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How Do I Manage Seasoned Programmers?
An anonymous reader writes "I have a technology background and worked as a programmer for a few years before slipping over to the dark side. I am now on the business side and have been given responsibility for a small team of Java programmers. While the technology aspect of what my team works on doesn't scare me, I need ideas to make sure the team stays motivated while reporting to me, a business-oriented guy. Perhaps I should mention I am in my early 30s while the majority of the team constitute an older, wiser generation. What advice should I follow to avoid turning into yet another Bill Lumbergh?"
These are creative people, and will resist things like status reports and hard work schedules.
I want to delete my account but Slashdot doesn't allow it.
Microsoft Project!
11 herbs and spices?
Salt / Pepper / Oregeno?
TFA doesn't really help.
Faster! Faster! Faster would be better!
As a programmer, the thing I hate the most is having to redo code over again due to poor specs or bad design docs. Make sure they are organized and have the correct specifications.
Marge, get me your address book, 4 beers, and my conversation hat.
The big problem I see in people who are tech managers is a lack of understanding of project management. They're fine with people, if not missing some subtlety here and there, and it sounds like you've got a team that has few personnel problems. So focus on building your project management talents, which is about deadlines, coming up with objective measurements for progress, and setting realistic goals. Your team should be able to tell you where the trouble spots will be in the development cycle, how fast they expect to overcome each obstacle, and help you plot a roadmap, but only if you ask the right questions.
#fuckbeta #iamslashdot #dicemustdie
Beer, wine, whiskey and good food.
Seriously, they're people. You make it sound like you're some exotic zoo keeper and you need to know what to do when they present their glowing red ass.
Why don't you think: "How would I like to be treated?" With respect, open communication, acknowledgment of work done, incentive for above and beyond... and learn who they are.
The fact that you cared enough to ask is a big step.
You don't want to touch them too often or they get tough and dried out.
Oh wait, that's hamburgers. Nevermind.
Focus on getting them what they need, staying out of their way, and keeping the management shit out of their way.
Fight Spammers!
All you need to do is walk in and say:
"Are you working?"
"yes"
"Can you work harder?"
"good"
If they get tired buy them hammocks.
It helps if your wearing a Tom Landrey hat.
Listen.
Be open to criticism and be willing to change course in response to it.
Make sure when you do talk technical, you know what you're talking about. Feel free to ask questions if you don't know, and be able to absorb and express abck what you've learned.
If you need to make a decision based on "fluffy business stuff" that goes against the right theing to do on a technical issue, explain it thouroughly and be able to back it up. Geeks thrive on more information, not less.
Give the geeks freedom to graze.
Yeah, watch some documentaries about pack animals or life in prison. That should give you some ideas for ways to communicate that you are the Alpha Male.
echo -e 'global _start\n _start:\n mov eax, 2\n int 80h\n jmp _start' > a.asm; nasm a.asm -f elf; ld a.o -o a;
See, the key here is whether or not these developers are good developers. Experienced and responsible.
If they are, the best advice I'd give you is to stay the hell out of their way. They will deliver. The best developers need a set of requirements, a deadline, a good working environment and caffeinated drinks. Not much more.
But on the other hand, if they're not, then you need to stay on top of them. But how are you going to figure out if they are, given that you're a business guy? That's a difficult situation.
If you do know that at least one of them is the kind of person that can lead, work through him/her to make sure you can identify any potential problems.
There's nothing better than a good developer who can design, code, document and communicate, and does not need constant supervision. On the other hand, there's nothing worse than one that pretends to do those things and turns out to be a disaster for the project.
Web2.0: I love when people Flickr my cuil and digg my boingboing until my google is reddit and I start to yahoo
You don't have to. You are redundant.
Once I was a four stone apology. Now I am two separate gorillas.
Seriously. People will tend to respond a lot better to you if they feel that they have legitimate input into the process, and many of those folks might be able to provide ideas and experience that you can benefit directly from.
Of course, I'm speaking as a 46-year-old programmer who's been doing software design/development for 20 years, so my bias is from the other side. Then again, most of the folks I tend to deal with are at my experience level or higher so in many cases *I* tend to be the youngster with the radical ideas. But I've learned to defer to my elders in many cases even tho I disagree. Sometimes they actually turn out to be right! ;-)
Mainframe/UNIX Bit Twiddler and long time Windows/Linux Hobbyist.
