EU To Monitor All Internet Searches
Xemu writes "The European Parliament is issuing a written declaration about the need to set up an early warning system to combat sexual child abuse. However, the substance of the declaration is to extend the EU data retention directive to search engines, so that all searches done on for example Google will be monitored. If you are a citizen concerned about the right to privacy and freedom on the Internet, you can help by sending e-mail to the MEPs from your country and explaining the issue to them."
Yeah, i'd say this is a good opportunity to dust off my gopher skills.
"The price good men pay for indifference to public affairs is to be ruled by evil men." ~Plato (427-347 BC)
I guess search engines like StartPage (also known as Ixquick) that don't keep logs of your IP address are gonna see a nice jump in traffic.
That Anonymous Coward guy is pretty annoying. Can we have the government censor him or something?
It's the only way to actually do much of anything about child sexual abuse.
Because pedos are totally going to Google "kiddy porn downloads".
If you're not doing anything wrong, I don't see why you wouldn't want to let the government see what you're doing. In this post-9/11 world, we *have to* to give up some of our personal priveleges, or else the terrorists will win. The sooner we get remove the word "freedom" from the dictionary, the sooner everyone will stop whining.
Your email will be logged, and you will be noted as a child porn supporter.
In retrospect it was a good idea that Freenet was developed to combat censorship and government control of the internet before it was needed, and before governments could take steps to stop it. I think Freenet, and other similar networks, will become increasingly useful as governments try to clamp down on the Internet.
I used it recently, and it seemed to work well but I wish more development took place on it, and others would fork it to try their own takes on it and/or experiment with different ideas.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
If the EU doesn't uphold this, it's members will.
...that 50% of the news headlines about how some cp ring was broken up are just fishing expeditions to see who panics and reads the link to see if they're going to be next....
Guess those lost their effectiveness, and this is just the next step. Buyer beware.
In the eastern parts of Europe you had to be careful on the phone.
The West smiled when it saw the vast data collection systems and rows of tape.
Now you have to be careful what you type into Bing, Yahoo, Google ect.
Interesting to see the line about "based on the existing system for food safety" [laws].
Domestic spying is now "Benign Information Gathering"
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1243625/Businessman-Mirko-Fischer-sues-British-Airwars-treating-men-like-perverts.html Being seated next to a child on a plane also makes one suspect of being a kiddiefiddler. Come on guys, really?
The stories and info posted here are artistic works of fiction and falsehood.
Only fools would take it as fact.
If I see a crime I'm supposed to report it. But this system can't differentiate between someone looking for child porn, and someone who is trying to use their spare time to locate and report people who deal in child porn.
Basically, we're teaching the public to turn a blind eye. Together with the mandatory filters implemented in even my "free" country the problem is just being buried even deeper.
.: Max Romantschuk
"The dark night of fascism is always descending in the United States and yet lands only in Europe." - Tom Wolfe
Pedophiles use children for their own self-serving purposes, and now the government wants in on the "fun". They're using these poor children to achieve the government's broader political goals, getting away with things they otherwise could not. "Think of the children", the oldest trick in the book since the Victorian era.
Perverts and legislators -- it's like they're made for each other.
"In prison you just have to shut your eyes and take it. Here you have to shut your eyes and give it."
God help you if you are researcher (private or government) and search for naughty terms. At my local library they tried this a few years ago and some high school girl almost arrested because she was searching for terms like 'child porn' and 'naked kids'. Turns out she was actually writing a report on how easy it was to find illicit porn online. She even made to the local talk show circuit for a while.
I judt got a nre Kinesis keybiartf so please excusr ant egregiou typos.
This declaration doesn't seem like a law, more like the equivalent to a US Congressional Non-Binding Resolution, having no force of law on its own, and hoping the parties being addressed will react to the non-binding request. In other words, it seems to me like hot air to feed special interests.
Here's the actual text:
---
"I am pleased to inform you that, together with my colleague Ms Anna Záborská MEP, I have submitted
Written Declaration No 29 requesting the establishment of a European early warning system for
paedophiles and sex offenders. A normal childhood for our children means a solid future for our, and
for their, European Union. Any act of violence suffered by a woman or a child is an indelible defeat of
the rules of civilised coexistence. We would therefore be very grateful if, as many other colleagues
have already done, you could support this important Written Declaration No 29 'On setting up a
European early warning system (EWS) for paedophiles and sex offenders'. The proposal does
not involve the establishment of a new European agency but rather greater levels of cooperation
between the public authorities and civil society in order to defend the weaker members of society
and protect the rights of all.
