Slashdot Mirror


Hurricane Threatens Shuttle Program

evenprime writes "Hurricane Frances may end NASA's space shuttle program. John Logsdon, a member of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board and the head of George Washington University's Space Policy Institute in Washington, D.C., has said: 'If there were serious damage to one or two of the orbiters or the facilities needed to process and launch the orbiters, I think it would raise a very large question about the continuation of the shuttle program.'"

43 of 724 comments (clear)

  1. Damn! by AKAImBatman · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Dammit, dammit, dammit! Right now, Bush's ideas for a new space program are simply a pipe dream with some funding. If we lose our infrastructure for a manned space program, we may lose the space program all together! While I know of several people who would be happy about that, I wouldn't. Cutting off manned travel is short-sighted. Without manned travel, we're guaranteeing that the cost of sending probes will always be high. We're guaranteeing that we'll run out of raw materials in less than a century. We're guaranteeing that we will not have enough energy to sustain our civilization. And most importantly, we're guaranteeing that we will NEVER reach another star system.

    Look up at the sky! You see that big ball of bright flame? That's a fusion reactor that generates at least 8e23 watts. That's enough power to send a five year Alpha Centauri mission every second. You know how you can do the same by staying on Earth? It's simple: YOU CAN'T. To those of you who think a manned space program is a waste of resources because exploration happens more effectively with robots: You are a selfish bastard planning your own demise.

    1. Re:Damn! by Ignignot · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Except the space program in its current state is only a sideshow for the media. Most if not all of the manned space missions could be better accomplished by robots. The shuttle can barely get to low earth orbit. We need to scrap it all and start over. I hope no one gets hurt, but I don't think it would be such a bad thing if the hurricaine wrecked our space program.

      The old Apollo missions were the right direction. Imagine what we could do now, or ten years from now, with better materials, infinitely better computer simulations, better communications, and a deep understanding of the conditions in space. Maybe if we start all over and reach further instead of not as far, we'll have some real progress. To quote Jerry Pournelle, "I always dreamed I'd live to see the first man walk on the moon. I never imagined I'd live to see the last."

      --
      I submitted this story last night, and it didn't get posted.
    2. Re:Damn! by Shugart · · Score: 5, Insightful

      The end of the U.S. manned space program does not mean the end of manned space flight. I don't understand the assumption that if the U.S. doesn't do something, no one will.

      --
      History is so yesterday!
    3. Re:Damn! by Reckless+Visionary · · Score: 4, Funny

      You are so right, it's time to send man to the Sun!

      --
      I think I'll stop here.
    4. Re:Damn! by Illserve · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Maybe shutting down the space program and restarting it 5 years later is just what we need.

      There are too many layers of bullshit bureacracy to allow NASA to do anything truly amazing. The stables need to be cleaned.

    5. Re:Damn! by meringuoid · · Score: 5, Insightful
      The Shuttle's just... wrong. You're carrying massive amounts of dead weight every time it flies - how much is wasted carrying those wings to orbit?

      My plan for the future is:

      1: Scrap the Shuttles.
      2: Cede LEO to the Russians. They're good at LEO: just look at their record with Soyuz, the Salyuts and Mir.
      3: Build a Lunar Transfer Vehicle to move back and forth between Earth orbit and Moon orbit. Ferry crews to it on Soyuz, launch fuel on big dumb boosters (Titan, Proton, Ariane, take yer pick)
      4: Construct moon base.

      Why waste more of America's money building a Shuttle Plus that won't ever go anywhere? Don't reinvent the Russian wheel; instead, do something new...

      --
      Real Daleks don't climb stairs - they level the building.
    6. Re:Damn! by Graff · · Score: 4, Informative
      If we can get to the point that we rely on hydrogen instead of oil, or even uranium, then we'll have a virtually limitless fuel supply covering 70% of the planet up to several miles deep.

      H2O (water for the few who may not know that...) is a very low energy state for hydrogen. In order to get usable energy from the hydrogen in H2O you first have to split off the hydrogen. This takes energy. Now when you burn the hydrogen you are probably going to burn it with oxygen, producing H2O and energy.

