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Looking Back At OS X's Origins
DJRumpy writes "Macworld Weekly has an interesting look at the history of OS X from its early origins in 1985 under NeXT and the Mach Kernel to Rhapsody, to its current iteration as OS X. An interesting, quick read if anyone is curious about the timeline from Apple's shaky '90s to their current position in the market. There's also an interesting link at the bottom talking about the difference between the original beta and the release product that we see today."
Check out Ars' run down too: http://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2010/09/macos-x-beta.ars
from the i-fail-at-history dept.
Don't also fail at English:
Macworld Weekly has an interesting look at the history of OS X from it's early origins in 1985
Its = belonging to It
It's = contraction for "it is"
Knowing these rules can save your life!!1!
Futurist Traditionalism
This article is no such thing, I demand my money back.
"I use a Mac because I'm just better than you are."
"Apple Computer -- proudly going out of business since 1977!"
Thank you, editors.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nextstep
I was in college when Rhapsody RC2 was in existence, I still have a copy or two floating around and the ISO's on my fileserver. Good times, good times.
The windows File Explorer is the absolute worse thing ever. Column View is the best.
Is Steves war on color in the Operating System. Every single release of OS X has removed significant amounts of color from the operating system and applications. The latest iTunes is just another example of that, I absolutely hate it because I cannot quickly glance at the icons and figure out which one is which. Maybe it's just a rationalization 20 years later for why Apple didn't adopt color graphics earlier.
Monstar L
I don't want to be a whiner, but I don't understand what OS X fans are so lyrical about. OS X still has no option to make my car fly, nor does it allow me to play tennis outside in my iTennisCourt, and swim in my iSwimmingPool. Do OS X fans also go crazy over other office equipment, such as staplers or paperclips?
The REAL history of OS X...
And on the sixth day, Steve Jobs said, "Let there be OS X" and OS X was created, and it was good.
That's how it goes, right?
It is interesting to note that at that time MS also released their first real GUI OS, Windows NT. By 1996 MS has a credible OS, which remain useful until 2000, when XP became a reasonable successor. Like Mac OS 9, however, NT was not that consumer friendly.
In a world where the web has reached a point where social media consumption and creation is what most people do, neither Mac OS X or Windows 7 will be the solution. As much as pundits want to say that people spend their days typing reports, creating powerpoints, that is not what people to. They post to video blogs and watch videos and text. We will see machines that run Windows 7 for business, and Mac OS X for software development and creative content creation, but the that is going to be an increasing niche market. People will be buying iOS and Android devices, because these are going to let them do stuff for $300. An external keyboard and google docs will let them do anything they need for school. Windows Mobile is not going to do it. We have seen the succor to Mac OS X, and it is iOS.
"She's a scientist and a lesbian. She's not going to let it slide." Orphan Black
It was OPENSTEP 4.2 --- which Apple actually sold for a time, along w/ providing free Y2K patches and free upgrades to NeXTstep 3.3 or OPENSTEP 4.2 to license holders of earlier versions.
Amusing rumour is that ``Yellow Box'' was so named because Bill Gates, when asked if he'd develop for NeXT stated, ``Develop for it? I'll piss on it.''
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/11/14/gates_says_jobs_saved_apple/
As nice as Mac OS X is though, I'd still rather have NeXTstep:
- Display PostScript
- built-in PANTONE colour library
- vertical, movable menu bar w/ tear off menus and pop-up menus
- top-level Print, Hide, Quit and Services menu
- TeX provided by default and supported by the nifty TeXview.app
- inspector-provided sort options for Miller-column filebrowser view
- re-sizeable Shelf which can store multiple file selections as a single icon
- nifty apps which made use of Services and Display PostScript like beYAP.app, Altsys Virtuoso, poste.app &c.
William
Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow.
Double click the resize knob at the bottom of the column, it will size itself to fit all file names in.
could of used a screenshot or two of the historical operating systems. we all know what OS X looks like, but fewer of us have seen a living breathing Next cube
Sorry for self reply - my first Mac was a IIci; yes color was missing from the Mac between 1984 and '87.
Wish I could delete my previsou. post
You mean Bell Labs and the PDP-7?
A good book on the guts and history of OS X. Amit Singh's Mac OS X Internals: A Systems Approach. (www.amazon.com/gp/product/0321278542).
NeXTstep used a variety of cap options, NextSTEP......ah, the late 1980s-early 1990s!
Plato seems wrong to me today
copy and pasted from Wikipedia.
"Next, Inc. (later Next Computer, Inc. and Next Software, Inc. and stylized as NeXT) was an American computer company headquartered in Redwood City, California, that developed and manufactured a series of computer workstations intended for the higher education and business markets.
