Disabling the RFID in the New U.S. Passports

slashchuck writes "Along with the usual Jargonwatch and Wired/Tired articles, the January issue of Wired offers a drastic method for taking care of that RFID chip in your passport. They say it's legal ... if a bit blunt. From the article: 'The best approach? Hammer time. Hitting the chip with a blunt, hard object should disable it. A nonworking RFID doesn't invalidate the passport, so you can still use it.' "

Comments

No Hurry

[JusticeISaid]

Great idea! Anything else I can do to slow down my passage through Immigration and Customs after a long flight? I'm always looking for ideas.

Re:No Hurry

[Anonymous Coward]

here's one: broadcast your personal data, allowing others to clone your passport and using it to enter the U.S. while you are off on holiday. Customs will surely take notice that you are trying to enter the country a second time.

Re:No Hurry

[Qzukk]

Yeah, because stopping you, scanning your passport, then letting you on through was SO much faster than stopping you, sliding your passport through a stripe reader, and letting you through.

Re:No Hurry

[swillden]

here's one: broadcast your personal data, allowing others to clone your passport and using it to enter the U.S. while you are off on holiday. Customs will surely take notice that you are trying to enter the country a second time.

What technology would you suggest to use to do this broadcasting? The contactless smart card chip in the passport won't do the job very effectively because:

• it requires execution of a cryptographic authentication protocol using an AES key derived from data printed inside the passport cover (called the MRZ)before it will divulge anything; and
• the shielding in the passport cover hold the chip incommunicado unless the passport is open

Perhaps you could photocopy the information page and post flyers? Or just walk around holding your passport open so that any would-be passport cloner can see the MRZ data? If you *really* want to use the passport's contactless chip to distribute the data, I guess you could print your name, birthdate and passport number on a sign, hang it around your neck, and then stick your passport to it so it's held open. Given the name, birthdate and passport number, an attacker will be able to guess the MRZ fairly quickly. If you want to make them work for it a little, you could leave out the birthdate and passport number and let them guess those values. Be sure to give them your name, though, otherwise it'll take too long, because the chip just doesn't report the failed authentication attempts fast enough. There's also the small issue of the communication range of the contactless chip, but perhaps there's an area of the airport that is nicely EM-shielded so that the attacker's lab-grade transciever and signal processing equipment can talk to your passport at a reasonable range. Or perhaps you could just let the attacker give you a booster device that you could hold near your passport.

All in all, it seems like a rather ineffective way to broadcast your data. I'd go with the flyers.

Removing toungue from cheek, it's a pretty ineffective way for an attacker to try to get your data, too. There are many other approaches that are much, much easier.

Re:No Hurry

[swillden]

Yeah, because stopping you, scanning your passport, then letting you on through was SO much faster than stopping you, sliding your passport through a stripe reader, and letting you through.

Umm, you missed the point. The intent of the smart card chips isn't to speed up processing,it's to increase security without slowing processing down too much. However, once the smart chips are in place, the normal processing flow for a chip-bearing passport will involve reading the chip data. What happens when the chip fails to respond? Well, that will be an exceptional circumstance that will take the bearer of that passport out of the normal, expedited flow and into another process that scrutinizes the passport and its bearer more closely.

Once the system is well-established, such that the vast majority of passports have working chips, having a broken chip will slow you down.

Oh, and current and future US passports don't use a magstripe reader. The thing they swipe your passport through a scanner that reads the printed data. I think it's an optical scanner, though it might be magnetic if the information is printed with magnetic ink (much like the numbers on the bottoms of checks used to be -- though I think those aren't magnetic any more either).

Re:No Hurry

[Jah-Wren Ryel]

the shielding in the passport cover hold the chip incommunicado unless the passport is open

That's true if your definition of "open" is anything not held tightly closed.

It has already been demonstrated that the faraday cage effect of the shielding is negated if the passport is only open a centimeter or so, as could easily happen with a passport carried in a handbag, or pretty much anywhere there is not much pressure to hold it closed.

So, while you may not be able to crack the data from the RFID, you can certainly talk to it under conditions that are reasonably common in the field.

it requires execution of a cryptographic authentication protocol using an AES key derived from data printed inside the passport cover (called the MRZ)before it will divulge anything; and

Doesn't this strike anyone as ironic? The RFID is of no value for official use without first having to read something printed on the inside. So much for any improvement in convenience or ease of use over the previous implementation. Seems like an RFID manufacturer (patent holder?) hired a really good lobbyist.

Re:No Hurry

[rlp]

It has already been demonstrated that the faraday cage effect of the shielding is negated if the passport is only open a centimeter or so, as could easily happen with a passport carried in a handbag, or pretty much anywhere there is not much pressure to hold it closed.

Or you could put a rubber band around the passport to keep it closed.

