Some kids have problems with three dimensions, so the graphics capabilities can help to visualize molecular geometry and atomic or molecular orbitals. Electrostatic maps can help to show the polarity of molecules. Spreadsheets can be useful because of the ability to change parameters dynamically with the slider bars (note: it works for Excel as well as OpenOffice).
There are many apps at National Science Digital Library for K-12 classes. The main site is http://nsdl.org/ and the chemistry link is http://chemeddl.org/
The NIST Webbook (http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/) has a lot of reference data.
You could probably just do a web search on a particular topic and find several versions of java applets that people have come up with.
I've long held that the only answer to pervasive surveillance is to encrypt everything.
Law enforcement and broadband providers aren't going to like that. Ubiquitous encryption shoots down their "argument" that only criminals would encrypt their traffic.
Print Print Email Email Dissecting the Energy Needs of the Body – Research Review
Title and Abstract
McClave SA, Snider HL. Dissecting the energy needs of the body. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. (2001) 4(2):143-7.
The majority of the resting energy expenditure can be explained by the energy needs of a few highly metabolic organs, making up a small percentage of the body by weight. The relationship of the specific size, individual metabolism, and proportional contribution to the actual body weight and total energy expenditure for each of these organs is a dynamic process throughout growth and development, the onset of disease, and changes in nutritional status. Defining the energy needs of the individual tissues and organ systems immeasurably enhances our understanding of the body’s response to these clinical processes, which otherwise could not easily be evaluated by focusing solely on total energy expenditure, fat-free mass, nitrogen imbalance, or actual body weight. Recently reported studies have served mainly to reinforce concepts described previously, and clarify some areas of controversy....
The Normal Human
The next topic addressed in the paper is an examination of the different tissues and how they contribute to resting energy expenditure in a fairly ‘average’ human being. I’ve reproduced Table 1 from the paper below, honestly this was the main reason I wanted to examine this paper, to get this chart up on the site.
Other refers to bone, skin, intestines and glands. Note: the lungs have not been measured for methodological reasons but have been estimated at 200 kcal/kg similar to the liver....
Summing Up
The main point that I wanted to make with today’s research review was to clear up some of the oft-held (and unfortunately incorrect) ideas regarding the impact of things like skeletal muscle mass and fat mass on resting energy expenditure. Based on current data, the idea that skeletal muscle burns massive numbers of calories would appear to be 100% incorrect.
Rather, skeletal muscle actually burns fairly few calories on a per pound basis; it primarily has a major impact on resting energy expenditure because there is a good bit of it. But adding even moderate amounts of muscle are unlikely to massively impact on energy expenditure. As noted above, I expect the major effect to be from the effort of stimulating muscle mass gains along with the energy needed to synthesize that muscle tissue. But once it’s there it doesn’t burn many calories.
Rather, the majority of resting energy expenditure is generated by the organs which, despite their small size, burn a massive number of calories per unit weight. Someone on the support forum jokingly asked “So how do I hypertrophy my liver?”
Finally, fat cells, while not having much of a calorie burn do burn calories. In fact, they are only about 1/3rds of the burn of skeletal muscle (2 cal/lb vs. 6 cal/lb respectively). While low, someone carrying a lot of fat will have this add up and it will contribute to overall resting energy expenditure.
The Word ribbon uses up about 1/3 of the vertical space on my laptop. I feel as if I can either find the menu item easily, (x)or work on the document easily. It's not unlike having to remember to click the mouse to get window focus (Windows style) after having grown up with focus-follows-mouse mode (X11 style).
Carbohydrate is not an essential nutrient in humans.
The glucose that the brain requires can be derived via gluconeogenesis.
Low/no-carb diets should probably be coupled with a high(er)-protein diet so that the body doesn't scavenge its own muscles as much in order to produce glucose.
To me, this situation seems like a fortuitous, perhaps planned, accident. To zeroth order, if Microsoft makes the GPL look and act real, then they can claim that GPL is a competitor. If they could use that to argue they aren't a monopoly....watch out.
The New York Stock Exchange quietly announced last week that it would end its practice of requiring companies to report all their program trading -- a move that helps shield large investment banks, particularly Goldman Sachs, from public scrutiny.
The new rule means the public will no longer be able to tell if large investment banks are manipulating the stock market for their own gain, says Matt Taibbi, the journalist whose Rolling Stone article on Goldman Sachsâ(TM) role in asset bubbles over the past century has rocked the financial world.
According to previous NYSE rules, any company that carried out program trading -- essentially, large computer-automated trades worth more than $1 million -- had to report the trades to the NYSE, which then made the information publicly available.