      So the cycle would go:
      2H2O -> add energy -> 2H2 + O2 -> release energy by burning -> 2H20
      The energy you get back will be no more than the energy you put in. Actually, it will most likely be a lot less because of thermodynamics and inefficiencies. If you get back 50% of the energy you used to produce, store, and transport the hydrogen I would be amazed.

      At best hydrogen is a fairly clean way of storing energy. You still need to get that energy from somewhere. Today that energy most likely comes from burning fossil fuels. Hopefully in the future we can use beamed microwaves from space stations or other clean methods of producing the energy, which we then store as hydrogen and burn cleanly.
    7. Re:Damn! by Entropius · · Score: 4, Funny

      There is unequivocal evidence that Mars exists.

      There is no such evidence that anyone plans to launch a nuke-tipped ICBM at us.

    8. Re:Damn! by joebok · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I think you forgot about the recent manned mission sent by China...

      Also, if the rest of the world is 50 years behind us, then I guess we should start seeing the rest of the world getting ready for their own moon missions in a few years.

    9. Re:Damn! by meringuoid · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Whether or not manned spaceflight is worthwhile in itself is another argument (which I'm sure will be covered somewhere in this discussion). But spending vast sums of money just to duplicate what cheap and proven Russian equipment already does just fine thank you? That's a _massive_ waste.

      --
      Real Daleks don't climb stairs - they level the building.
    10. Re:Damn! by kannibal_klown · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Say what you will about the US, but we've opened up a lot of our research. Yeh, some of those high-tech things you're talking about probably aren't readily available, but our older stuff is.

      Both the US AND Russia were working against each other, so with the exception of some espionage, both sides were learning from their own mistakes, and learning things on their own.

      If any country wants to start a basic manned-space program now, they've got one hell of a head start. First of all, both the US and Russia have figured out most of the physics. Both the US and Russia have leanred the common mishaps and "things not to do" when sending someone up and praying they come down in one piece.

      Meanwhile, the technology available today is WAY more advanced than back then. We keep using those old shuttles because we don't have the money to spend on redesigning and rebulding them. Another country, starting from scratch, could have a way more advanced and possibly cheaper manned space-program if they did it right.

      Russia and the US layed down the groundwork. Unfortunately, both sides wore themselves out early. Here's to hoping some nation makes it up there eventually.

    11. Re:Damn! by Rei · · Score: 4, Insightful

      My favorite truism is "The International Space Station is a waste, but a moon/mars base wouldn't be!"

      I think we're probably going to get a moon base after ISS, and people are going to claim that it's a huge drain on our space programs' budgets like they do now with ISS, and that it's stopping us from going to Mars. So, we'll eventually afford a Mars base, and people will be complaining that it is stopping us from asteroid mining/search for life on the Jovian satellites/etc. It looks, technologically, like it will be at least a hundred years before we can make an extra-planetary colony financially self-sufficient.

      Until then, people will complain, like they do today.

      --
      I just invaded Grammar Czechoslovakia and duped Grammar Neville Chamberlain; now it's on to Grammar Poland.
    12. Re:Damn! by meringuoid · · Score: 4, Interesting
      Sorry to reply to myself, but... it occurs to me that the Lunar Transfer Vehicle is something that the US could build, and something that only the US could build. Twenty years of flying the Shuttle has given the US unique experience in building durable, reusable rocket motors - and that's what LTV needs, because it will never land on Earth but will refuel in orbit and fly another leg. Nobody else AFAIK has ever flown reusable engines.

      Additionally, this project would be a spectacular demonstration of US technological and economic superiority - and let's be honest here, the US's prestige has been a little tarnished lately. Let's see what America's really capable of, shall we?

      --
      Real Daleks don't climb stairs - they level the building.
    13. Re:Damn! by Rei · · Score: 4, Interesting

      There are large supplies of oil which are too deep (or a variety of other factors) to pump economically *at today's prices*. If prices rise, they become economic to pump. Canada's vast resources of tar sands, right near the surface, are barely even tapped currently, but will be quite economical if prices rise (they're starting to become economical on their own simply due to advances in technology). Methane hydrates are essentially untapped; while they wouldn't be general purpose, they could be used for heating in place of natural gas and heating oil. And, geez, I'm just getting into hydrocarbon energy sources here...