Re:No Hurry

[Dare nMc]

Doesn't this strike anyone as ironic? The RFID is of no value for official use without first having to read something printed on the inside.

took me some time to grasp the advantage. I think the obvious advantage of the rfid chip is for the entering country to keep a complete record for post/off site processing. It does no good to the US customs for US citizens to give back the info. We already have that in our databases, + more for anyone "interesting" just from their SSN.
Essentially the RFID passport is a Tit for Tat jester. To tell the EU, etc we'll force our citizens to give you their data in a nice tight bundle, so that you will return the favor with your citizens data on Entry to the US.
obviously easier for a untrained agent to beam all passport data to a offsite FBI agent, then you can have one central surveillance office.

Re:No Hurry

[Jah-Wren Ryel]

Or you could put a rubber band around the passport to keep it closed.

Yeah. Somehow, I don't expect to see THAT in the instructions from the State Department anytime soon. That's the kind of thing that gets noticed, it would end up in Leno's monologue, maybe even a skit or two on SNL.

The whole point of putting shielding in was that the average joe traveler would not need to worry about band-aid security because the people whose damn job it was to get it right did so.

Re:No Hurry

[iron-kurton]

Here's an idea: not giving up your civil liberties for the sake of convenience and national security (to be distinguished from ACTUAL security). What's really funny about your statement is that 5 years ago, people like you were in front of news cameras at the airline check-in saying "we don't mind waiting in line if it makes us more secure." Now, 5 years later, even after we have all established that airport security is a joke, instead of coming up with a more efficient screening method, we spent our resources developing YET another new technology full of holes.

My point is, your anger at the poster and the method of destroying the chips is a bit misdirected -- if you really want to spend less time at security checkpoints and Immigration and Customs, you should lobby for improving the methods currently in place. Besides, like someone who replied to your post already said, there really is no speed improvement in putting your passport through a barcode reader or waving it in front of an RFID reader. However, there is a relative security difference, and given the choice, I would take the former.

Re:No Hurry

[rlp]

... because the people whose damn job it was to get it right did so.

We ARE talking about the US government, aren't we?

Re:No Hurry

[BigCheese]

But if the encryption key is printed in some machine read format, why not just print the data that way in the first place and skip the RFID step?

So some government contractor can make giant piles of money. Why else?

Re:No Hurry

[Tim C]

Or just put it in your pocket; seems to do a good job of keeping my wallet closed.

Re:No Hurry

[swillden]

Perhaps I'm simply naive here but if the RFID tag requires information printed inside the passport be entered into a computer then why have RFID at all?

It's an anti-forgery mechanism. A forger doesn't want to duplicate a passport, a forger wants to create a passport with the bogus holder's photo, plus some either real or real-looking but innocuous identification data. The thing the RFID's copy of the data has that the printed page doesn't have is digital signatures. A forger may be able to print a perfect-looking passport, and embed a chip loaded with all of the corresponding data, but he won't have access to the private keys necessary to apply the proper digital signature to the data. This makes the new passports essentially impossible to forge, assuming RSA remains unbroken and assuming the private key is well-protected.

There's no need to use a contactless method unless someone is picturing a scenario where customs will be something that you just walk through with your passport in your pocket or just have it tapped on a reader.

Not true. The engineers who created the passport chip specification for ICAO wanted to use off-the-shelf technology, rather than inventing and debugging something entirely new. Given how much trouble the various vendors have had making the off-the-shelf technology interoperate correctly, this was a wise choice. But off-the-shelf contact smart card technology has some fundamental limitations for this application.

First, where on a passport do you put the chip and how do you insert it? Obviously, you can't use off-the-shelf smart card readers, because the passport is the wrong shape and size. Further, passports aren't rigid enough to guarantee that the contacts will correctly land on the regions of the smart card contact plate. Using a contact chip would have required adding some card-shaped rigid plastic "page" to the passport, which would have complicated manufacturing, made the passports more fragile and probably also increased the time required for Immigration officials to insert the card.

Second, and more importantly, contact smart cards are too slow. Due to a quirk of history, contact smart cards are limited to a maximum data rate of 115kbps. Because of the inefficiency built into the ISO 7816 T=0 and T=1 protocols, that means you get about 8KiBps (note: kbps = 10^3 bits per second, KiBps = 2^10 bytes per second) throughput, *max*. And, in practice, you only get that speed by carefully matching and testing cards and readers. In the smart card world, we expect real-world transfer rates of 1-2KiBps. The ICAO data set sizes are in the range of 30-40KiB. Contactless cards, however, are either 400kbps or 800kbps. Even at the slower speed, that produces a transfer rate of over 30KiBps. You can see that a contact card's best case is around four seconds to move the data set, and a more realistic common case is 10-15 seconds. A contactless card's worst case is about 1.3s, and the best case is about 300ms.

Add to that the fact that contactless is more forgiving of passport placement accuracy than contact, and you have a really significant difference in per-person processing time. Five seconds per traveler, per agent adds up to another full-time position or two at each major airport.