The Theorem Theorem: If If, Then Then.
First, remember that they know more about what they're doing than you do. Listen to them. If they say a schedule is unrealistic, it is almost certainly unrealistic, and you need to take whatever business action is appropriate. They know better than you how to do things. Tell them what to do, not how to do it. Tell them the business reasons for doing things. They might have better ideas than you.
Second, be honest with them. Don't be afraid to tell them things they might not want to hear, but if they catch you in substantive lies your effectiveness will nose-dive. Explain yourself.
Third, set them up to succeed. Try to figure out what obstacles they're likely to run into, and try to remove them.
Fourth, keep up to date on their progress. Don't let them go dark on you. Don't make them afraid to admit failure or schedule overruns, or you'll be blindsided sometime.
These won't necessarily help you with problem employees, but most of your employees are probably interested in doing a good job.
"When you have eliminated the unacceptable, whatever is left, however improbable, must be the truthiness" - Holmes
Best manager I ever worked under asked me my pain points, and what I wanted to do in the job and how I wanted to grow. He then proceeded to help me in those three areas.
That's it. Pretty simple, eh?
If they are seasoned, keep out of their way, help them when they are frustrated, and make sure they are doing stuff they enjoy and keep them happy. They find a new technology they want to use? You make sure they get the opportunity to use it. They want a managerial job? You make sure they get the classes/seminars/education/opportunities they need. Your job is simply to remove obstacles that get in there way...
Good quote, too many chars. Seriously, the slashdot 120 char limit sucks!
The answer is simple--be their best friend. And let them know repeatedly that you want to be their best friend. There's no way they won't accept you. Trust me on this one.
This guy's the limit!
No, just the opposite.
The manager should come off as being "cool" and sympathetic to the programmers. The managers should let the programmers know that, since he is familiar with programming, he has a genuine interest(and is also paying attention to ensure that the programmers are doing their job right) into what exactly is going on as opposed to just walking around with a clipboard pretending to do work and pontificating about deadlines.
Interact with the programmers and ask them questions so that you appear to care and humor them by letting them be the master, you the learner, and that will quickly dispel any "We're seasoned pros, why should we listen to that pipsqueak?"-type attitudes. Stress that you are "one of the boys" and poke fun at yourself with PHB jokes while demonstrating that you're obviously not a PHB.
You have a good point. However, you still should get modded +1 douche for using the word "irregardless".
Yeah, watch some documentaries about pack animals or life in prison. That should give you some ideas for ways to communicate that you are the Alpha Male.
Absolutely! Piss in the corner of their cubicles or offices. Hit on their wives/girlfriends when they come around. Make their property yours. Let those guys know who's boss!
This guy's the limit!
First thing you need to do is establish yourself as the alpha geek. Walk into the room and fire the first one to make eye contact. Then expound for two hours on how crappy Java is and how all you really need is a copy of Ruby on Rails and a Red Bull to be able to cover everything they do.
The next day, show up with a box of Dilbert comics and pass them out, demand each team member identify five 'wrong thoughts' express by Dilbert and his coworkers and indicate how they actually should have acted in regards to their PHB. Emphasize that the PHB a highly paid executive and deserves their attention and respect. Dilbert's job is to make his bosses' ideas successful, not to mock him.
The next day, first the second person who makes eye contact with you. Encourage your team to ridicule them as they make the walk of shame from your office to the exit.
The day after that, ask them to participate in a team building session where everyone is armed with a nerf weapon and is allowed to act out their aggression. Bring your own baseball bat.
The day after that mention that you expect the team to put in manditory overtime. You forgot to mention to them that they have a milestone deadline coming up tomorrow and you are still working with marketing to finialize the specs.
On the day after that, enjoy the peace and quiet you've earned yourself. You'll need it as you now no longer have a team to worry about.
Don't tell him that. He'll actually believe it.
Here's what you should actually do: Manage.
Be honest with your team. Tell them what you need and when you need it. Take advice from them on the best way to arrange that. If they're experienced (read that as set in their ways) forcing some oddball paradigm on them will send you permanently to PHB land. They'll never listen to you after that. You'll be regarded as an obstacle rather than a help.
You're herding cats - never forget that. Let them do what they want in the way they want to do it and all should be well. Just make sure they know what your expectations are.