The last time I checked, there still was no way to kick around the really old original 68k versions of NeXTSTEP other than buying a NeXT machine and its optical media off of eBay. I wish somebody would write NeXT emulator that emulated the original 68k machines. The x86 version is interesting and all, but the 68k version is where it all started.
I guess people only bother emulating platforms that have lots of games.
Actually, Apple used NeXT because they had to buy the worthless company for $400 million, bailing out Jobs' personal net worth, to get Jobs back.
Apple's in-house OS, MacOS 8, made it to first developer release before Jobs killed it. This is not what Apple eventually released as "MacOS 8"; that was a warmed-over System 7. The real MacOS 8 was a completely new kernel, with protected memory and a CPU dispatcher, both of which the original MacOS lacked. (Deep down, the original MacOS was like DOS - no memory management, no CPU dispatching, no I/O concurrency, and way too many low-level hacks into the OS at the app level. It had to fit in 64K, remember.) The claim was that using the Next OS would allow getting to market within a year. In fact, it took over three years before the desktop MacOS X shipped.
A real bottleneck was developing a "penalty box" in which old apps could run. The original "MacOS 8" didn't have that. Apple used to assume that they had enough control over their application developers to make them convert their apps to a new OS. But by 1997, the big application developers, especially Microsoft, weren't willing to jump through hoops for Apple. The PowerPC transition had driven away many developers; most of the engineering apps were never ported, because the PowerPC had a shorter FPU length than the M68000 or Intel x86 lines, there were major data compatibility problems. Jobs' real job at the time was to cut a deal with Microsoft to keep Office on the Mac.
The article states "the beta gave the general public their first taste of an operating system that would go on to win popular acclaim and attract scores of Windows users to the Macintosh." One score being 20, I guess that means maybe a couple hundred Windows users switched over?
I imagine it started out something like this:
#include nextstep.h
int main(argc, char *argv[]) //TODO: Insert OS here
{
}
Coder's Stone: The programming language quick ref for iPad
The only thing I really miss from Windows is the File Explorer. Finder works, but its horizontal scrolling mode, where the view is never as wide as the filenames, is really annoying.
You can do a "New Finder Window" in OS X. There might be something similar in Windows, but I haven't found it. Of course I'm still on XP, so ...
Windows Explorer and Finder are both sad jokes when compared to something like Konqueror or Dolphin. How do you non directory opus using Windows users get by without tabs and split screen view in your file manager? For that matter, what happened to the "go up one directory" button that you used to have.
Huh. I wonder what happened to it? Because "worked quite well" is not a phrase I would use to describe Mail.app in any version of OSX that I've used (that is, Tiger and above).
Chelloveck
I give up on debugging. From now on, SIGSEGV is a feature.
From the article you linked:
When Jobs petulantly pouted that Windows stole the Mac's look and feel, Gates countered with "Hey, Steve, just because you broke into Xerox's house before I did and stole the TV doesn't mean that I can't go in later and take the stereo."
That pretty much sums it up right there. I know its probably meaningless for most people in the world, but when those who claim to be "in the know" start taking sides between Apple and MS on "innovation," they really need to just check that right there.
When did Ubuntu announce a new release?
When you need to do it every time you select a new directory, it gets old real quick. There should be an auto-resize option.
...of the fact that there was a not-particularly-private beta of OS X that ran on Intel hardware? Admittedly it ran on very little types of Intel hardware, but I managed to install it just the same. It was the release of 10.0 that was PPC-only; there /were/ x86 betas.
A "look back at the origins of OS X", and the acronym BSD doesn't appear even once in the article. WTF?
No matter how many years it's been, whenever I hear "OSX" I think Pyramid Technologies. "IMPLing..."
Total Commander.
My blog
1. Throw a dart at your screen to pick any of the pathetically designed built-in applications to make a replacement for.
2. Write a share/nag-ware version of said app, eg, Total Commander vs. Windows Explorer.
3. ???
4. Profit!
Left out of that history is the branch that almost happened: for quite a while the smart money was that Apple would buy Be, Inc. and use BeOS as the basis for their future OSes. More than a few developers (myself included) based their business models on this happening.
In XP, hold down either CTRL or SHIFT when you double click on a folder. In Windows 7, right-click on a folder and "Open in new window".
Command + Up Arrow will open a folders parent.
I am an unabashed Jean-Louis Gassee fan, having used Macs back in the 1980s and at the time wondered why they didn't allow me to use expansion cards like an Apple //, or even expand the memory (early 128K/512K Macs made that rather difficult!).