But, under new regulations (PDF) published last week, that requirement has been removed.
"The NYSE announced that it will no longer be releasing its weekly program trading data," Taibbi wrote in a blog posting. "This is quiet obviously a move designed to make it even more impossible to track whatâ(TM)s going on in the NYSE and shield, in particular, Goldman Sachs."
Taibbi argues that the move is designed to protect investment banks from bloggers who are exposing the companiesâ(TM) stock market manipulations. Goldman Sachs is singled out because the investment bankâ(TM)s share of principal NYSE trading has gone from 27 percent at the end of 2008 to fully 50 percent of trades in recent months.
Blogs such as Zero Hedge have been using NYSE data to argue that Goldman Sachs now has an almost unfettered ability to control stock prices.
Maybe the US educational system can learn from this. That is, maybe have kids learn through inquiry-based approaches instead of dictating "theory" to them.
This sounds interesting, but what about the following:
1. Are there dietary factors or medications that impair or antagonize the function of osteoblasts? I can think of one: iron. Iron interferes with calcium absorption.
2. Likewise, are there factors that agonize the fuction of osteoclasts (which break down bone)?
Owner: Take this object, but beware it carries a terrible curse! Homer: [worried] Ooooh, that's bad. Owner: But it comes with a free Frogurt! Homer: [relieved] That's good. Owner: The Frogurt is also cursed. Homer: [worried] That's bad. Owner: But you get your choice of topping! Homer: [relieved] That's good. Owner: The toppings contains Potassium Benzoate. Homer: [stares] Owner: That's bad.
Panera Bread has had free wifi for years. You can use this page to find one near you. They typically don't hassle you even if you are camped out and not buying much.
At our two (2) Paneras you have a maximum 30-minutes' use during lunch hours (I believe it's 11:30 am to 1:00 pm). It's MAC address based, and it performs for crap with my linux laptop when everybody is trying to use the wifi.
One alternative is our Atlanta Bread Company, which TURNS OFF the wifi during lunchtime. Other times, it's free and without hiccups.
Well, call it a guess, but since it's called Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, I believe that the fundage for the patentable research is coming from the alumni's private money.
Besides, if you want to take issue with a company getting "free" patents with taxpayer money, take a look at the government national laboratories. Los Alamos alone boasts over 1300 patents. I'm not aware of any of the national labs suing businesses, however.
The science teachers I know (~60 or so) would really love to bring more computer-based technology (computers) into the classroom to aid in presenting material. The problem is that the budgets of school districts, in particular rural school districts, have no means for providing overhead projectors, although those districts typically have provided for one basic computer per classroom. For the teachers to have a laptop to use for simply syllabus development, they typically have to buy their own laptop.
What would be really a god-send IMO as far as equipment goes would be more donations to schools. Perhaps some of our US-based computer manufacturers could see a way to help ?
I purchased one of these AAK (Thailand) drives the day before/. put the issue on my radar screen. After removing SATA-I jumper, I get this with Fedora Core 6:
/dev/sdb:
Timing buffered disk reads: 212 MB in 3.00 seconds = 70.60 MB/sec
How is one to govern without accurate information? How is one to assess the accuracy of information without a methodology? If one, for instance, wishes to assure that vital crops will not fall victim to serious viral, bacterial or fungal plagues, and thus effect the well-being of the people, then one is going to need to fund science.
Weak acid adaptation: the stress response that confers yeasts with resistance to organic acid food preservatives
Peter Piper1, Claudia Ortiz Calderona,1, Kostas Hatzixanthis1 and Mehdi Mollapour1
Frequently the decomposing plant materials where fungi grow as saprophytes will contain high concentrations of weak organic acids. Not only are acetate and lactate products of bacterial fermentation, but acetate is also secreted in high levels by certain yeasts, such as the Brettanomyces and Dekkera that have attracted attention as spoilage agents of wine fermentations (Pretorius, 2000Down ). Saccharomyces cerevisiae is frequently inhibited by these acids produced by competitor microbes. To counteract their effects, it is endowed with a stress response that acts to reduce the possibility that the weak acid will accumulate within its cells to high, potentially toxic, levels.