And if you want something Lumbergh-like from them, say so. Then do the unusual thing and say why you want it. Don't just demand status reports from them. Ask for them, tell them you need these reports "because of pressure you're getting from your supervisor about this certain customer, and if we make schedule with this project they will potentially select us for the next project, and that means more revenue for the company."
Talk to them as equals. Explain your concerns to them. NEVER talk down to them or enforce some odd idea that the manager caste is above the programmer caste. You are all equals on a team, sink or swim together.
Do these things, ignore the buzzwords and manager-hype, be their fellow employee and the details will solve themselves. If these guys decide they like you your job will become a thousand times easier. You will always have loyal allies, rather than disgruntled drones.
And best of luck. Don't just be a manager - be a good one.
Weaselmancer
rediculous.
Went back to the tech side.
But the management stint wasn't wasted. It did make me realize there is a "bigger picture" that is always mentioned. I'd say the most important thing is to get this across. Tell them there will be decisions made by you, sometimes that you have control over and sometimes not, that won't make a lot of sense at your group's level. If they're your decisions you have some hope of explaining them. If they are decisions made up the chain then give as much information as you have and point out that it made sense to someone at some point and since y'all are all getting a paycheck from the same company then those are the marching orders.
Other than that just work to get your team the things they need. It's their work that will make you look good (or bad) so your job is to make sure they have the tools and time they need to do their jobs. If you give them that then they need to actually do their jobs and you will want to keep them accountable for that. Nothing says bad manager more than someone who ignores the slacker while everyone else is pulling their weight.
$0.02,
-CZ
Read Hackers and Painters and Mythical Man Month, especially the latter.
Know this: checking in on your developers via a bug tracking system is probably advisable instead of constantly walking in and saying, "What's happening." Note period instead of a question mark.
Colin Dean Go a year without DRM
Bullshit stops at YOUR door. Whether coming down from your management, or headed up from one of your primadonna coders.
Your job is to provide the environment that best lets your people do what they do best. You are insulation, you are the sponge, you are the glue. All superfluous shit must be sandwiched and eaten by you.
Don't try to be technical, admit what you don't know and ask for explanations. Realize that coders consider their code as a mother does her children. If you criticize, you better be right, or you will be hated forever. If the baby is truly ugly, KNIFE it, don't adapt to crap.
NEVER turn down a legitimate request for tools considered necessary for their jobs. NEVER. Find the money, find the stomach to fight your management for the funds, and YOU make the arguments on your people's behalf.
This is how you get coders on your side. (that and free food and drink.)
You have to be the cog in the wheel.
focus on a pointless statement in an offhand conversation, and keep repeating it over and over, getting louder all the time, the whole week, with a huge grin on your face, like its a hilarious joke
ask them to come in your office and sit down, ask them to close the door in a very soft whisper, and then stand up, displaying an obvious erection in your pants
in the company restroom, stand next to them while they are urinating, even if there are ten open urinals, and make sure to pee a little on their shoes, making emotionless blank eye contact while doing so
sit silently in a meeting for the longest time, with a slightly pained expression, then excuse yourself, and, outside of the room but within earshot/ plain view, starting crying loudly and hysterically like a wounded child
in no time you will be deriving the respect and affection you deserve
intellectual property law is philosophically incoherent. it is your moral duty to ignore it or sabotage it
Also, dry humping them is a sure fire way to express your dominance over them.
-Xoltri
You need to let the programmers do what they do best...while remembering programmers' tendencies to do things like pick resume-padding technologies instead of the right technologies and freaking out over small changes instead of rolling with the punches. Easier said than done, but it's the truth.
Also, whatever you do, do NOT, as some people have erroneously suggested, "be the manager that you would want to work for" because there's a good chance you don't share the same values as some of your programmers. The best rule for managers is to treat others like they want you to treat them.
For example, I'm not particularly driven by money. Don't get me wrong, I wouldn't work for free and I like financial security, but when I line up priorities, thingslike freedom of time and thought are a lot more important to me than if a bonus is paid at 150% or something like that. My favorite managers have understood this, even if they don't understand how I'm wired, and they tend to leave me alone and not over-manage, unless absolutely necessary. And I've worked quite hard for them.
So as much as you can (while maintaining consistency and keeping expectations well-known), adapt to each individual instead of implementing some across-the-board strategy. One guy may be driven by money. Another may be going through a divorce and always one the edge.
