main processor's load and onto the graphics card GPU just like how Mac OS X accelerates its GUI graphics (or how Longhorn will do it with DirectX). Too bad Boinc can't uses the GPU like what was covered here on Slashdot under the BrookGPU project yesterday...

    --
    "Right now, somewhere in this world, Scott Baio is plowing a woman he doesn't love," - Peter Griffin, *Family Guy*
    1. Re:graphics and Boinc by SETIGuy · · Score: 2, Informative
      Too bad Boinc can't uses the GPU like what was covered here on Slashdot under the BrookGPU project yesterday...

      Some people have expressed interest in getting BOINC to do that. It may happen.

    2. Re:graphics and Boinc by The+Lynxpro · · Score: 1

      "Some people have expressed interest in getting BOINC to do that. It may happen."

      Good, because I'm interested in seeing how many gigaflops my old Pentium 133 would produce with five (5) Voodoo1 cards filling up all the available PCI slots. My friends and I have plenty of spare old videocards to donate to such an endeavour... :)

      --
      "Right now, somewhere in this world, Scott Baio is plowing a woman he doesn't love," - Peter Griffin, *Family Guy*
  40. Bonic development by mofochickamo · · Score: 1

    I downloaded bonic in January 2003 after reading Prey by Michael Crichton. You have to read a lot of documentation to get going because you must work within their framework. After fiddling for several hours I gave up, because I didn't think many people would bother to run my distributed "Hello, World" application. You see, each client computes the ASCII value for a character in the string, the server then reasembles them and prints it on the server. It greatly reduces the work required to display output on the console.

    --
    Honk if you're horny.
    1. Re:Bonic development by Katalyzt · · Score: 1

      surely that is a most inefficient way to design a distributed printing application. as so many people have under utilized printers it would make far more sense to computer the ASCII values with on central servers and let the clients download and output them to their local printers. teams could be formed to print whole books. after printing, say a million characters, a special set of codes could be sent to the user that would cause a certificate to be printed, this could be posted back to the server to acknowledge the work done.

      --
      version 0.0002
  41. SIC@HOME by Mawbid · · Score: 3, Funny
    Much more interesting than SETI@HOME is the SIC@HOME project, the search for incredible coincidences.

    A radio tuned to static is used to feed a stream of random data to a soundcard. The data is used to construct an image, and in the incredibly unlikely event that this image matches a predetermined image, you've proven that the universe is infinite! :-)

    Don't forget to check out the url of the "What is SIC@HOME?" page.

    --
    Fuck the system? Nah, you might catch something.
  42. No, it's been around for decades. by Moderation+abuser · · Score: 1

    We're talking about network queueing systems here.

    General purpose queueing systems have been around a loong loong looooonngg time; 20, 30, 40 years. Distributed.net and SETI simply expanded the concept to include other people's computers. Hell, NASA produced a freely available and popular one in the 80s called NQS which is still available.

    I have to laugh at the thought that all this "Grid" and distributed stuff is new.

    --
    Government of the people, by corporate executives, for corporate profits.
  43. What I want to do to the girl in the /. personals by eclectro · · Score: 1


    ad that we see alot of now -- is to BOINC her.

    Alas, nothing but fodder for the all the stalker fantasies of my fellow slashdotters.

    --
    Take the cheese to sickbay, the doctor should see it as soon as possible - B'Elanna Torres, "Learning Curve"
  44. Re:Curing AIDS, finding aliens, predicting weather by eclectro · · Score: 1


    If there was more BOINC-ing, there would be less war.

    --
    Take the cheese to sickbay, the doctor should see it as soon as possible - B'Elanna Torres, "Learning Curve"
  45. Re:Curing AIDS, finding aliens, predicting weather by eclectro · · Score: 1

    "is there anything BOINC-ing can't do?"

    Yeah, Boinc can't transform Michael Jackson from a homosexual pedophile (to use Norm MacDonald's term) into a normal upstanding citizen... :)


    Well,

    Michael Jackson == Boy Inc.

    Roomful of computers == Boinc.

    Coincidence? I think not.

    --
    Take the cheese to sickbay, the doctor should see it as soon as possible - B'Elanna Torres, "Learning Curve"
  46. Java Applet distributed computing by DeepDarkSky · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I thought a long time ago, why not make distributed computing applications as Java Applets hosted on web servers?

    Pros:
    - Nothing to "install".
    - Cross platform (write it once, run it everywhere, right?)
    - Easy to use (just browse)

    Cons:
    - Speed.
    - Full featured screen saver not possible?
    - uh...speed?