Although weak acid adaptation probably evolved to facilitate growth at low pH in the presence of weak organic acids, it poses problems for the food industry as it leads to substantial increases in resistance to the major organic acid food preservatives. As a result, it is often necessary to use these preservatives at millimolar rather than micromolar levels in order to prevent yeast spoilage of low pH foods and beverages. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms of weak acid resistance in S. cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii, two important food spoilage yeasts. Both organisms are able to maintain lower intracellular levels of weak acid than would be expected on the basis of a free equilibration across the cell membrane. Nevertheless, it is unlikely they achieve this by identical strategies. S. cerevisiae expends considerable energy in actively extruding acid from the cell, high levels of a specific ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter (Pdr12) being induced in its plasma membrane in order to catalyse this efflux. Z. bailii, in contrast, does not show major changes to its plasma membrane protein composition, but may place more reliance instead on limiting the initial diffusional entry of the acid to the cells. Z. bailii, unlike S. cerevisiae, can also catalyse oxidative degradation of two of the most commonly used food preservatives, sorbate and benzoate.
Well, the article referenced in the OP seems to me to be making quite a leap from the scientific literature. (BTW, one has to wonder why this news is hitting the wire without reference to a journal article.) On Piper's website we have
Mollapour, M. and Piper, P.W. (2001) The ZbYME2 gene from the food spoilage yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii confers not just the functions of the native YME2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but also a capacity for catabolism of sorbate and benzoate, two major weak organic acid preservatives. Mol. Microbiol. 42, 919-930.
which seems to show that that preservatives like sorbate and benzoate are affecting the actin cytoskeleton. So something seems to be going on, but it looks to me more studies, or a better journal search, are needed.
Interesting, but I think it's unviable because I can't see Clinton willing to be just a VP. On the other hand she has a voice as a Senator and could continue making a name for herself.
Slashdot Mirror
This wasn't the Lucas I was looking for.
Some kids have problems with three dimensions, so the graphics capabilities can help to visualize molecular geometry and atomic or molecular orbitals. Electrostatic maps can help to show the polarity of molecules. Spreadsheets can be useful because of the ability to change parameters dynamically with the slider bars (note: it works for Excel as well as OpenOffice).
There are many apps at National Science Digital Library for K-12 classes. The main site is http://nsdl.org/ and the chemistry link is http://chemeddl.org/
The NIST Webbook (http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/) has a lot of reference data.
You could probably just do a web search on a particular topic and find several versions of java applets that people have come up with.
The need for this just appalls me. Hate it. It's amazing what a small group of "dedicated" people can do with a few airplanes.
Funny, an analogous statement occurs to me when thinking about our federal elected officials.
I've long held that the only answer to pervasive surveillance is to encrypt everything.
Law enforcement and broadband providers aren't going to like that. Ubiquitous encryption shoots down their "argument" that only criminals would encrypt their traffic.
Print Print Email Email
Dissecting the Energy Needs of the Body – Research Review
Title and Abstract
McClave SA, Snider HL. Dissecting the energy needs of the body. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. (2001) 4(2):143-7.
The majority of the resting energy expenditure can be explained by the energy needs of a few highly metabolic organs, making up a small percentage of the body by weight. The relationship of the specific size, individual metabolism, and proportional contribution to the actual body weight and total energy expenditure for each of these organs is a dynamic process throughout growth and development, the onset of disease, and changes in nutritional status. Defining the energy needs of the individual tissues and organ systems immeasurably enhances our understanding of the body’s response to these clinical processes, which otherwise could not easily be evaluated by focusing solely on total energy expenditure, fat-free mass, nitrogen imbalance, or actual body weight. Recently reported studies have served mainly to reinforce concepts described previously, and clarify some areas of controversy. ...
The Normal Human
The next topic addressed in the paper is an examination of the different tissues and how they contribute to resting energy expenditure in a fairly ‘average’ human being. I’ve reproduced Table 1 from the paper below, honestly this was the main reason I wanted to examine this paper, to get this chart up on the site.
.
Organ or Tissue
Metabolic Rate (kcal/kg/day)
Metabolic Rate (kcal/lb/day) % Overall REE Weight in Kg Weight in Lb %Body Weight
Adipose 4.5 2.0 4 15 33 21.4%
Muscle 13 5.9 22 28.2 61.6 40
Other 12 5.4 16 23.2 51 33.1
Liver 200 90.9 21 1.8 3.96 2.6
Brain 240 109 22 1.4 3.08 2.0
Heart 400 181 9 0.3 0.66 0.5
Kidneys 400 181 8 0.3 0.66 0.5
Other refers to bone, skin, intestines and glands.
Note: the lungs have not been measured for methodological reasons but have been estimated at 200 kcal/kg similar to the liver.
Summing Up
The main point that I wanted to make with today’s research review was to clear up some of the oft-held (and unfortunately incorrect) ideas regarding the impact of things like skeletal muscle mass and fat mass on resting energy expenditure. Based on current data, the idea that skeletal muscle burns massive numbers of calories would appear to be 100% incorrect.