I may be contacted as follows:
Tiziano Motti MEP
ASP 9E209
Tel. 45247
tiziano.motti@europarl.europa.eu
Declaration No 29 may be signed:
- Outside the Hemicycle during the part-sessions
- At the office of the Members' Activities Unit in Brussels, PHS 2A 019
Thank you in advance,
Tiziano Motti MEP"
---
They seem to do these a lot, in terms of declaring a condemnation of Israel, or having a declaration on violence against women - hot air to feel good and influence constituents, without any real legal meaning on its own.
To put it in programming terms, it seems to me they're declaring an intention - not instantiating a law. Bad in terms of intentions towards what little privacy remains, but not yet acting to change law.
My interpretation could certainly be wrong - but that seems to be how the wording strikes me.
Ryan Fenton
Seems like this might just be the government spies being jealous of the data the search engines (*cough* advertisers) have been collecting for years.
CP is just an excuse, not the real thing they want to look for.
93rd rule of Slashdot: No matter how obvious my sarcasm is, my comment will be taken seriously by someone.
"We need to monitor your internet searches. You know, to prevent pedophilia."
"But I don't want anyone's internet searches monitored without a warrant to monitor them."
"SO YOU'RE PRO-CHILD MOLESTATION AND YOU WANT GRAPHIC SEXUAL DEPICTIONS OF THEM ON THE INTERNET?!"
"What in the hell? That's not what I said at all!"
"Maybe we should be monitoring YOU, pervert."
Will they ban it?
Whoop de doo.
Google etc already keep logs, they will just be held in 2 places now.
Oh noes
Fuck the EU and fuck the children. Fuck the assholes who use "child porn" as an excuse for every thing!!!
When has Google Trends ever listed a single Kiddie Porn search string?
If Kiddie porn was such a problem on search engines, surely it would be right up there on #1 of Google Trends right?
Give me a break.
The child fucking boogieman is not real. Its not the children that are getting fucked... ITS YOU.
Burn your governments down.
The reason against it is one.
Question to net neutrality supporters--does this teach you yet that government control of the internet is very, very bad?
...because what you find may disturb you.
For example, searching for "Tiziano Motti f****ng horses" turned up about 56,700 results. I'm not making this up -- check it out on Google.
Don't think Tiziano isn't into some seriously freaky stuff? Okay, try "Tiziano Motti bl***ng a teenage unicorn".
Man, those EU parliment people are disturbed.
Internet searches aren't child molestation. Child molestation is a sex act. So the EU must monitor every sex act to prevent child molestation. Otherwise it's just wasting everyone's time while the real killers run free!
--
make install -not war
All someone interested in breaking this system at a basic level needs to do is to gain access to some popular server to put some code (plain HTML img tags, or javascript if site is vulnerable) that will automatically do searches based on those "monitored" search terms when a user-agent accesses it. This will incriminate all innocent parties that browse those "infected" pages (as if something like is bad), which naturally flood the monitoring tools with garbage.
Please direct all bug reports to
Or you can just search for your MEP's name along terms related to paedophilia. And then do it again, and again...
Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
What, you thought keeping the government out of net neutrality would also keep them out of this sort of crap???
T
Laws are horrible moral guides, moral guides make even worse laws.
I almost got kicked out of college because I, from school, googled "6 year old girl in sundress." I was looking for reference images for finishing a photoshop painting of a man walking with his daughter on a beach. I had the beach, I had the man, the ice-cream he was holding and in the middle of class I goggle images of kids because the bone structure of kids is different than adults. 2 days later I'm in the deans office getting a "Letter" added to my records. I'm like WTF? Did they think I was looking at child porn in a room full of twenty three people and the only one who noticed was the IT filter? So it's on my permanent scripts now.
If I go to a 4 year program I have to hope they explained it well enough I'm not just denied for "viewing inappropriate material" on campus. My teacher even backed me up and explained he was in the class with me and that the images where completely harmless, fully clothed, yet they still put it on the record. Pissed me off.