Programmers are people and there's plenty of good and bad that comes with that. Some of them are just going to be jerks. And some aren't. Some will even be tremendous people. There's nothing you can do about this, but don't let yourself get pushed around or too worked up about it.
Finally, always set clear expectations and never ever raise your voice or roll your eyes (neither of those work...).
Please don't use "umm" or "err" or "erm".
These I learned in the military... Probably one of, if not the biggest things to do - Lead by Example. There's no better way to shred your credibility and reputation for barking at someone for coming in a bit late, if you come in late all the time.
Secondly, always check up on your people. It's amazingly simple to do, but it's almost a bygone in the modern corporate world. No matter how busy your month, take a good 5 or 10 minutes with each member of your team as ask them how everything's going, what some of there frustrations are, what are some things they may need. It's amazing how good a roadmap you get when you just sit an listen.
Communicate - both ways. Encourge input from your team, but dont be afraid to send some the other way. If someone's doing something you like, or not doing something, say so. Probably my biggest personal pet peeve is non-confrontational managers who basically shotgun-blast you with their little annoyances once a year at your performance review. Your team doesn't necessarily have to know where your at every second of every day, but it's always good to provide some high-level status updates. Take a few minutes out of your schedule to update the team.
Recognize good performance, but don't be overly cheesy about it. Taking a minute to walk into an office and say 'I really appreciate the effort you put in last week to meet the deadline, Jim' will often mean a lot. It means even more in person, rather than email.
I could go on, but really a lot of it is pretty straight forward. You people should want to work hard for you and want to impress you, and good leadership shows when they do. Treat you team members as professionals with respect and how you would like to be treated.
My area of expertise is not in programming, but rather in engineering - similar, but different too - so take this with a grain of salt.
As a manager of technically proficient people, you have only a few major tasks in front of you: first, be sure to marginalize or fire uncooperative or difficult people (the "no-assholes rule"). You can live with lower levels of expertise, but you cannot live with drama. To paraphrase Roger Zelazny, the graveyards are full of people who thought they couldn't be replaced.
Second, it's important to know that, aside from keeping the team asshole-free, you are not "in charge" here. They know what they are doing and they can track it better than you can. Employees of technical expertise actually need facilitators to assist them more than they need managers to direct their efforts. So be available to your team to take up the things they cannot afford to spend time doing - communicate with other departments, run interference with project managers, make sure that they get the help they need.
In my particular field, a manager should be prepared to provide more assistance than control. I don't think programming would be that different.
---don't make me break out my red pen.
[mutates and goes into chaotic rage upon reading the word "irregardless"]
!#&*
...and use Agile. Here is the best book in the world: Agile estimation and planning
To micro-manage them is to underutilize them (and to frustrate them). Your job is to understand the business problems and communicate them as business problems, and let the team figure out the technical solutions...they should give you some alternatives, and let you pick the right ones. After that, your job is to ensure that nothing obstructs their development, and to take action whenever they tell you that they are blocked.
If you must be hard on deadlines, then you must be soft on requirements. Or vice versa. Being hard on both will always guarantee failure to deliver, and talent walking out the door. Usually being hard on deadlines is the choice of the day.....so being soft on requirements must be done, but *intelligently.* Some requirements are core to the usefulness of the app. Some are gold-plating. Move the gold-plating to the bottom of the priority heap. Each iteration will then represent the maximum possible business value that can be developed within the allotted time.
You also spend a lot less time trying to stick stuff end-to-end in making a project plan and having to spend more time changing it all around after things don't go as planned halfway through the project. Micro-managers tend to hate agile, despite the fact that it is a much more realistic addressing of the realities of software development than traditional, waterfall, winds up being.
The most inspiring thing a manager ever said to me, and a line which I always try to use when appropriate: That's my problem, let me handle that. Clear the landmines for them and let them run.
Unless your project is 100% exciting to everyone on the team, the answer is, you won't be able to manage it without adding some junior programmers. A dude with 10 years of experience and multiple death marches under his belt will simply find hard to get excited about the mundane. That's not what he's there for. He's there to take on the big challenges, design stuff that works and implement it in a way that he's not embarrased by it five years from now.
The corollary is either/or:
1. Most of your project must be "exciting" to developers on the team. Very few projects qualify. In this case you can spread the shitty bits around so that people are less annoyed by them.