Rather, skeletal muscle actually burns fairly few calories on a per pound basis; it primarily has a major impact on resting energy expenditure because there is a good bit of it. But adding even moderate amounts of muscle are unlikely to massively impact on energy expenditure. As noted above, I expect the major effect to be from the effort of stimulating muscle mass gains along with the energy needed to synthesize that muscle tissue. But once it’s there it doesn’t burn many calories.
Rather, the majority of resting energy expenditure is generated by the organs which, despite their small size, burn a massive number of calories per unit weight. Someone on the support forum jokingly asked “So how do I hypertrophy my liver?”
Finally, fat cells, while not having much of a calorie burn do burn calories. In fact, they are only about 1/3rds of the burn of skeletal muscle (2 cal/lb vs. 6 cal/lb respectively). While low, someone carrying a lot of fat will have this add up and it will contribute to overall resting energy expenditure.
http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/research-review/dissecting-the-energy-needs-of-the-body-research-review.html
If you want to do science, do science.
But what if science doesn't pay the bills?
Find a spouse/partner who isn't in science who can pay the bills.
Well-played. Clearly you are The Master.
The Word ribbon uses up about 1/3 of the vertical space on my laptop. I feel as if I can either find the menu item easily, (x)or work on the document easily. It's not unlike having to remember to click the mouse to get window focus (Windows style) after having grown up with focus-follows-mouse mode (X11 style).
Low or no-carb diets are bad.
Bad? Reference please?
Carbohydrate is not an essential nutrient in humans.
The glucose that the brain requires can be derived via gluconeogenesis.
Low/no-carb diets should probably be coupled with a high(er)-protein diet so that the body doesn't scavenge its own muscles as much in order to produce glucose.
To me, this situation seems like a fortuitous, perhaps planned, accident. To zeroth order, if Microsoft makes the GPL look and act real, then they can claim that GPL is a competitor. If they could use that to argue they aren't a monopoly....watch out.
The New York Stock Exchange quietly announced last week that it would end its practice of requiring companies to report all their program trading -- a move that helps shield large investment banks, particularly Goldman Sachs, from public scrutiny.
The new rule means the public will no longer be able to tell if large investment banks are manipulating the stock market for their own gain, says Matt Taibbi, the journalist whose Rolling Stone article on Goldman Sachsâ(TM) role in asset bubbles over the past century has rocked the financial world.
According to previous NYSE rules, any company that carried out program trading -- essentially, large computer-automated trades worth more than $1 million -- had to report the trades to the NYSE, which then made the information publicly available.
But, under new regulations (PDF) published last week, that requirement has been removed.
"The NYSE announced that it will no longer be releasing its weekly program trading data," Taibbi wrote in a blog posting. "This is quiet obviously a move designed to make it even more impossible to track whatâ(TM)s going on in the NYSE and shield, in particular, Goldman Sachs."
Taibbi argues that the move is designed to protect investment banks from bloggers who are exposing the companiesâ(TM) stock market manipulations. Goldman Sachs is singled out because the investment bankâ(TM)s share of principal NYSE trading has gone from 27 percent at the end of 2008 to fully 50 percent of trades in recent months.
Blogs such as Zero Hedge have been using NYSE data to argue that Goldman Sachs now has an almost unfettered ability to control stock prices.
Source: Alternet
Maybe the US educational system can learn from this. That is, maybe have kids learn through inquiry-based approaches instead of dictating "theory" to them.
This sounds interesting, but what about the following:
1. Are there dietary factors or medications that impair or antagonize the function of osteoblasts? I can think of one: iron. Iron interferes with calcium absorption.
2. Likewise, are there factors that agonize the fuction of osteoclasts (which break down bone)?
Owner: Take this object, but beware it carries a terrible curse!
Homer: [worried] Ooooh, that's bad.
Owner: But it comes with a free Frogurt!
Homer: [relieved] That's good.
Owner: The Frogurt is also cursed.
Homer: [worried] That's bad.
Owner: But you get your choice of topping!
Homer: [relieved] That's good.
Owner: The toppings contains Potassium Benzoate.
Homer: [stares]
Owner: That's bad.
Panera Bread has had free wifi for years. You can use this page to find one near you. They typically don't hassle you even if you are camped out and not buying much.
At our two (2) Paneras you have a maximum 30-minutes' use during lunch hours (I believe it's 11:30 am to 1:00 pm). It's MAC address based, and it performs for crap with my linux laptop when everybody is trying to use the wifi.