The world has gotten so freaking paranoid about pedos it's crazy. What's next public burnings? This pedo-paranoia has to be screwing up the kids too. When I was a kid we played with all the kids in the area, went where ever we wanted and were pretty damn safe. Now kids have play dates and a small circle of friends. Adults act like kids are made of glass and might break. If we screw up 90% of these kids childhoods with paranoia to save 10% of the kids who are going to get molested how the heck is that good for the human species?
We are going to have whole generations of social cripples afraid to be around each other and eating/drugging themselves to death while they wonder why they can't feel happy. The human race has moved along quite well without fenced in play grounds and cops policing public parks constantly. Kids shouldn't have to live in fear that the boogie man might touch them in their private places. "Keeping the kids safe" is doing more harm than good if you look at it from the big picture. Let them act like kids for Christ's sake.
But I'm sure by posting this I'll be marked as a child stalker. *rolls eyes*
Did Hitler come back? I'm sure I would've heard of it.
You can simply search for "{member of parliament} would you please stop doing this? it is a really bad idea and could result in your being voted out of office or some such thing."
just send an e-mail to your mom, they'll read it too.
--
Stay tuned for some shock and awe coming right up after this messages!
It's sad that we're (going to be) relying on corporations to shield us from our governments.
HAND.
So the google query will be:
Children, the one-shot-kill for all who want to control the world, because if you are against whatever they propose then you are a pedo.
Two measures can protect children far easier. Kill catholics (a good idea in general) and simply give child services the resources they need to do their job at the lowest level. So a care worker doesn't have to monitor dozens of children in a day which simply can't be done and results in documents just being shoved around instead of just going around with a police escort and checking the living conditions.
But hey, that costs money and doesn't actually allow you to track every other thing.
MMO Quests are like orgasms:
You may solo them, I prefer them in a group.
just use https://www.google.com as your search page. it's been available for a few weeks now.
We do not have the right to choose them, we live in a fake democracy.
Dear
So basically, all the pedophiles (who don't spend thier time doing google searches for 'child porn', I'd hasten a bet) are unaffected, while all the people who search for information on the subject (reporters, worried mothers, hell, anyone looking for information on a subject, which we should be allowed to do in the modern world) gets monitored. Seriously. Great plan.
-- Lattyware (www.lattyware.co.uk)
or the article it's sourced from, so I decided to do a little research on my own to see if this story is true. So I searched google news for the subject matter and what I found was... ... oh wait a second, just a minute someone's at the door.
This space available.
This will actually become a HUGE problem for the people of the member states.
Unlike the US, the EU doesn't recognise concepts like "unlawful search", "evidence inadmissible in court", etc. It's up to the member states. And many member states have an attitude that basically boils down to "evidence is evidence, regardless of how it was obtained". If you're arrested in, say, Finland and demand any rights, the response will be along the lines of "You don't have any rights! You've been watching too much television!"
I used to have a lot of anti-US sentiments, but lately I've come to realise what a great document the Bill of Rights actually is.
Lemon curry???
Thailand is blocking access to www.softpedia.com, subdomains like win.softpedia.com are still accessible. It is beyond me why a legal and legitimate software download site is being blocked. I fail to see what this has to do with the lese majeste law or child porn.
If you keep letting your ISPs and governments implement plans like this, then maybe in the distant, or not so distant, future, you will find yourself in the same situation as internet users in Thailand. That one fine day your favorite website is not accessible anymore, because your government decided to block it.
I am posting this as anonymous coward, not because I am a coward, but ... well - y'all know why.
Why don't you monitor all the post and telephones too? I mean, someone could write about CP, or even talk about it ... I mean, c'mon! What is this half ass shit. I want everything monitored. I want cameras in my room and on my shitter too!
And I hope you screen the magazines I ordered too, please!
And while we are at it, please make laws so I am not allowed to be in the same bus or train as kids. Ever. Better I have to keep a distance of 500m.
We can do it. we can fight CP. Yeeeah!
"Freiheit ist immer auch die Freiheit des Andersdenkenden" - Rosa Luxemburg, 1871 - 1919
Imagine just a few hundred thousand different ips associated with the query "child bestiality porn" entered into the logs each day.