All of this could have been addressed by designing a new contact interface and protocol, of course. The custom contact plate could have been much larger so the individual contact areas were much bigger, solving most of the issues. But they wanted off-the-shelf, both in the interest of development time and in the interest of cost. By using standard parts, the passport issuers and immigration agencies benefit from economies of scale that they wouldn't get with custom components.

Finally, there was really no reason *not* to go contactless. Privacy wasn't traditionally part of the security issues that passport agencies were concerned about and, in any case, the MRZ-based encryption seemed to addr

Re:No Hurry

[swillden]

But if the encryption key is printed in some machine read format, why not just print the data that way in the first place and skip the RFID step?

So some government contractor can make giant piles of money. Why else?

I gave a better answer to this question here.

Re:No Hurry

[Jah-Wren Ryel]

Your answer says nothing about why RFID was chosen over another technology like 2D barcodes - you know, the OP's question about "why not just print the data in the first place."

Current state of the art gets about 64K plus error correction on a piece of paper the size of one passport page. That's plenty for passport use.

Furthermore, this focus on forgery is completely short-sighted. All it will do is change the business of forging passports from one of making them up on the spot to one of collecting copies of thousands of valid ones so that the forger can more easily provide a dupe that closely matches their client. Since a passport is suppossed to last for 10 years, there will always be a lot of leeway in interpreting the "biometrics" that are stored there.

It would not surprise me in the least to see a black-market in databases of passport dupes spring up - any place that "holds" yours passport, like a hotel, will be an easy point of vulnerability - desk clerks don't make much money, especially in 3rd world countries. 50 cents per valid dupe would be extremely cost effective and more than enough incentive.

The real goal is supposed to be increased security, but all this system does is re-arrange the pieces on the chess board - and line the pockets of a bunch of government contractors.

ObSneakers

[Rob T Firefly]

(Bishop is at a door with an electronic lock.)
Bishop: Anybody remember how to defeat an electronic keypad?
Mother: This might help. An old buddy of mine who was in Desert Storm sent it to me. 'Course, he was on the other side.
Bishop: Come on. There's got to be a way around these things.
(He listens intently to instructions via his earpiece.)
All right, all right... This might work... Yeah. Yeah... Right. Okay. I'll give it a shot.
(He kicks the door in.)

Re:ObSneakers

[Dachannien]

And here I thought you were going for, "My RFID is my passport. Verify me."

Tinfoil Passport Cover?

[ToteAdler]

Is it possible to make a passport cover that will block the signal when it's in the cover but USC&I can still use thier RFID thing when you take it out?

Re:Tinfoil Passport Cover?

[Rob T Firefly]

Yes.

Re:Tinfoil Passport Cover?

[melstav]

Sure.

And as long as you keep your passport in the RF shield, nobody can read it.
But the instant you pull it out, anyone can try accessing it.

What's worse: You *know* that Customs Officials won't have Faraday Cages around their reader stations. All someone'll have to do is set up a high-gain antenna somewhere in the area, and they can parasite the data as it's being read by the legitimate scanner.

Re:Tinfoil Passport Cover?

[triffid_98]

Really? I'm pretty sure common thieves and pickpockets have had this technology for quite some time. See that 80 year old man in Baggage Claim with the hot 20 year old arm jewelry? I detect large amounts of currency.

I'm pretty sure that a common thief or pickpocket is not sophisticated enough to have a piece of equipment capable of detecting large amounts of currency, if that's even possible.

Re:Tinfoil Passport Cover?

[melstav]

Not if they're set up to read the data when you're at the passport-scanning station.

Here's how it would work:

1) The customs official asks you for your passport.
2) You pull it out of your tinfoil sleeve and hand it over.
3) Customs official opens the front cover and scans the front page so his computer has all of the information for the security key. (It's not used for encryption. It's just a plaintext password.)
4) Customs official's station broadcasts the security key.
5) The RFID tag in your passport broadcasts your passport data.

If I have a sensitive enough high gain antenna pointed at that customs station, I now have both your security key AND all of the information in your passport.

The broadcasts in steps 4 and 5 are OMNI-DIRECTIONAL. They're relatively low-power, because according to the design, the passport's supposed to be only a few cm away from the reader.. But that's why you need a high-gain antenna.

Re:Tinfoil Passport Cover?

[flosofl]

4) Customs official's station broadcasts the security key.

I was with you until number 4. All I can say is, HUH? Why would it broadcast the security key. The RFID chip has no use for the key since it cannot use it. Where does this RFID chip store, oh I don't know, the RAM and CPU required to decrypt data.

The key phrase here is *reader*. The passport system reads the data off the RFID and then applies the key in the computer system. The only way the key is "transmitted" in the clear is via photons to the OCR.

Here's a revised list that I think will more accurately reflect reality:

1) The customs official asks you for your passport.
2) You pull it out of your tinfoil sleeve and hand it over.
3) Customs official opens the front cover and scans the front page so his computer has all of the information for the security key. (It's not used for encryption. It's just a plaintext password.) (kind of missing your point here)
4) The RFID tag in your passport broadcasts your passport data.
5) The customs officical's system decrypts the data received using the non-transmitted key.