      Fission power is barely tapped; the main restraint is people's fear of it. If energy prices rise, people will have a clear choice, the way they do today with coal vs. solar/etc power (pay more for less theoretical risk, or pay less - which do people choose currently?). With today's inefficient fission power plants, we have enough known deposits alone to last 200 years. With advancing fission tech, that could be extended to 500 or so years. With unfound deposits (again, exploration has been largely limited by usage), you're looking at 1000, 1500, 2000, etc years worth of fission power. But it gets better! With breeder reactors, you can change U238 (normally not usable in fission power) into a usable fission power source, giving 10-50 times as much energy production from a given amount of ore.

      We're looking at 10s of thousands of years of power at current rates. Even if we assume that our power consumption continues to grow (despite regular efficiency improvements in devices that consume power), we're still going to be looking at hundreds to thousands of years. If we haven't figured out fusion power by then, we don't deserve to continue on as a species ;)

      --
      I just invaded Grammar Czechoslovakia and duped Grammar Neville Chamberlain; now it's on to Grammar Poland.
    14. Re:Damn! by HeghmoH · · Score: 5, Insightful

      The Russians couldn't keep pace? They put a man into orbit first, they had great space stations up, continuously manned for years on end, long before we dreamed up the crappy ISS, they're the only people currently launching people into orbit on a regular basis. Other than going to the Moon, they've been ahead in every area of manned spaceflight; I would say it is the Americans who can't keep up.

      --
      Mod down posts with a "Free Mac Mini/iPod" sig, they're spam!
    15. Re:Damn! by tverbeek · · Score: 4, Insightful
      The money wasted on manned space missions should be spent on our missile defense system

      So instead of spending money on a program with a proven track record of advancing practical science, we should spend it on something with dubious odds of succeeding at its primary mission (which is itself of dubious strategic value) and little potential for useful spin-off technology. I can be swayed by the bang-for-the-buck arguments for shifting the emphasis from manned to unmanned missions, but I'm not the least bit persuaded that it's more important to indulge the adolescent urge to make things go boom.

      --
      http://alternatives.rzero.com/
  2. Shuttle program != Space program by phearlez · · Score: 4, Informative

    Let's not get our knickers in a twist here, ya? The shuttle program is in its twilight years regardless but it's not the end-all be-all. There's a Return to Flight program.

    --
    Bad management trumps ideology - Show the world you want better leadership. http://www.timefornewmanagement.com
    1. Re:Shuttle program != Space program by JanneM · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Shuttle Program == Manned Space Program

      Shuttle Program == USA Government Manned Space Program.

      I don't see China abandoning their program if the shuttle is gone; neither do I see any other interested parties doing so.

      --
      Trust the Computer. The Computer is your friend.
    2. Re:Shuttle program != Space program by Mateito · · Score: 4, Funny
      I don't see China abandoning their program if the shuttle is gone

      They've got 1.6 Billion people. They can afford to lose a couple to space accidents as a trade off for having somewhere to put their next 1.6 billion people. The moon may very well be a possibility.

  3. Might be a good thing... by Da+Fokka · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Of course it would be a disaster if the shuttle program was seriously damaged by this storm. But one positive by-effect would be that NASA would be forced to consider better booster solutions. A lot of the work done by the shuttles could be done safer and cheaper by a booster.

  4. American Infrastructure, Science falling behind by razmaspaz · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Just a little while ago an article about missing the broadband boat (which admittidly I did not read) and now the space shuttle. I realize that we have not cancelled our space program, but this is concerning to me.

    We are losing our low paying jobs to other countries and supposedly replacing them with higher paying research/science positions. How can we do this with a government that is not committed to science (Shutting down a space program) and is not committed to infrastructure like broadband. If we give up on the low paying jobs don't we then need a strong commitment to the high paying jobs of the future?

    --
    I tried for 5 years to come up with a clever sig...only to realize that I am not clever.
  5. The sky is falling! The sky is falling! by Mondoz · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Nothing like an overreaction to get folks upset...

    "Hurricane Frances may end NASA's space shuttle program."

    Please.
    Even if the orbiters were damaged, or the launch platforms damaged, they can always be re-built, repaired, or whatever.

    Even if it looks like the eye will hit KSC dead-on, they've still got enough time to stick an orbiter on the 747 and get one of them out of there...