Hmmm...Sounds like the perfect job for a botnet, or three....
*grabs Windows install cd*
What? A Beowolf Cluster of badgers?!?!!!!!?
That's going to require lots of zombies....
Hmmmmmm...Installing Linux on a Dead Badger: User's Notesv
Is there anything Linux can't do?!?1 *eleventy one* 11!?
Note:
my emphasis in quote above
Down With Slashdot BETA!!! I've been around the corner and seen the oliphant; you can only abuse me from your perspecti
...does that mean I'm looking for child porn or sites about child porn?
It means whatever the applicable authorities want it to mean.
Down With Slashdot BETA!!! I've been around the corner and seen the oliphant; you can only abuse me from your perspecti
Hang on, there's a knock at my door.
*male voice* Avon Lady!
Who?
Uhmmm...Candygram!
Who is this, really?
*???* Uhmm...Landshark?
Oh, quit joking around. *opens door* AAHHHH!!!!
Down With Slashdot BETA!!! I've been around the corner and seen the oliphant; you can only abuse me from your perspecti
It might be naive, but if I opt out of Google (or Bing or whatever) remembering my search history, am I safe?
You obviously don't think like a politician. See, their is nothing arbitrary with their action nor is it interference to monitor your use of search engines. Searches are not correspondence, nor do they affect your honor or reputation as only honest government employees will ever see the contents of said searches and only honest government employees will properly review it. Trust the government, they are here to help. After so many are willing to hand over their responsibility for their health care which has far more invasive information about you that your use of a search engine. I have seen people demand free wi fi access in cities and then turn around and scream bloody murder about the idea that someone may restrict how its used. Either do for yourself or quit asking the government to step in all the time, this is what you get, they will protect you because you have already proven to be incapable of so many other things.
Really, people seem to assign importance to things of little import while other times assigning little to those of great importance.
* Winners compare their achievements to their goals, losers compare theirs to that of others.
Please explain the FBI warning. Also Jon Johannsen and TPB.
Does anyone know what that sentence means in point 3 of the declaration? What is the existing system for food safety?
http://www.google.com/search?q=Tiziano+Motti+child+porn
The big bad thing about this declaration, and the thing that can be used to actually convince MEPs to not sign, or withdraw their signatures, is not that data retention is to be extended to search engines, but that in all the information that has been given to MEPs (which is a lot) this has not been mentioned. At all.
Even in the declaration itself, it's not referred to as 'Data Retention' but by the document reference number.
In other words; not only are they trying to push data retention to search engines by using child abuse as an excuse, but they aren't even upfront about it, and indeed go quite a ways to actually avoid mentioning it.
Let me say that again: MEPs had NO information that they were supporting data retention for search engines, unless they SPECIFICALLY looked up the reference number. Also, written declarations have no legal weight, so the 'barrier of entry' for signing is generally lower.
No one likes being tricked into supporting something they don't. Especially when the issue is such a sensitive and controversial one as data retention.
Just use scroogle.org or one of its clones. As long as their servers aren't based in Europistan, the whey-faced bureaucrats won't get ahold of your IP address. Google will only see scroogle.org's server IP addresses and your IP will be purged in 48 hours.
If it isn't just an Orwellian attempt to record what everyone thinks about everything, one wonders whether the person(s) who sneaked this in really thought through what they intended to _do_ with it.
If it's meant to make police work easier, might it in fact make it more difficult weeding through the false positives?
Do you send the searcher an email, "Dear Citizen, we are concerned for your mental hygiene"? Or a letter to the home to let the wife and kids know? Or perhaps publish a weekly compilation in the local newspaper to give the community a heads up on who is searching beyond the bounds of decorous thought?
Perhaps mandatory pre-emptive counseling is in order?
And, as always, the staffing. Particularly the human staffing for the sexual thought crimes division. Wouldn't do to have the Mayor's wife accused of lesbian incestuous thoughts for searching "telling your daughter about checking her breasts for lumps" now would it?
But, of course, we know it _is_ just an Orwellian attempt to record what everyone thinks about everything.
Going to http://www.startpage.com/ redirects you to the https version.