For a thief to clone a passport, he will need to know the plain text in addition to nabbing the RFID data. Both are fairly trivial, esp. if there's a team working it. A pickpocket to lift/read/copy and replace. And another to "listen" for the OTA data. Of course you're only going to get targeted victims, not the wholesale copying people are claiming.

This is simply security theater. The problem is not cloned or forged passports. The problem is people getting valid passports for false IDs. This tries to solve a problem that doesn't exist.

Great idea!

[tulmad]

That's great until they make it a requirement to have working RFID to go through customs.

Re:Great idea!

[ScrewMaster]

Well, it remains to be seen just how reliable (or otherwise) these things are ... my feeling is that there's going to be a substantial failure rate. It's one thing to require RFID to speed the process of verifying an identity or to make it nominally more accurate. However, if you invalidate a passport because of a malfunctioning chip you're going to have BIG problems. People sit on things, they flex them, they drop things on them, they otherwise break them. It's what people do, whether they mean to or not.

Let's face it, you're gonna see a certain percentage of RFID passports that just don't work, for whatever reason. What do you do? Lock those people up? No, you just treat the passport like a traditional non-RFID-equipped passport. Well, if you're a properly-trained security person maybe you actually look at the traveler and make sure the picture matches. Maybe you do your job, because if the RFID isn't working you can't just doze through the interview and let the machine do the work. You should be on your toes anyway, because the one time you aren't is when the technology will let you down. And they (yes, they) know that.

And you can bet your boots that any (ahem!) undesirables will have properly-functioning RFIDs anyway. As always, it's us ordinary folk that will get busted for not dotting our I's and crossing our T's (not that most of us have any way to test the goddamn things anyway, except by trying to travel somewhere and seeing what happens.)

Personally, I think the Feds ought to focus more on people skills (i.e., well-trained, well-paid security forces with an effective organization to back them) and less on failure-prone, unproven technology.

Re:Great idea!

[thebigbluecheez]

The only problem I see with making it a requirement to have working RFID is that my non-RFID-equipped passport is valid until 18 June 2016.

So unless they are going to recall all non-chipped passports, they'll have to wait quite a while to make it a requirement.

Also:

Alteration or mutilation of passport: This passport must not be altered or mutilated in any way. Alteration may make it INVALID, and, if willful, may subject you to prosecution. (Title 18, U.S. Code, Section 1543)

Re:Great idea!

[JFitzsimmons]

The goal of adding RFID to a passport was to add another layer of security to the passport. This may sound a little strange at first, but there is some logic to it. The RFID chip contains the same information as the printed passport, including a digitized version of the picture, AND a cryptographic hash. The desired outcome is that it is difficult to forge BOTH parts of the passport simultaneously. Ideally, the person would only be able to pass if both portions of their passport matched and the hash was valid. Although it may be a result, being able to just wave people on through after scanning the RFID portion of the passport was not a goal.

Practically, since passports are still valid without RFID, this measure is almost useless, and opens up tons of privacy problems as already stated. I don't think that ranged communication should have been a major feature of a passport, which makes me wonder why the government chose RFID over any other tagging technology, such as smartcards. Smartcards could perform the same or perhaps even better task as the RFID tags currently are, except they would be more secure simply by the virtue that they require physical contact with the reader.

Re:Great idea!

[advocate_one]

Personally, I think the Feds ought to focus more on people skills (i.e., well-trained, well-paid security forces with an effective organization to back them) and less on failure-prone, unproven technology.

hahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha... sorry... just had to laugh... you owe me a new keyboard...

Re:Great idea!

[ScrewMaster]

... which makes me wonder why the government chose RFID over any other tagging technology ...

Well, much has been made over the potential for these passports to be read by bad guys for some distance. It occurs to me that our government (and others) might like to have that same ability. It sure would be convenient for the cops if they could just stop anyone that they can't "ping". It would be a variation on usual "papers, please!" but no less invasive from a privacy perspective. Readers could be installed at any place where people have to pass (bus terminal, subway station, bank, restaurant, you-name-it.)

If law enforcement is looking for an individual they suspect is in a particular area, they could just dot the region with portable scanners. Heck, England will probably incorporate the technology into some future generation of their cameras. They already have speakers, why not an RFID reader? This would certainly make catching terrorists even more straightforward, it being common knowledge that terrorists can never obtain legitimate documentation while in a foreign country.

I understand that the current generation of RFID passport is being supplied with shielded covers to avoid remote polling, but that was only after enough people complained about it. It wasn't a concern until then, and the State Department was perfectly happy to dump them on us anyway, regardless of the risks.

Besides, this is just a pilot program, using the cover of anti-terrorism to get a bunch of people to walk around with RFID tags. If the technology works as well as they hope and expect, you can bet your bottom dollar that our up-and-coming RealID cards will incorporate RFID tags as well. It's just too tempting, and since that's something that everyone will be required to carry with them at all times (or, if not required, then strongly encouraged) we'll be even easier to track.