When BeOS came out, I was fairly thrilled at the idea, but had no idea how to get my hands on a Be box. A few years later, I got to see BeOS on an Intel box.
I was at first somewhat nonplussed, because this was a 160mhz 486dx2 style nightmare machine... but the BeOS made the thing haul ass. I have no other way to describe it; windows were snappy, file operations slow, but everything else not only ran quickly but synchronized well between different tasks.
History may well have delivered us the wrong "hero," and screwed one of the real heroes, because BeOS was amazing -- and light years ahead of Windows NT, and alternate universes ahead of MacOS 7, which you could freeze by holding down the mouse button.
Futurist Traditionalism
Ahhhhhh man - I was tripped up there for a moment. I couldn't decide which of the many Commander clones was being referenced, but I thought the nag-ware comment was just stupid. After clicking the link - yep, you're right on target! I've been using Gnome Commander for awhile, but it's not exactly my cup of tea. Maybe I should browse around, and see what some of the other clones have to offer in their latest incarnations.
All I really wanted was an Unix I didn't have to meddle with. So I wasn't interested in Linux (at the time). I just wanted to move away from Windows. That left OSX as the default option for me, and I've been very pleased.
Except for ending slavery, the Nazis, communism, & securing American independence, war has never solved anything.
No, the worst part of Finder is not being able to navigate it with just the keyboard. Why in the world is the "return" key mapped to "rename file/folder"?
The first Mac I ever played with was a Mac Plus, circa 1986. When I found myself in the market for a computer of my own shortly afterwards I looked at a Mac, but didn't end up buying one. Silly me. My girlfriend at the time needed to buy a computer for her company, and when she saw how blown away I was by an Amiga, she figured if I was impressed by it it had to be good, and that's what she bought. I played with a NeXT cube and was impressed by it, but couldn't begin to even think about buying one. I sent my resume to NeXT and got a nice letter back, but no interview.
Fast-forward to 1995 and I'm doing Mac development, System 7, in the transition from 68k to Power PC. My development box was a Quadra 650 with a PowerPC daughter board, so I could boot and run it either way. Our first PowerPC compiler didn't support fat binaries, but I had no difficulty figuring out how to use ResEdit to paste in CODE resources from 68k executables to make my own fat binaries. I had fun tracking down some memory management issues, the usual crash when switching back to your app in MultiFinder. Am I showing my age or what?
A couple of years ago I saw a Mac Mini in a store, thought it was cute (always a good reason to buy a computer!), played with it a bit, was impressed, and bought one. After a couple of years I bought an iMac, which is my current home computer. At work I have all the Linux and Solaris boxes I want, plus an XP box to read email on, but the computer I spend my own money on at home is a Mac.
...laura, long time Mac enthusiast and fangirl
Ubuntu releases always use alliteration. Meaning that the first letters are the same. Amorous Badger therefor would not be an Ubuntu release.
"To prevent this day from getting any worse, I'll just read ERROR as GOOD THING" 1GJU8xLuDKDxEs4KLf8fAGyptoDsqvEsBT
Because "open" is command-o, of course.
There's nothing wrong with assuming a certain level of computer literacy in a technical venue (which is at least what Slashdot aspires to be, even if it doesn't always make the grade). There are many times that summaries include ambiguous, niche, and/or nonstandard terminology and acronyms, but this isn't one of them. There was certainly widespread awareness of NeXT OS in the nerd community, despite limited adoption, particularly since it was the birthplace of the web browser.
That's not to say there's anything wrong with providing your link in the comments section for people who are likewise in the dark, but I don't think the editors should take a hit for not providing one in the summary.
https://www.eff.org/https-everywhere
No, the worst part of Finder is not being able to navigate it with just the keyboard. Why in the world is the "return" key mapped to "rename file/folder"?
Because it's not Windows. Ever since the original Macintosh (before Windows came along) the return key renamed a file. It was Windows that changed the meaning of the return key. To open a file under Mac OS you use command-o. That's "o" as in "open".
Why would anyone assume that return means open? If anything return would mean close, after all it ends a line when you are typing. You learned that return equals open because that's how Windows defined the action, not because it's an intrinsic meaning. Under the Mac OS Finder return means "toggle editing the name", another defined action which at least makes a little sense since return ends the editing just like return on a typewriter ends the current line.
It makes more sense to have to use a key combo rather than a single key to perform an action which will likely bring you from the Finder to another program. That way it's harder to accidentally hit a key and have 50 windows open up because you had the contents of an entire folder selected. If you hit return with a bunch of selected items in the Mac Finder then nothing happens. It's a ton better than having to deal with the mess of open windows you'll get in Windows.