As an interesting aside, this is from the FAQ page:
On July 14th 2008 Ixquick received the first European Privacy Seal from European Data Protection Supervisor Mr. Peter Hustinx. The Seal officially confirms the privacy promises we make to our users. It makes Ixquick the first and only EU-approved search engine. Both EU Commissioner Viviane Reding and Dr.Thilo Weichert, German Privacy Commissioner complemented Ixquick on its privacy achievements. You can find the press release here.
So... the EU wants privacy, but also wants to monitor everything you do? What a strange place.
On the one hand, European media and politicians are tearing Google to shreds for recording street images and publicly broadcast data, on the other hand, European governments want Google and other companies to record something as personal as Internet searches and then do data mining for suspected child pornographers on it.
Google recording public WLAN packets isn't going to hurt you; they aren't going to defraud your credit card or expose your extramarital affair even if you're stupid enough to broadcast it.
European governments, however, are going to hurt you, when they ineptly mine your Internet searches and then conclude that because you were searching for "Lolita" they need to investigate your for child pornography.
People really need to get their priorities straight about privacy. The fact that this can even be proposed at the EU level means that European voters have made seriously bad choices in their politicians. (It's no accident that one of the main candidates for the German presidency is considered the Czarina of Censorship in Germany.)
What they say they are trying to do is one thing.
Their intent is another.
The legislation you end up with accurately reflects the former and not the latter.
If you are wondering how intelligent people could be so lax in the wording of legislation, you are a trifle gullible.
the consequences of a terrible idea perfectly describes the stupidity of DRM.
In the near future, everyone will conduct their lives online.
Everything you buy, read, watch, listen to will be logged (for many people that already happens.)
With your DNA in the database, your database record linked to your online ID, and CCTV to monitor everyone, you will not be able to move without their machine knowing about it.
Politicians, and more importantly, the civil servants and police who have the task of applying the law, are only now waking up to the possibilities.
They realised, to their amazement, that they could automate the monitoring of the whole population and pro actively track down every criminal. While you are shouting bullshit, they are putting the pieces in place which will allow it to happen.
When they are able to do that, they will introduce more legislation to make more of the things you do a crime and by then it will be too late. It is already difficult to mount effective opposition.
But you are too weak and shy to do anything about it. You keep waiting for someone else to do something about it, and they are waiting for you. You moan when what you ought to be doing is making the legislature aware of your anger, and if it comes to it, making them pay a heavy price for ignoring you.
Organise yourselves, make a plan, carry it out.
Now, I've got to go, America's Got Talent is just starting... yawn.
"Pedophiles use children for their own self-serving purposes"
I understand the point that you were trying to make with your post, but that's a rather misguided statement. If you think that paedophiles "use children for their own self-serving purposes", you clearly haven't discussed the topic with any paedophiles or other neutral and informed individuals. Most people who are attracted to adults don't hunt adults to "use for their own self-serving purposes", so why do you think that most paedophiles do that? Most people who are attracted to adults obviously try to have sex with people they are attracted to (if both are available, consenting, etc), but for paedophiles there are some very, very good reasons to not act on one's feelings.
As someone who is attracted to children, I know many other people who are attracted to children, both online and offline. Many of the people who I know have friends who are children, but the majority of those people understand the importance of not actually acting upon their feelings towards children (and the others are apparently deterred by potential legal consequences).
Your view of paedophiles is bastardised by the media and the governments whom you are critical of. When everyone accepts the absurd constructed image of "the paedophile", the authoritarian legislators win.
"To the future or to the past, to a time when thought is free" ~ Nineteen Eighty-Four
Concerns about privacy they'll have by the dozen...maybe someone should also point out what a technological clusterf**k this would be.
They can't even convert a PDF to an easily accessible HTML page. How the hell would the they manage with the massive amount of raw data from Google, Bing, Yahoo, Ask, (do they even know how many search engines there are?) How would you deal with the false positives alone?
This is just as moronic as the UK government thinking its easy to just 'store' all comms for 3 months, in case the police needed it.
What they should be doing is making sure that the reporting methods are easy and universal accross the EU, that every EU memeber has the wording in its laws to take down host sites and to work with non-EU states to make sure that international sites can also be taken down quickly.
Then it can move to the much much harder issue of properly defining child porn, and making that standard. None of this wishwashy crap that would make Donald Duck illegal because he's got no pants on! Or locking up grandparents from taking photo's of their children.