Re:Great idea!

[pilgrim23]

Someone once said that all better ID control ever does is raise the costs for fake papers.. When I was young I worked a cattle ranch. Back then we had a handy gizmo for tagging the ears of cattle; White tags for cows, blue for steers, yellow for hefers. It made culling for slaughter so much easier. Nice to see this tech put to the next logical step.

Re:Great idea!

[Anonymous Coward]

And this, illustrates something I have been mentioning for quite some time now. Why forge something that is so freakin' hard to forge, when you can have the real thing with so much less effort? The government is going through so much trouble to "secure" airports and passports, that they have managed to (and many citizens have managed to play along with) convince themselves that securing this is the final answer to security.

In reality, it just opens up a whole new area to be exploited. If route A is easier than route B, people will choose route A for whatever it is they want to do. A quick idea, which I'm sure the "terrorists" have already considered: Kill a person, steal his identity, get new ID. Easy. The passport is real, your photo will be real. Immigration will be happy.

Hell, you don't even need to kill anyone to steal their identity! Just go find someone that lives in Idaho. Chances are this person will never leave the U.S., and thus neither the person in question, nor immigration, will ever notice something is fishy.

Another idea. Get a genuine, non-U.S. passport that's in someone elses name, and travel with it. Just find another contry that is lax with issuing passports and get one there. Not such a big deal if you're part of an international terrorist ring, right?

Essentially what the gov't is doing is similar to what I saw at a datacenter once. The front entrance was like a freakin' fort. But to get in, all you needed to do was slip in through the back when the cleaning lady was walking in. Really, Stupid. As we all know, the weakest link in the chain will break it.

Which reminds me of a recent trip from Tokyo to Frankfurt that I took. I was in business class, which had REAL cutlery with the meals. But the butter knives were plastic. BUTTER KNIFE!! I swear to god, if I had a real butter knife and a real fork, and I had to use one or the other to threaten someone or defend myself, I would choose the fork!!! Stupid, stupid, stupid. Oh, and the inflight material all says that ALL radio wave emitting devices are banned from use. Then the Connexion by Boeing ad shows how to use your WiFi card to get internet access. Oh, the list of complaints I have over stupid policy...

What the Heck...

[Noryungi]

Microwave the sucker and be done with it, I say.

Oh wait, that leaves a big smoking hole in the passport... Errr, never mind, carry on...

DMCA

[Anonymous Coward]

They'll just say you are violating the DMCA somehow if you bust the RFID in there.

They do NOT say it's legal

[torstenvl]

FTFA: "But be careful - tampering with a passport is punishable by 25 years in prison."

Also, only TFA works. The other links are bogus.

Re:They do NOT say it's legal

[ScrewMaster]

That's not the question. I don't think our Federal Government is as much concerned about "proving" things as it should be, not anymore. The real question is: what is the penalty for being accused of tampering with your passport.

I would think that "tampering" would be more along the lines of "falsification". Destroying the RFID is really more defacement than tampering. At worst that would make the tag useless, at best make it more secure, and only means the passport works the way passports have always worked, requiring visual identification. It doesn't give the holder a different ID or allow him to do anything he otherwise could not.

Re:They do NOT say it's legal

[ScrewMaster]

Oh, I know, and it's absolutely something that the Feds aren't going to want you to do so it doesn't really matter what the definition is ... you can bet it's illegal to smash the chip. And if it isn't, it's just an oversight that will get corrected, particularly if chip-smashing becomes popular enough.

Ooops

[dj961]

I dropped a hammer on my passport.

It's like wearing a big name tag...

[paladinwannabe2]

That broadcasts your information. This makes it so much easier to stalk people you've just met! Of course, if I was a criminal I'd just use this to make a list of people going on a nice long overseas flight... plenty of time to stop by their house and help myself to a few things.

Freedom vs. Safety

[TrisexualPuppy]

Great idea! Anything else I can do to slow down my passage through Immigration and Customs after a long flight? I'm always looking for ideas.

Hey, actually, it is a great idea. If you're the kind of person who likes to protect his rights and privacy, this is an excellent way to go. Not only do you get to destroy the RFID, but you can still use the passports that are being released from here on out and are the only way to get in or out of the country. This means that we have an option to keep passports as they used to be, a little less like cattle ear tags.

For me, cue the Tchaikovsky 1812 Overture final movement. Cannons sounding in the background, I'll be smashing my RFID with a 12-pound copper mallet the next time that I have to renew.

Tags: dontaskquestions

[75th Trombone]

How far will you go to protect or disable the RFID chip in your passport? Do you think such a step is necessary? Does anyone have an argument in favor of the technology's implementation here?

Or how about in opposition of it? What do you think are the legal ramifications of such a move? Who is likely to be hurt by this scenario? Who am I? What am I doing posting on Slashdot? When is my question-mark key going to break under stress?

Re:Microwave...

[bilbravo]

The article (in the magazine, not sure about the online version) states that microwaving it could cause burn marks, which would invalidate the passport.