You're used to hitting return to open something because you are used to Windows, take some time with Mac OS and you'll find that opening a file with command-o is just as natural as using return. It's all what you are used to.
Also, you can completely operate the Finder using only the keyboard. In fact, you can operate nearly every aspect of a Mac using only the keyboard. Much of it can be done using keyboard shortcuts built-in to the Finder, however if you want to use some menus, controls, and such using only the keyboard you may have to use the "Universal Access" System Preference Panel to enable some additional keyboard and mouse navigation. If you want to see the keyboard navigation shortcuts then just go to the "Keyboard" System Preference Panel, there's tons of useful shortcuts in there.
Sapere aude!
It's the same story you run into with a lot of Windows boxes - by the time you replace enough of the innards to get it up to snuff, you could have just bought a new one. If it runs Tiger just fine, and you don't mind sticking with stuff that will run on Tiger, the most I would consider doing is a RAM upgrade. But more and more Mac software refuses to run on PPC hardware (including the latest version of the operating system and most of iLife), so my own opinion is that the G4 upgrade is just a waste of money. Bottom line: this box might be a fun way to play around with a Mac, but you might do better by buying a cheap refurb'd Mac Mini of more recent vintage.Tiger is getting pretty long in the tooth (so to speak) these days.
Here is a direct link to the article I was referring to detailing their GUI work on the Lisa:
On Xerox, Apple, and Progress
This is one of those things that make you really wonder about all of the praise heaped upon them over their interfaces...
A Pirate and a Puritan look the same on a balance sheet.
Can't agree with you there... return means a lot more than just "new line". It also means "complete action"; for example, hitting return in the google search box will perform the search and show the results. There may be an argument for taking other actions on hitting enter, but I myself certainly would never choose something so odd as "rename file".
for example, hitting return in the google search box will perform the search and show the results.
Not anymore. Now it's all "instant" as you type. (unless your google leads to porn, where the instant results sometime seems to be supressed)
I still hit the enter key, though, and wonder why nothing happens.
Because it is. IIRC that mapping goes back to 1984. Why is return/enter mapped to "open" in Windows? (Also: "because it is.")
BTW, command-O does what you want. (Not just in the Finder, it's the universal "open document" shortcut in MacOS.) The Finder is very navigable with just the keyboard, you just have to understand that some of the key shortcuts are different from Windows, and often the choices are made in order to try to keep things more consistent across built-in and 3rd party applications than tends to be the case on Windows.
Maybe Amorous Badger is where they'll go once they get past Zygotic Zebra
"OS"?
Command+Down works as well.
You forget another more frequently used name for "Return" is "Enter".
Why would anyone assume that return means open?
Because it had meant "take whatever I wrote, execute it and show me the results" for decades before Macs, and "take whatever I selected, and try to show it to me" is the closest analogue in the graphical world.
Under the Mac OS Finder return means "toggle editing the name", another defined action which at least makes a little sense since return ends the editing just like return on a typewriter ends the current line.
Oh no, it really doesn't. The logical jump from "end current line" to "edit selected item's name" is far too large to call it "[making] a little sense", larger still than the aforementioned "execute" -> "open" one which also has the benefit of being an analogy to another kind of computer rather than a whole different (and very much dead and forgotten) class of machines.
Sorry, but as much as it may pain some of the Apple crowd around here, Microsoft *did* actually go with the saner choice here.
No problem is insoluble in all conceivable circumstances.
While you're right on all points, it must be said that Command-O is hardly a convenient navigation shortcut (though to retain UI consistency, it is a necessity). For efficient keyboard navigation, one would use cmd-downarrow and cmd-uparrow. Your fingers never have to leave the arrow keys.
There's a clear choice here. Either you chose a sensible size that lets you see ~3/4 columns at a time, allowing the view to actually be useful, or you chose to resize columns arbitrarily to show the one single file in the directory that's got an extremely long name, and end up negating all the benefit of the view – essentially changing it into a worse list view.
You're right, this is one of those things that make you really wonder about all of the praise heaped upon them over their interfaces... because they, unlike most geeks would, made the right choice.
The one thing that can't be done with keyboard and that drives me insane is switching to the non-default option in Yes/No boxes. Neither arrow keys, nor Tab works. You have to use the friggin mouse (or touchpad) :@
Black holes suck.
The one thing that can't be done with keyboard and that drives me insane is switching to the non-default option in Yes/No boxes. Neither arrow keys, nor Tab works.
System Preferences -> Keyboard -> Keyboard Shortcuts, at the bottom you'll see Full Keyboard Access, select All Controls
You can also hit control-F7 to toggle it without going into System Preferences.