No need to waste billions of our money on some half-assed badly implemented privacy invasion.
----- I refuse to have an argument with an unarmed person
Child molestation is a sex act.
I'd suggest that's a sloppy use of words in the context of a subject where words are regularly abused. From a random source:
Is a "sexual offender" someone who was convicted of forcible rape, convicted of urinating in public, a teenager caught making out, or someone with unsavoury content in his browser's cache? Similarly ambiguous is "child pornography". In rare cases it involve scenes of actual sex, but most of what's found on the intarwebs is cheese-cake photography.
Words should mean something, yes? If not, then you'll have to report my dog to the authorities. He regularly performs sex acts on my knee, and I've seen him do the same to children. And because everyone knows that dogs are predators by nature, you'd have to have to call him a "sexual predator", too.
Down boy!
The text of the declaration would not make sense. They want to extend Directive 2006/24/EC to search engines. But if you read the text of that Directive (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006L0024:EN:HTML) it is absolutely unclear how this could help their cause, as the directive only requires the retention of dates, times, telephone numbers, other identification items. And Article 5 (2) clearly says "No data revealing the content of the communication may be retained pursuant to this Directive."
So under the proposal of the Declaration they would get the times I accessed Google & Co. Big deal. This is how serious this declaration is.
So far the European Parliament has been relatively good at handling issues of freedom and civil liberties (this is why the national governments quickly passed the SWIFT agreement with the US before the new Lisbon treaty came into force which would have required the approval of the European Parliament). Therefore I trust them (for now) that they would not change the meaning of Art. 5 (2) of the aforementioned directive.
Most politicians sign papers they don't fully understand - both in Europe and the US. its called politics apparently.
That doesn't mean it doesn't become laws and they won't budge.
The state loves to censor people - since nobody really believes in democracy.
If Google really cared they would fix Android Chrome to reflow text, instead of discriminating
Program a quick bot that continuously searches google for so called taboo words. Sit back and wait until you are arrested on obviously false charges the collect the large settlement.
They're just happy to change to definition of what constitutes a "criminal" to suit themselves and their corporate masters. Not enough criminals... make a law that criminalizes something common and make some!
Has anyone ever looked at a google URL?
Google passes the search terms as a regular GET string in the url, if ISPs monitor and log traffic in general, they'll have logs of this already.
Wouldn't do to have the Mayor's wife accused of lesbian incestuous thoughts for searching "telling your daughter about checking her breasts for lumps" now would it?
Actually, that would be awesome.
"I don't care about the Constitution!" --Bill O'Reilly, November 17, 2009
"and simply give child services the resources they need to do their job at the lowest level."
Talk about supporting an evil nightmare organization. We could be in an Orwellian dystopia if enough of us would nod our head any time "it's for the children" rhetoric was used.
“Common sense is not so common.” — Voltaire
Expect Google to fight in court, and all other search providers to bow without complaint. Google will lose. Slashdot headline reads: "Google is clearly evil."
It must be Bush and Cheney's fault, somehow.
Google has a beta (doh!) of it's more secure search. https://google.com
The only time "only use in case of" works is with fire extinguishers, and thats because if you use in times of not fire you get thrown out of housing. You look at someone's searches and they arent a terrorist? BAM 20 years incarceration.
Notice also that a fire has to break out FIRST. Not such a good preventative measure, more like something to keep it from spreading which terrorism does all by itself.
And when you go to http://www.startpage.com/ as with www.google.com, your ISP is likely to redirect you to their own search portal or otherwise not forward you to the actual SSL page that you wanted.
Using SSL via an https URL starting from the very first web request is the *only* way to maintain privacy.
Every citizen is a potential criminal, as per EU.
I'd like to buy homeland for our 10 million people. http://twitter.com/mahadiga
Written Declarations in the European Parliament have no weight whatsoever, except as a possible litmus test of Members interest.
Such a declaration has to be signed by a majority of the Members for it to be valid (very few manage this) and even then all they can do is propose that the European Commission take some action - they have no force or mandate whatsover - it is more like a non-binding petition of members, and favoured by Members and Groups with little or no political clout within the institution.
To label the lead story as "EU To Monitor All Internet Searches" is FUD straight from Journalism 101, week 1...