    Besides, the launch structures withstand regular beatings from the shuttle launches, and they've survived for years...
    The VAB might take some damage, perhaps some of the other support buildings, but it's going to take more than a hurricane to destroy KSC & the shuttle program completely.

    --
    /sig
  6. Re:Huh? by AKAImBatman · · Score: 5, Informative

    This is supposedly the...

    Worst
    Hurricane
    Ever

    That's why they're worried. They only built their facilities to withstand common hurricanes with less power. e.g. The article states that the shuttle hangar can withstand winds of 110 mph. This hurricane could be a LOT worse.

  7. Not good at all by rende · · Score: 5, Interesting

    This is a very serious problem. The damage would have to fairly severe I would imagine, however it does have the possibility of ending the shuttle program.

    I was lucky enough to be able to speak with one of the people in the group commisioned to investigate the columbia accident. He told me that one of the reasons they were adamant about finding the trouble behind the accident and making sure it did not happen again (beyond the paramount fact of preventing the loss of human life) was because it was a solid fact based on budgeting that NASA could not continue its shuttle program if it lost one more orbiter. He was fairly confident in the fact if one more was lost it would end program for good.

    --

    telnet://zombiemud.org:3000
  8. Re:Huh? by slungsolow · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I think the point is that Cape Canaveral has never been hit directly with such a strong hurricane.

    I am sure that the area has has its share of 100+ MPH winds before, but the article stresses how the area isn't really prepared for the shelling that Frances(is) will give it.

    Of course, this can all be speculative bullshit and the hurricane can end up going south and then into the gulf, thereby leaving the Kennedy Center high and dry (figuratively speaking).

  9. Re:Make that yesssssss dept. by CodeWanker · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Absolutely right. The shuttle was built on a lie: that each shuttle could turn around a flight a month for less than the cost of a LEO unmanned disposable rocket. The contractors and NASA both knew the shuttle desiugn we got couldn't do any of that. And it's only got a 98% survivability rate. Which officially puts it in the "Sucks to be us" category of LEO space travel. It's time to get the government out of the shuttle business and, oh, I don't know, outsource it to the winner of the X Prize? I have a LOT more faith in Rutan and company doing a shuttle right than I do the government.

    --


    "Wow. Now THAT'S a lot of angry Indians." - Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer
  10. Get Real !! by Dolphinzilla · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I really doubt it... Do we pack up all operations in California every time there is an earthquake ? Hurricanes have been hitting the eastern seaboard and Florida for thousands of years - the Indians never left, the colonist never left, people still live in South Florida post Andrew, Nasa and CCAFS will still launch rockets from the cape after this hurricane. I live in Titusville right directly accross from the VAB and use to work at CCAFS and I can tell you that the facilites are very, VERY well constructed - the engineers who designed those buildings were thinking about hurricanes (and direct impacts from errant rockets).

  11. Not what you want to hear but... by WIAKywbfatw · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Climatologists have been pointing out that weather patterns have been getting more extreme for some time now.

    I'm sure we could all argue until the end of time as to why this has been happenning but I find it rather hilarious that, any time someone mentions the possible negative effects that mankind is having on his environment, hundreds of otherwise sensible people throw rational thought out of the window and refuse point blank to even concede the possibility - even the very smallest chance - that climate change for the worse might be partially our fault.

    Here in Britain we've just gone from having the hottest August on record in 2003 to the wettest August on record in 2004. Climatic extremes like those experienced here, in the US and elsewhere aren't things to be taken lightly, they're things to be studied and, ultimately, acted upon. Collectively shrugging our shoulders and sticking our heads in the sand when it comes to finding out why these things are happening with ever greater frequency aren't model solutions.

    But, hey, that's just my worthless point of view. Until there's more money in sorting out the problem than there is in exacerbating it, nothing's going to change. Well, at least not for the better.

    --

    "Accept that some days you are the pigeon, and some days you are the statue." - David Brent, Wernham Hogg
  12. Re:Huh? by shawn(at)fsu · · Score: 4, Informative
    The building at the Cape were only designed to with stand winds of apx. 110 mph, this hurricane out there is what 145+, I lived maybe 20 min north of the cape (Could watch the launches out my living room window) and we never got the big hurricanes some how we've been very lucky, they'd go north or south but they never came at us.