Taking bets...

[Junior J. Junior III]

How long until they make hammer possession a felony?

Re:Taking bets...

[Perseid]

Who cares? Does anyone still have any of his CDs anyway?

Re:Taking bets...

[multiOSfreak]

How long until they make hammer possession a felony?

Probably not long. And then only the criminals will have hammers. That's why we should all join the National Hammer Association.

They can have my hammer when they pry it from my cold, dead hands.

Re:Taking bets...

[TheGratefulNet]

yeah, but when all you have is a hammer, everything looks like NIN.

or so I've heard..

No thanks.

[webdog314]

And who is more likely to get that random cavity search, the touring Swiss couple who don't give a damn about their privacy risk, or the scruffy looking nerd who's passport just happens to have a non-functional RFID chip?

State Department FAQ

[brewer13210]

From the US State Department FAQ on electronic passports

What will happen if my Electronic passport fails at a port-of-entry?

The chip in the passport is just one of the many security features of the new passport. If the chip fails, the passport remains a valid travel document until its expiration date. The bearer will continue to processed by the port-of-entry officer as if he/she had a passport without a chip.

Re:Lots of F.U.D. spread around

[eglamkowski]

Why do you have to be canadian to safely say the US government is stupid? I'm an US citizen and I'll say: my government is stupid. And insane. It hasn't given a damn about the constitution in what, 150 years at least? It's been all downhill since :-p

But not to worry, we're rapidly approaching the point where Our Robed Masters (i.e. the courts) will run the whole show anyways, so pretty soon it just won't matter who sits in Congress or the Oval Office. For some things they already do have the power, they just haven't been able to seize all the power for everything. Yet. But they're working on it!

Anybody got an RFID detector?

[mmurphy000]

Does anyone make a handheld RFID detector? Not something to read the tags, but just to note their presence, kinda like the rudimentary keychain WiFi detectors? I'd love to have something that I can use at home to find these little buggers as they start invading everything, so I can choose which to keep, which to somehow enclose (e.g., passport), and which to hammer into oblivion.

For my purposes, a simple meter showing strength of reflected RFID signal would probably suffice, so one can slowly pan over an area to watch for needle jumps. An audible signal (think Geiger counter or metal detector) could work too, though a headset jack would be nice in that case.

Re:Anybody got an RFID detector?

[Lurker187]

Well, if you're scanning objects in your home, you might as well use a stationary device connected to a computer, since there's little point in putting RFID tags in furniture or other normally non-mobile objects. Also, I would think a mobile power source and even basic processing would drive up the price.

I haven't tried them yet, but if you are interested in PC-based RFID readers, some friends recommended these:

http://www.hobbyengineering.com/H2177.html

http://www.phidgets.com/index.php

Re:Anybody got an RFID detector?

[owlstead]

In the Dutch/German C'T magazine there have been schematics on how to build a detector to find ISO 14443 tags (which is what these passports are). Also, you can find another way to protect yourself against these sort of attacks here:

http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:HuNI-ek20WkJ: www.cs.vu.nl/~melanie/rfid_guardian/papers/acisp.0 5.pdf+rfid+vu&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&lr=lang_nl|lang_e n|lang_de

They also link to the RFID detector in the C'T magazine (first reference).

Anyone who disables the tag, is a terrorist.

[krygny]

"Does anyone have an argument in favor of the technology's implementation here?"

Soundly thrash, arrest, incarcerate, try, convict and execute anyone with a malfunctioning passport tag. Problem solved.

Bad Idea

[Vulturejoe]

Don't do this. The government considers US passports to be its property not yours, and mutilating your passport can get you in trouble, especially if you did it on purpose. Plus, there will be a lot of paperwork to fill out if you ever want another passport.

So what's the point of this "Security device"?

[Zadaz]

If my passport is perfectly valid without it then why does it exist? It's certainly not preventing counterfeiting if they can just skip that step.

Somebody doesn't grok RFID...

[pointbeing]

I do this stuff (among other things) for a living.

There are two types of RFID tags - active (carries its own power supply) and passive (powered by the magnetic field generated by an RFID reader). The best active tags can be read a couple hundred feet away - that's what you use to go speeding through toll booths and such.

Passive tags (like the one in the passport) can only be read a few inches away and someone with even a basic knowledge of physics knows that the power requirement to maintain an adequate magnetic field increases exponentially with distance.

Also, when using the FUD Technologies Nuclear Long Distance Handheld Omnidirectional RFID Reader® one has to remember that tags operating on the same frequency will tend to interfere with each other, reducing the chance of getting a good read.

My suggestion is to take the tinfoil off one's head, wrap their passport in it and go about their business ;-)

Re:Somebody doesn't grok RFID...

[swillden]

Passive tags (like the one in the passport) can only be read a few inches away and someone with even a basic knowledge of physics knows that the power requirement to maintain an adequate magnetic field increases exponentially with distance.