    1. Re:Java Applet distributed computing by JohnnyCannuk · · Score: 1

      I agree with you and there already is a Java sub-culture doing just that - the Jini and JavaSpaces community. Highly distributed, self-healing, self-forming federations of services and distributed shared memory realms. Combine it with say Java WebStart for distribution and/or RIO for dynamic provisioning and you have one hell of a powerful distributed computing platform. And, because of the Java sandbox and the new Jini 2.0 security features, on that can be make sharing mobile code relatively safe. Throw in the Jini Surrogate Architecture and perhaps JXTA and you have services that can be accesses by any client in any language....

      Sounds intriguing, no?

      As for you speed issues, try using the j2sdk 1.4.x (currently 1.4.2_03). Not only to do get peppy speed, but the latest version allows for full screen mode, so yes, you can make screen savers....

      --
      Never by hatred has hatred been appeased, only by kindness - the Buddha
    2. Re:Java Applet distributed computing by SETIGuy · · Score: 1

      There is nothing preventing a BOINC project from doing just that. If someone wants to make a Java (command line) port of SETI@home, feel free to send it to us.

  47. Finally by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Great numbers of geeks will be BOINCing.

  48. What's stopping you from running multiple clients? by vigilology · · Score: 1

    ./setiathome & ./foldingathome & ./distributeddotnet & Where is the problem?

  49. I'd rather contribute cycles to WETA :) by timothy · · Score: 1

    Not that they need extra hardware, but imagine the resulting credits list if they had to list everyone whose computer rendered a few frames of (the Hobbit? The tales of Narnia?) ...

    timothy

    --
    jrnl: http://tinyurl.com/c2l8yr / foes: http://tinyurl.com/ckjno5
    1. Re:I'd rather contribute cycles to WETA :) by The+Lynxpro · · Score: 1

      "Not that they need extra hardware, but imagine the resulting credits list if they had to list everyone whose computer rendered a few frames of (the Hobbit? The tales of Narnia?) ..."

      I'd rather contribute my cycles to Lucasfilm/ILM in the attempt to use spare CPU cycles to virtually write a better screenplay than Episode I. Yes, I know, its an analogy to 1,000 monkeys at typewriters... :)

      Actually, I like that idea. I was thinking about that a couple of weeks ago, something like Weta or ILM creating a distributed processing platform for rendering. There would be some rewards program to ensure that the fans had their computers crunch the workloads in a mission-critical timeframe. That is the #1 problem with such a plan; research is open-ended on results like SETI or Folding; rendering the graphics for the next blockbuster movie has to come in on time (if not early)...

      --
      "Right now, somewhere in this world, Scott Baio is plowing a woman he doesn't love," - Peter Griffin, *Family Guy*
  50. Re:What's stopping you from running multiple clien by vigilology · · Score: 1
    That should be:

    ./setiathome &
    ./foldingathome &
    ./distributeddotnet &

    of course.
  51. Real world definition of opt-in by AtariAmarok · · Score: 1

    According to how it is used by the spammers and most of the sites and services that claim to be "opt-in", the term "opt-in" means that you have specifically made the decision to "opt-in" by the "Act" of not opting out. If you choose to fill in the "opt-out" form, this means you are really confirming your "opt-in" action. Since everyone loves spam, no one would seriously "opt-out" of it, so an "opt-out" attempt should really be taken to mean "Yeah, I really really really opt-in!"

    --
    Don't blame Durga. I voted for Centauri.
  52. Re:I'm afraid this will be the end of my SETI year by kzg · · Score: 1

    What about this: Seti_boinc source. boinc source.

  53. In case there's a Pentium floating point error by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    You never know when someone's going to have a Pentium processor doing double time as a firewall when they take on one of these problems...

  54. Contrast with Java/C# Virtual Machine??? by mosel-saar-ruwer · · Score: 1

    i especially like the built in queing and multi processor support

    How is this any different than a Java or C# Virtual Machine? And what does BOINC do for a language? Is its language scripted, or run-time "compiled" into virtual machine language, or what? Can you call BOINC a language unto itself, in the same way that people tend to gloss over the distinction between Java/C# the languages and Java/C# the runtime virtual machines?

    Details please! Thanks!

    1. Re:Contrast with Java/C# Virtual Machine??? by SETIGuy · · Score: 1

      BOINC is primarily a client API library and server side task scheduler. The API should be callable from any language (eventually). Communication with clients is done through a web server (apache).

  55. Re:What's stopping you from running multiple clien by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    There's no reason to put them on multiple lines.