2. You have to have a significant contingent of junior employees who will do the shitty bits that don't matter (but don't forget to throw them a bone and let them do something interesting as well).
Most importantly, show appreciation for the work people do, whether they're senior or junior. I've been in the industry for well over a decade, and you won't believe how much easier it is to motivate people if you just say thanks to each of them personally every now and then, and maybe slip in a perk here and there. For reasons I don't understand, a lot of managers focus a lot more on cracking the whip. Big mistake, if you want people to stick around and actually produce something decent.
The key to managing people is the same as anything else in life. Treat them with respect and dignity. Remember, "do unto others".
"Nobody shoots anybody in the face unless you're a hit man or a video gamer"- Jack Thompson
I think you just described Micheal from "The Office."
Assuming you're all in the same office...
One-on-one meetings in a comfortable and somewhat informal manner. Make it regular (twice a week or so?) and find some way to give them advanced notice indirectly, like doing it at the same time every week or passing by their office/cubes a few minutes before jumping in to ask for the informal report. If you startle them, leave and come back in a few minutes (really!). Their desks should be oriented in a manner that makes it hard to sneak up on them; if that's not the case, buy a mirror for their monitor.
Group meetings at a less often interval (weekly or every other week) where everybody talks about what they're doing, and you reveal the long-term strategies, etc. Doing this over a free lunch or end-of-day beers (5:30p is "beer thirty" on "frosty friday" or "thirsty thursday," etc.) is always a winner. You already know most of the answers, so this is actually all for their benefit; this is when you report to them and they report to each other. This helps emphasize the philosophy that when co-workers are all friends, more work gets done with less apparent effort.
Never criticize them for something you also fail at. Instead, announce that you're looking to improve that aspect in yourself and they'll get the message.
You read Slashdot, so you're probably very IT-savvy ... older software engineers are a bit removed from that, so be careful about introducing new services (e.g. software services for bug tracking, wiki, source control, project management, social networking). When you do such introductions, make sure they are walked through, and the installation process is trivialized (all the above examples are web-based to eliminate client-side installation).
Finally, pick up a book on agile development practice and consider migrating the team to a scrum cycle. Even if you decide it's not the right idea (or if you're already doing it), it will give you some management insight.
Use my userscript to add story images to Slashdot. There's no going back.
Your first post was possibly funny. Now you've proven you're either a troll or a bitter, jaded individual who was probably passed over for good reason.
It was actually a *mistake* that the only advancement path for most exceptional skilled workers was to become a manager that didn't use their exceptional skills. Project management has always been a specialized skillset. For some unknown reason, it was assumed that people who learned how to build things could also supervise other builders. I call shenanigans.
The military figured this out years ago. Commissioned officers make plans, non-coms implement the plan, and specialists do the work. Each butterbar junior officer goes through a fairly rigorous training course to give them the concepts and then they get to actually learn the job once they get assigned to their unit where their captain and sargeant finish up the training.
When the engineering company I used to work at introduced a "technical expert" path as well as a "project management" path I was overjoyed. Finally, the best do-ers could keep do-ing without being forced into managing. Plus, theoretically, the project managers would *finally* know how to manage.
None of that happened, unfortunately, so I jumped ship. Last I heard they were closing offices. The place I work at now does have various technical grades that provide a pretty wide salary band and it's doing fine.
I've been on slashdot so long I'm starting to get out of touch with the cool stuff if it ain't on slashdot.
Like anyone's going to listen to someone who thinks irregardless is a word, regardless of the merit of what they said
My other sig is extremely clever...
I will add to this as I have "been there, done that." As a manager of a group of programmers it's your job to be the bridge between them and their ideas, thoughts, feelings about the project they are working on and the company they work for, and the management that you report to, get budget from, sets goals and, ultimately, pays your paycheck. As the middle man in this scenario you have to take the arrows from both sides and figure out how to keep the team together and motivated, as well as meet you budget and deliver a product on time. These are not easy things to do with youngsters that don't know any better, but even harder to do with more mature, "seasoned" programmers.