    To my knowledge Volusia and Brevard county have never been hit by a storm like this, at least not in the last 50+ years. I heard through my mother who still lives in the area that the newscasters say that this is a 100 years storm for that area.

    IMHO I honestly can't see building like the VAB surviving a storm like this....

    --
    500 dollar reward for tip(s) leading to the arrest of the person(s) who stole my sig.
  13. Big Frigging Deal - it's time for it to die anyway by qbzzt · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Hi,

    NASA has been under budgeted, over managed, and terribly inefficient for decades. Having the government run space flight might have been a good idea during the cold war, when it was important to remind the world that everything the Russians can do we can do better. Today, it is not.

    There are cheaper ways to get to LEO (Low Earth Orbit). There are private enterprises which try to get to space in a way that is economically viable. Economically viable means that you don't have to beg Congress for dollars and then use whatever contractors, locations, etc. you need to provide the right pork to the right congress-person. Instead, you can focus on doing what ought to be done.

    What do we need manned flight to LEO for? It's close enough that we can remote control everything that a robot can do. Robots that are cheaper and more expendable. Let us send robots and find ways to use it to build a better mousetrap, and the world will beat a path to the skies.

    Eventually, we'll need manned space flight to get to resources that are too distant for a remote controlled mission. But now is not the time. Now what we need is less public excitement and more investor excitement. Less spectacles and more value creation.

    Just my 2c worth,
    Ori

    --
    -- Support a free market in the field of government
  14. Geee... by Nimrod · · Score: 4, Funny

    And here I thought the biggest threat to the shuttle program was the shuttle program.

  15. US has bigger problems... by Goonie · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Essentially, the US is living beyond its means. Its deficit is unsustainable in the long term, as is the value of the US dollar. If China or Japan decides to pull the pin, your economy goes down the toilet for years to come.

    --

    Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from a rigged demo
    --Andy Finkel (J. Klass?)
    1. Re:US has bigger problems... by darkmeridian · · Score: 5, Insightful
      Essentially, the US is living beyond its means. Its deficit is unsustainable in the long term, as is the value of the US dollar. If China or Japan decides to pull the pin, your economy goes down the toilet for years to come.


      I'm not worried. If that day comes, we'll just invade you.
      --
      A NYC lawyer blogs. http://www.chuangblog.com/
  16. Re:The sky is falling! The sky is falling! by Plutor · · Score: 4, Insightful

    > Even if the orbiters were damaged, or the launch platforms damaged, they can always be re-built, repaired, or whatever.
    Sure, they can, but not without a huge expenditure that NASA really can't afford right now, especially when many politicians (and pundits, and some scientists) are already calling for the end to Human Spaceflight altogether.

    > Even if it looks like the eye will hit KSC dead-on, they've still got enough time to stick an orbiter on the 747 and get one of them out of there...
    It's looked like that for several days now, and they haven't done this. A good reason is that the shuttles are being retrofitted with safety improvements, and aren't really in a state to be put on a 747, let alone flown hundreds of miles away.

    > Besides, the launch structures withstand regular beatings from the shuttle launches, and they've survived for years...
    Sure, the launch structures, maybe. But the hangars that the Space Shuttles are housed in are only rated for a Category 3 hurricane. They might also survive a Category 4 or 5 Frances, but then again, they might not.

    > ...it's going to take more than a hurricane to destroy KSC & the shuttle program completely.
    I love the shuttle, but KSC doesn't need to be entirely destroyed for NASA to decide that the program is too expensive to salvage.

  17. geography wisdom by Doc+Ruby · · Score: 5, Funny

    Never trust any national priority to Florida.

    --

    --
    make install -not war

  18. Maybe not by amightywind · · Score: 4, Informative

    But one positive by-effect would be that NASA would be forced to consider better booster solutions.

    One of those better booster solutions is sitting on the pad right now. It is even more vulnerable to damage than the shuttle orbiters. The Delta IV heavy or derivative is a likely candidate for a post shuttle manned booster. It would be bad news if it were damaged.