  56. Trip to NZ for whoever gets the magic frame :) by timothy · · Score: 1

    I know that would have gotten x-thousand people crunching for LotR ;) Dinner with the cast and a trip to NZ would be nice. If they worked it right, it would be a lot cheaper than buying yet more racks of computers, too :)

    Episode 1 was slightly worse than Episode II, which was semi-fun to watch, with nostalgia for Episode IV, but not great. Episode III at least promises we get to see that leering Christian What's-'is-name dipped in acid. The sooner the better.

    timothy

    --
    jrnl: http://tinyurl.com/c2l8yr / foes: http://tinyurl.com/ckjno5
    1. Re:Trip to NZ for whoever gets the magic frame :) by The+Lynxpro · · Score: 1

      "Episode 1 was slightly worse than Episode II, which was semi-fun to watch, with nostalgia for Episode IV, but not great. Episode III at least promises we get to see that leering Christian What's-'is-name dipped in acid. The sooner the better."

      Episode II was more to Episode V than *Star Trek Nemesis* was to *The Wrath of Khan.* :)

      --
      "Right now, somewhere in this world, Scott Baio is plowing a woman he doesn't love," - Peter Griffin, *Family Guy*
  57. SETI@home source is available. by SETIGuy · · Score: 4, Informative
    A meta-app that exists to download yet more closed-source code without telling me... nope, that's over the line.

    The SETI@home (under boinc) source code is available under the GPL. The AstroPulse code should be available shortly. Yes, now you can see how bad my code really is.

    What you won't get with the code is our code signing key (which is under lock and key on an isolated machine) or the ability to distribe your version from our servers, but you are welcome to compile versions for use on your machines and/or distribute your own versions. We won't guarantee to anyone that your version doesn't erase harddrives or distribute child porn, though.

    1. Re:SETI@home source is available. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      save the world and get free porn? Now that's incentive; rock on!

    2. Re:SETI@home source is available. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yes, I knew that the boinc code was open source; I also know that OS isn't magic pixie dust that insures freedom from errors or exploitable bugs. :-(

      It isn't so much the question of whether the automagically downloaded code is open source or not, it's the whole issue of installing something whose purpose is to download yet more code. I suppose I could make a modified version of boinc that would ask permission, but then this isn't just a trouble-free idle task that does something useful. And didn't I read something about boinc also being able to update itself? It would be an obvious thing to do.

      It's a very different trust model. With the current client, I don't see a worrisome risk if someone cracks your servers; it's only data. With boinc, I have to trust that I won't be handed malicious code (why, no, I don't consider signing more than a speedbump). As someone said, it's a big step in the direction of Windows on full-auto update, and I want no part of it.

      BTW, I misremembered: I'm only in the top 1.025%. Some tiny fraction like that...

  58. The telling thing... by i_r_sensitive · · Score: 1
    Is that part and parcel of the overall design goal was to reduce cheating...

    Have we really fallen so far that people need to cheat on spare processor cycles donated?

    --
    "Talk minus action equals nothing" - Joey Shithead, D.O.A.
    "Talk minus action equals /." -
  59. What about licensing? by shachart · · Score: 2

    This is the BOINC Public License. IANAL, but at first read this looks very far from the GPL or LGPL... Anyone care to provide a better perspective on the legal issue?

    --
    Those who can, do. Those who can't, consult.
    1. Re:What about licensing? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      mod parent up, it's insightful...

    2. Re:What about licensing? by SETIGuy · · Score: 3, Informative

      BOINC was initially distributed under the Mozilla Public License. The reason for the (temporary) change to the BOINC public license is described here.

    3. Re:What about licensing? by Deraj+DeZine · · Score: 2, Informative

      After reading the linked news item, apparently the BOINC source code cannot be used in commercial applications and is therefore not Open Source as defined by the OSI.

      HOWEVER, this non-commercial clause is to be in effect for 18 months or until the collapse of United Devices, at which point the code becomes real Open Source.

      --
      True story.
  60. Has to be said... by Ed+Avis · · Score: 1

    Scientific progress goes BOINC?

    (according to Google this joke is not original, but what the hell)

    --
    -- Ed Avis ed@membled.com
  61. Yea! More Windows BSODs! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Like windows doesn't crash enough, now you can have BSODs every minute on the minute.

  62. Re:What's stopping you from running multiple clien by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Yes, there is. You're thinking of the && operator, not the & operator.

  63. Already Been Done by ari_j · · Score: 1

    For my Honors thesis, I produced a general-purpose platform-independent distributed computing system with the added benefit of presence awareness/work accounting. (As in it immediately reassigns your work unit when you go offline, rather than waiting indefinitely for you to return the results. This is reasonable because almost everyone who would run a distributed computing client has a 24/7 Internet connection.) See the PDF version of my thesis for more information.