What you need to understand is that as a new manager your role is to learn. The company hopes you learn from the mature programmers how best to get a project out the door. The programmers hope you learn how to balance your humanity with the needs of the company so their world doesn't get turned upside-down. My suggestion: Be as hands-on as possible with the project. This means that the unit you are in charge of becomes flat from an organizational perspective; only communication in and out of the group to and from upper management is filtered through you, and being the team leader when key decisions need to be made, differentiate you from the rest of the team. I have found that my teams respect me and my skills (both inside and outside the team's competency) better and I get to build a more human rapport with those on the team. You'll be surprised at how the mocking behavior will turn into good natured ribbing that you would expect in a tightly knit team. It won't completely eliminate malicious behavior because there's always someone in every group that will disagree with something you do, but it sure does let folks know you're not an armchair quarterback blindly following directives from upstairs. You will probably hone your programming chops in the process.
Bottom line, create an environment of mutual respect and allow the social interactions to progress at their own rate. Keep the team focused and motivated by being in the thick of things with them. Remember, it's your team and if you don't take ownership/stewardship/responsibility for them then why should they or management care what happens? They won't, because you won't be a manager for long.
Seriously, it sounds obvious, but it's a start. Figure out what their interests are, where their passions are in regards to their work, and determine if this is a person that you can put in charge of a piece of your project, or if this is someone who is only working for a paycheck. I've had my best results (and I picked this up from working in successful teams like this) by giving those who had stronger interests a degree of responsibility over a particular section of code, and had the "paycheck" guys work on all the other tasks that needed to get done.
This approach works fine for both Agile and Waterfall, if you really "get" both methodologies. When you're working with seasoned developers, you're probably working with guys and ladies who've developed strong interests in particular niches by this point in their careers. If you can find a section of your project that jibes with those interests, you'll probably get fantastic results out of those folks. People who tell you that it's better to stay super generalized and constantly switch tasks without respecting those interests don't understand that if you're not passionate about something in your job, you'll most likely start looking for another job.
And hey, if you have some seasoned guys who don't care either way, and just like that paycheck, those guys come in handy, too. They're like handymen, you can assign all the other tasks to them and they'll probably do them well enough. Saves you some time from trying to find contractors to do the work.
I'm pretty sure they throw you in jail for doing unto others what I would have them do unto me without their permission.
This was a great comment. I would also add a couple of other things: 1) Unfortunately, as a manager you are also responsible to those outside the team as the representative of the team. This means that you really DO need the status reports, so you can honestly tell those outside the team what is going on. This is as important for the team members as for those outside; the team members WANT and NEED you to be that representative, so they can be creative, constructive, and complete their work without interference. One of my old bosses (the CIO of the company, at that time), had a great slogan: "Perception is reality". If those outside the team perceive that you have a handle on things (even if you don't), they will leave the team alone to get things done. Similarly, if the team perceives that you are shielding them from the outside pressure (even if you aren't succeeding), they will be willing to put up with a little "management intrusion" into their creative processes. 2) Sometimes, it's good to disguise things. For example, several years ago I took over a team from another project manager. This project manager had a half-hour meeting every morning, where each member of the team (15-25 people) stated what they had done yesterday, the hours spent on each task, what they planned to do today, and how many hours they had available. My upper management insisted that these meetings continue. Needless to say, they did not go over big with the team. So, I changed the meeting to a problem-solving session; someone would throw a problem on the table, and the whole team would present solutions. I facilitated, using my technical knowledge to bring the right skillsets to bear, come up with a potential solution, and assign the details of testing that solution to team members (even if they weren't the original programmer). As this problem solving went on, I gathered enough information to determine who was on and off schedule, which allowed me to manage the schedule and the budget. Quality went WAY up.
There's an alternative theory of human social structure, in which men naturally organize themselves into a hunting band with one leader over a group of more-or-less-equals. The leader maintains his position because the other guys like him and trust that they will be successful under his leadership. The leader usually isn't even be the roughest, toughest guy. The biggest sin in this kind of group is overvaluing yourself relative to your contribution to the group: arrogance and selfishness are punished.
That's quite different from wolf pack model where there's a heirarchy from the strongest at the top to the weakest at the bottom. The only sin in a wolf pack is weakness: weakness is punished ruthlessly.
In a wolf pack model, the manager would have to be the best coder, the strongest personality, or the toughest hombre. But in real life the manager is usually a poor (or washed up) coder who is allowed to play a "superior" role because the people under him believe the group will be successful under his leadership. Managers who believe they are better than their underlings face constant undermining and insubordination.