    --
    an ill wind that blows no good
  19. Grrrr by starseeker · · Score: 5, Insightful

    I still don't get how anybody can even THINK of abandoning manned space travel. Sure, humans are fragile and expensive. Sure, it's cheaper to send robots. But CRIPES, people. It's an adventure! It's a new experience for the human race. That, IN AND OF ITSELF, is more than enough justification for continuing.

    I know all the arguements about how we should fix our problems down here on earth before we pour $$ into space, but I've got news for those people. We're never going to fix those problems. They are caused by human beings. If we wait for the day when everything is hunky dory on this planet, we might as well give up any exploration of any kind.

    Dreams are IMPORTANT. That sense of wonder you felt as a little kid looking up at the sky, that's IMPORTANT. Exploration tests us, pushes us, forces us to grow beyond what we thought possible. It seems to be the only way we do that without killing each other in the process. Keeping the mind engaged and interested is essential to who we are as a species.

    That's how I feel, anyway. I know there are those who's end vision for the human race seems to be having us all sit in front of the TV while robots do all the work necessary to sustain our physical existance. Well, no thanks. I'll head for the frontier. There's a thought from one of Frank Herbert's books which I consider relevant to both our present and the more degenerate visions of our future:

    "It's because there is no Dune there are no Fremen."

    --
    "I object to doing things that computers can do." -- Olin Shivers, lispers.org
  20. Worst Thing by AyeFly · · Score: 5, Insightful

    They are saying the hurricane could be the worst thing to happen to NASA since the fall of the Soviet Union? I personally think it would be great if they were forced to re-think their strategy...after all, "necessity is the mother of invention"

    --
    Sig- http://www.dreamhost.com/rewards.cgi?ayefly
  21. Some data, and "this will write NASA's ticket" by kulakovich · · Score: 4, Interesting


    1. The Vehicle Assembly Building is built to withstand a category 5 hurricane. The accessory and newer buildings are only built against a category 3. However, nothing will save the VAB from a category 4 that tears the roof off a nearby cat3 hanger and mashes it into the side of the VAB.

    2. KSC at current projections is in the worst spot possible. The eye passing overhead would be merciful if it happens - the eye passing south is worse. The N.W. corner of a hurricane is the strongest in the northern hemisphere.

    3. Otherwise, there is still a (anyone?) 30 foot storm surge to contend with.

    4. Does anyone know if Atlantis is still in the VAB? I haven't checked. If you do check, make sure you shut the lights off when you are done.

    Best case scenario - no one is hurt, and NASA files a gianormous insurance claim Monday morning for a new manned space program.

    Kulakovich

    1. Re:Some data, and "this will write NASA's ticket" by Kredal · · Score: 4, Funny

      After the hurricane, we can look for the lost shuttle of Atlantis somewhere in the ocean, right?

      --
      Whoever stated that signature sizes should be limited to one hundred and twenty characters can just go ahead and kiss my
  22. The first error is always... by C_Kode · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The building was constructed during the Apollo era and has a roof designed to withstand 105 mph winds, Diller said.

    Even newer facilities are at risk. The immense hangar where the space station components are tested and stored prior to launch is designed to withstand 110 mph winds.


    The cause of most mistakes are that when taking under consideration the requirements for [insert whatever here] is that someone made an "assumption" rather than supporting all information with facts. When these buildings were built, I'm sure somewhere in the Flordia a hurricane came through with winds in excess of 110mph. What would ever make you think it *is* impossible for one to come through the Space Center? I'm mean you spend billions of dollars and do not protect it from hurricanes on the Flordia coast?

  23. Re:Hurricane David 1979 by slungsolow · · Score: 4, Informative

    Hurricane David was a Catagory 2 hurricane with sustained winds between 96-110 mph. Thats around the range that the area was built to withstand.

    Frances is a Catagory 4 hurricane and is currently throwing around winds in the 145-155 mph range. Can you see the concern now?

  24. Re:NASA = idiots by bhmcintosh · · Score: 4, Informative

    I believe one major reason that NASA's and the Air Force's launch facilities are in Florida is a combination of lots of open ocean for downrange safety and testing, and the physics of orbital insertions that put the likely launch routes over that open ocean. Supposing Challanger had been over , say, Georgia when it disintegrated, and dropped all that debris on downtown Atlanta?

    --
    Network geek with a strong affinity for Telecasters