One alternative is our Atlanta Bread Company, which TURNS OFF the wifi during lunchtime. Other times, it's free and without hiccups.
Well, call it a guess, but since it's called Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, I believe that the fundage for the patentable research is coming from the alumni's private money.
Besides, if you want to take issue with a company getting "free" patents with taxpayer money, take a look at the government national laboratories. Los Alamos alone boasts over 1300 patents. I'm not aware of any of the national labs suing businesses, however.
Google is reported it will bid 4.6 billion dollars.
The age of the Earth is about 4.6 billion years.
It sure beats a multiple of 42!
to taking comfort in pi.
OK, so you can only download 30 Kilosongs, 250 Kilopictures or 13 Megamails?
No, it's 30 kibisongs, 250 kibipictures, or 13 mebimails.
The science teachers I know (~60 or so) would really love to bring more computer-based technology (computers) into the classroom to aid in presenting material. The problem is that the budgets of school districts, in particular rural school districts, have no means for providing overhead projectors, although those districts typically have provided for one basic computer per classroom. For the teachers to have a laptop to use for simply syllabus development, they typically have to buy their own laptop.
What would be really a god-send IMO as far as equipment goes would be more donations to schools. Perhaps some of our US-based computer manufacturers could see a way to help ?
I purchased one of these AAK (Thailand) drives the day before /. put the issue on my radar screen. After removing SATA-I jumper, I get this with Fedora Core 6:
/dev/sdb:
Timing buffered disk reads: 212 MB in 3.00 seconds = 70.60 MB/sec
How is one to govern without accurate information? How is one to assess the accuracy of information without a methodology? If one, for instance, wishes to assure that vital crops will not fall victim to serious viral, bacterial or fungal plagues, and thus effect the well-being of the people, then one is going to need to fund science.
Answer: Invoke God.
Weak acid adaptation: the stress response that confers yeasts with resistance to organic acid food preservatives
Peter Piper1, Claudia Ortiz Calderona,1, Kostas Hatzixanthis1 and Mehdi Mollapour1
Frequently the decomposing plant materials where fungi grow as saprophytes will contain high concentrations of weak organic acids. Not only are acetate and lactate products of bacterial fermentation, but acetate is also secreted in high levels by certain yeasts, such as the Brettanomyces and Dekkera that have attracted attention as spoilage agents of wine fermentations (Pretorius, 2000Down ). Saccharomyces cerevisiae is frequently inhibited by these acids produced by competitor microbes. To counteract their effects, it is endowed with a stress response that acts to reduce the possibility that the weak acid will accumulate within its cells to high, potentially toxic, levels.
Although weak acid adaptation probably evolved to facilitate growth at low pH in the presence of weak organic acids, it poses problems for the food industry as it leads to substantial increases in resistance to the major organic acid food preservatives. As a result, it is often necessary to use these preservatives at millimolar rather than micromolar levels in order to prevent yeast spoilage of low pH foods and beverages. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms of weak acid resistance in S. cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii, two important food spoilage yeasts. Both organisms are able to maintain lower intracellular levels of weak acid than would be expected on the basis of a free equilibration across the cell membrane. Nevertheless, it is unlikely they achieve this by identical strategies. S. cerevisiae expends considerable energy in actively extruding acid from the cell, high levels of a specific ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter (Pdr12) being induced in its plasma membrane in order to catalyse this efflux. Z. bailii, in contrast, does not show major changes to its plasma membrane protein composition, but may place more reliance instead on limiting the initial diffusional entry of the acid to the cells. Z. bailii, unlike S. cerevisiae, can also catalyse oxidative degradation of two of the most commonly used food preservatives, sorbate and benzoate.
More at http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/147/1
Well, the article referenced in the OP seems to me to be making quite a leap from the scientific literature. (BTW, one has to wonder why this news is hitting the wire without reference to a journal article.) On Piper's website we have
Mollapour, M. and Piper, P.W. (2001) The ZbYME2 gene from the food spoilage yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii confers not just the functions of the native YME2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but also a capacity for catabolism of sorbate and benzoate, two major weak organic acid preservatives. Mol. Microbiol. 42, 919-930.
A google search leads to this article:
http://www.biochemj.org/bj/395/0073/bj3950073.htm
which seems to show that that preservatives like sorbate and benzoate are affecting the actin cytoskeleton. So something seems to be going on, but it looks to me more studies, or a better journal search, are needed.
Interesting, but I think it's unviable because I can't see Clinton willing to be just a VP. On the other hand she has a voice as a Senator and could continue making a name for herself.