Good post. I just want to add that because the readers EM field powers the chip and the chip's transmitter that the effective power requirement increases with the *cube* of distance, rather than following the normal inverse-square law. That's not to say it's impossible to read chips from larger distances, but it's very tricky, and works best in an EM-shielded lab environment.

Re:Somebody doesn't grok RFID...

[Jah-Wren Ryel]

I do this stuff (among other things) for a living. ...
Passive tags (like the one in the passport) can only be read a few inches away and someone with even a basic knowledge of physics knows that the power requirement to maintain an adequate magnetic field increases exponentially with distance.

While you may "do" it for a living, it sounds like you don't hack it for a living. It takes a whole different mindset to look for vulnerabilities to exploit.

Even the State Department admits the RFIDs used in the passports can be read from at least 10 feet away. NIST says they've been able to do 30 feet and are working on clever ways to get beyond even that. These numbers are for ISO 14443 RFIDs which seem to be the type used in US passports.

one has to remember that tags operating on the same frequency will tend to interfere with each other, reducing the chance of getting a good read.

There are plenty of situations in which just knowing that the RFID and associated passport are present are trouble enough. The classic example being the bomb with an "american detector" - left out in a public area it only needs to get enough of a signal fingerprint to differentiate american passports from others in order to make that passport's owner very unhappy. Put one of those into the doorframe of a mcdonalds somewhere and you don't even need to worry about long-range fancy-smancy stuff.

Re:Somebody doesn't grok RFID...

[canavan]

passive (powered by the magnetic field generated by an RFID reader).

Passive RFID tags are not powered by magnetic, but by electromagnetic fields, more precisely essentially the same radio frequency they use to send back their data - they use the same antenna for sending and receiving.

someone with even a basic knowledge of physics knows that the power requirement to maintain an adequate magnetic field increases exponentially with distance.

Since we determined that radio is used to power the tags, everyone with a basic understanding of physics should know that the field strength diminishes with something like x^-3 and not y^-x, which would make it a cube law matter, and not exponential. Additionally, the same directional antenna that can be used to read the tag's signal can be used to direct the radiated RF energy to the tag.

one has to remember that tags operating on the same frequency will tend to interfere with each other, reducing the chance of getting a good read.

Sorry, but that's wrong again. RFID tags only send an answer when they are specifically addressed. The inventory control tags allow for a binay search to find all tags, e.g. you start by asking if any tag have addresses <2^31. If any answer, you check < 2^30 and between 2^31 and 2^30, etc. until you know the individual addresses of all tags in your range. Only after you have the right adress you will start actually reading their data, anything before that is just to detect their presence. Whether or not passport tags even give away their presence if one doesn't provide the (printed) secret key in the request, I do not know.

Re:Somebody doesn't grok RFID...

[Anonymous Coward]

For an isotropic (directionless) transmitter/receiver pair, the power requirement is distance^4. That is not exponential.

By using a directional transmitter and receiver, the power requirement is distance^4/transGain/recGain. Both the power/sensitivity requirements and interference from non-targetted RFID's decrease. A gain of 6 changes a 2" range into 1'. Antenna gain of 60 increases that to 10' range... all with standard equipment. However, this assumes that the passport is broadside to the attacker; as others note, it will generally be partially closed and facing away; both effects increase the power requirements.

Kids, beware of people using pringles-can antenna near the airport. and don't wave your passport around all the time.

Scrolling Name Badges

[bill_mcgonigle]

This makes it so much easier to stalk people you've just met!

A cookie for the first hacker who connects a portable RFID reader to one of those uber-geek scrolling LED name badges and writes out, "Hi, $FIRST_NAME $LAST_NAME, pleased to meet you!" whenever someone with a passport walks up to you.

Re:Lots of F.U.D. spread around

[Planesdragon]

... hasn't given a damn about the constitution ... For some things [the Courts] already do have the power...

You, ah, ARE aware that the Constitution sets up three branches of government, and explicitly grants the Courts a rough third of aggregate power, right?

And since they're the only branch that has no say in amending the Constitution, letting them be the ones that determine what the words mean sounds reasonably fair. (Where's the "States may outlaw abortion" amendment, anyway?)

FWIW, it is disturbing that our current administration seems reluctant to abide by Checks and Balances. But that's why we live in a democracy; when the administration no longer suits us, we can remove them from power without killing anybody.

THINK before you hammer

[dpbsmith]

Which is likely to cause you more trouble? Homeland Security being identify me wirelessly at a distance to they can yell at you "6079 Smith W. Yes, you! Bend lower, please!"

Or that Homeland Security can identify you as someone who has exhibited an unusual pattern of behavior by sabotaging my own passport, for reasons which they will not be interested in trying to understand?

Telling them that "An article in Wired says a nonworking RFID doesn't invalidate the passport, so I can still use it" is likely to be about as effective as John Gilmore saying that since nobody can show him a copy of any law that says he needs to show ID when flying, he should be able to fly without showing ID.

you're either lying or ignorant of the field

[Anonymous Coward]

Not only can the old-generation passive RFID tags be read more than "a few inches away" (to claim 1 meter="a few inches" you'd have to count the way the Congressional Budget Office does)*, but it's been more than a year since passive RFID tags which can be read anywhere from 4-8 meters away have been on the market.