Now tab to the button you want to activate (click) and hit the space bar to activate the button. You can also shift-tab to move backwards in the tab order, which helps because usually the rightmost button is the default active one.
Some other shortcuts:There is a nice summary of various Mac keyboard shortcuts here:
Mac OS X keyboard shortcuts
Sapere aude!
The logical jump from "end current line" to "edit selected item's name" is far too large to call it "[making] a little sense", larger still than the aforementioned "execute" -> "open" one which also has the benefit of being an analogy to another kind of computer rather than a whole different (and very much dead and forgotten) class of machines.
At the time of the Macintosh introduction the typewriter was hardly dead and forgotten, in fact it was still the primary document creation tool for the majority of people and one on which they had been trained their entire lives. Keyboard entry on computers was still a newfangled thing that few people had experience with. For these people the return key meant "end/begin a line to type on", not "execute a sequence of commands". Remember that the intention of the Macintosh and its GUI was to introduce these people to computing through metaphors with common, familiar objects such as files, folders, desktops, and even typewriters! Most of the actions of the GUI were designed with this in mind and, for better or worse, the edit toggling was one of these design choices.
The logical jump is that return ends the editing. Once you make that jump there's a second logical jump that since return ends the editing maybe it should toggle the editing and thus put both starting the edit and ending the edit on one key rather than two. In Windows I believe it's the F2 key to edit the name and the enter key to end the editing, in Mac OS the return key does both. That's one less shortcut to have to remember, plus it frees up one of the limited number of F-keys for some other shortcut.
In a command-line environment it makes sense that you should be able to execute a statement with a single key press. You took the time to set up the statement and it's part of a larger sequence so (hopefully) you've put some thought into hitting return. Plus, for the most part, you'll remain in the same window after the execution and not suffer a contextual switch.
In a graphical environment you generally don't want a single keypress to execute (open) a file since it's probably going to switch your context and you may have many items selected, causing a large number of context switches and clutter. Under a GUI the execute action should be a more complicated action, like a keyboard chord, so that it is most likely a purposeful action, not an accidental one.
There's also the difference in user expertise, someone using the command-line is most likely a more advanced user than the average GUI user. Immediate execution with a single keypress makes more sense on the command-line than in the GUI because it's a more advanced way of using the computer and an expert should know exactly what effect that keypress will have before they perform it. A GUI user should have more safety nets than a command-line user and keyboard chords protect the GUI user from accidentally executing something.
In the end it's not a major distinction, both schools of thought have their reasons and merits. Your choice of OS dictates which one you're going to have to get used to.
Sapere aude!
Why would anyone assume that return means open? If anything return would mean close, after all it ends a line when you are typing.
Return ends a command. I guess you haven't spent much time at a CLI, have you? To those of us who were using computers before the broad acceptance of the GUI, hitting enter is how you make things happen. Also, everyone but Apple will open a file if it is selected and you hit enter, at this point they're just being obstinate.
"You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
Try Gentoo. It's a clone of Directory Opus for *nix using GTK2. Very nice tool, extremely configurable.
My blog
I guess you haven't spent much time at a CLI, have you? To those of us who were using computers before the broad acceptance of the GUI, hitting enter is how you make things happen.
Ad hominem much? I spent many years working in command line environments before GUI became widely-available. I still stand by my explanation of why Apple made their decision for the return/rename action, They also were pretty much the first ones to do it, the return/open action used in Windows et al. came later.
Read some more of my responses and if you have anything positive to add to the discussion, please do! If you just want to be cranky and combative then > /dev/null
Sapere aude!
I find it upsetting that there is no mention of BSD or other open-source code Apple has integrated into their cr4ppy expensive proprietary products.
Taking code that a community built for the world to use freely, and then charging up the rear for it, is not cool.
Taking all the credit for that code, and not thanking the open-source community for all its contributions, or at least admitting to Apple's use of such code (legal theft since the licensing on that code permitted such use) is not cool.
On a side note...
Apple makes a terrible product anyway.
Their hardware is overpriced by at least 300%.
Their software platform is garbage (have u seen gameplay on a mac).
Any modern OS is capable of doing what OSx is capable of, but not vice-versa.
Steve Jobs is a scumbag.
The typical OSx user is a wannabe hipster, that knows nothing of computers, would bend over gladly and buy an iDildo for 1000$ if Steve Jobs said it was revolutionary, and wouldn't even be able change the battery.
On a side side note...
Thank you Steve Jobs for all the laughter.
Nowadays, when my friends and I are walking down a street, and we see someone using a mac, we yell "MACF4G!!!" and laugh.
One hundred percent of the time, the "MACF4G" just sits there and takes it.
LOL