Here's a nice little marketing presentation to get you started on the capabilities of passive RFID using Ultra-High Frequency ... http://www.idesco.fi/library/documents/PassiveRFID -Ifsecseminar2005.pdf/

*Yes, I know its only "1 meter" under near-ideal conditions but average street conditions still don't degrade the range to "a few inches".

Re:microwave it

[ScentCone]

I have $66,000 on me ... they COULD read the amount of currency in his pocket at a distance

He's going through customs. With over $60k in cash. I guarantee it was not in his pockets. Further, if you've ever been put into the "special" line crossing the border, you know that they'll probably ask you to empty your pockets, too. Especially when your baggage has tens of thousands of cash in it.

They didn't need to read it at a distance, they freakin' looked at it.

whats the beef?

[sowhattf]

If you are travelling abroad, you show your passport (quite willingly) to just about every tom, dick, and harry in world anyway. Check into a hotel, show your passport (sometimes they even TAKE IT FOR DAYS OR UNTIL YOU LEAVE like in Italy and many other places - who knows who is looking at it all that time! In MANY countries, that is the LAW!). Take a train, show your passport. Go to the casino, you'll probably present it again. A night on the town to a club, show it again. Who the heck needs James Bond gizzmos? The info in your passport wasn't suppose to be a secret! It is shown and looked at constantly. Let me guess, your whole family gets assigned a fake name to call each other when you travel because you don't want anyone to know your Archie and your wife is Edith.... Meathead.

35-45 feet

[Ghostalker474]

Thats how far away your RFID equipped passport can be read.... almost 45 feet away from you. Someone can sit on the other end of a train station or airport terminal with a cup of coffee and a laptop, not drawing any suspicion and walk away after 10 minutes with a dozen new identities. While many of you try the hammer option or the microwave, I can offer something better. Goto a retail store, in the electronics dept and put your passport on the deactivator panel while its active. When triggered, the thing sends out a VERY powerful EMP that'll zap credit cards, cell phones, MP3 players, and certainly RFID tags (It's made to deactivate the RFID tags in expensive/small electronics). No scorch marks, no circular impressions, just a dead chip. One of the many things I've learned while working in retail =)

Better Yet.....

[IHC Navistar]

Instead of a hammer, which would leave an obvious, and most likely ugly, mark on your passport, you could just use an N50 neodymium magnet. The integrity of the passport would remain unaffected. An RFID chip that has been hammered would most likely damage your passpord by fragmenting and cutting through the cover, if the blow from the hammer hadn't scuffed it up enough already.

N50 Neodymium magnets can be a little pricey (about UK3.00 / US6.00), but with a magnet that strong, you could probably keep yourself amused until the end of time!

How to tell if your passport has RFID

[HungWeiLo]

A passport has an RFID implanted if it has this symbol.

I renewed mine about 1.5 months ago and didn't have it.

Re:Violation of Privacy

[Helldesk Hound]

Actually you did - implicitly by virtue of your citizenship in the USA.

The republic known as the United States of America passed a law requiring such device to be used. You are as responsible for the laws in the USA as any other USAan citizen is.

And as a citizen of the USA you implicitly agree to be bound by the laws as approved by the majority of it's citizens.

You don't like it? Get the law changed, or emigrate to some other English-speaking country.

It's worth noting that the USA has recently passed several sets of laws (to do with monitoring & detaining people) that are very similar to those laws that were enacted in Germany in the years immediately prior to the Second World War.

Wake up USA. Wake up!

Re:They *will* be forged

[swillden]

Oh yes he will. They will inevitably leak. It's only a matter of time until someone bribes or blackmails a government employee or steals one of the machines used to sign the data and program up the chip.

Very, very, very unlikely. I have significant experience with how such signing keys are managed. A few years ago I built a key management system to protect the keys to protect billions in credit transactions. The project was considered important to national security, so I had design reviews with the NSA. I know what the NSA required of my designs, and I'm sure that the passport system will also benefit from their input. They're seriously good at this stuff.

The keys will almost certainly be generated in, stored in and used only by hardware security modules, themselves stored in the most secure areas of the already highly-secure passport production facilities. There will be no way to ever get the keys into the clear. The HSMs won't be in easily movable machines, and multiple senior officials will have to authenticate in order to clone the keys to another HSM, and under no circumstances will the HSMs be allowed to leave the facility. Further, once installed there will be no reason to ever move them at all, and plenty of physical security will be in place to assure that they're not moved.

The keys won't be stolen. That's easy to assure when you have such a small number of extremely important keys that don't have to ever be moved.

What almost certainly will happen is that corrupt passport issuance officials will create real passports, issued through the normal channels, with bogus names and identification data. That sort of risk is self-limiting, though.