ObDisclaimer: I work for the Linux Server Group at Sun.
I have also worked rather intimately with a few thin client technologies over the years, including SunRay, X Terminals (NCD, e.g.), and WinTerminals with WinFrame (NT 3.5) or MetaFrame (NT4/2k). I run a few SunRay servers today, and have run a 75-user cluster of Win/MetaFrame machines in the past. All of these solutions have their plusses (in fact, terminal services is the one Windows technology I like)...
There are, however, bits of your specific set of issues that point me at the SunRay for you:
Bandwidth to the clients are not an issue, so no need for the bandwidth saving that ICA gives you (ICA is really quite good over dial-up, e.g.), so that leaves:
Windows compatibility. Since you don't seem to care about running Windows apps, all solutions are on more-or-less even footing.
If you've got some coin and are willing to spend a little on systems, I'd recommend the SunRay because:
Sessions tied to smart cards. Folks can log in, and wander anywhere in the library with their session tied to (e.g.) their library card. For folks doing combination book/internet research, this is awesome. Folks that haven't tried yet are really missing out.
Soon, you won't be tied to Solaris/SPARC anymore. Sun has announced a port of the SunRay software to Linux, so you may well be able to reuse your existing server hardware. In fact, the beta is available for download here.
It never ceases to amaze me how many PC techs I know complain about crawling under desks or removing 25 lbs of personal effects to fetch a system so they can swap a dead drive or similar. When I tell them that thin client technology can guarantee them never having to crawl under a desk again (barring wiring or serious catastrophe), they definitely stop worrying about nonexistant 3D performance. Thin-client is an awesome way to go--you might not spend that much less on the machines, but maintenance and client upgrade costs go to zero.
The downside is no Windows (excepting via e.g. VMWare, Wine, etc.). OTOH, even on Windows Terminal Services you have programs that aren't really written to be run by multiple users on the same machine (even Office gave us fits at times with entries in HKLM instead of HKCU). It's gotten better over the years, though...
Short version: Even if you don't go SunRay, save yourself a lot of headache and go with a thin client.
No, it's not. Engineering is, at its core, the process of solving problems using math and science. The real difference between a software engineer in most cases and, say, a mechanical engineer is that there are so many components to a piece of software that decisions have to be made quickly (typically a couple per line of code). A mechanical engineer also must generally worry more about efficiency and be more conscientious about each component, where a software engineer can afford to be a little more lax. A mechanical engineer might have to justify the existance of a sprocket in location X vs using a cog instead, while a software engineer need not justify using while() instead of for().
In either case, however, the engineer is still:
Defining the problem ("I need to step down the RPMs by x5" vs "I need to run this every fifth time the loop runs").
Brainstorming solutions ("Sprockets, Cogs,...?" vs "Counter variable % 5, Nesting the Loop,...?").
Evaluating solutions ("Sprocket is cheap, and good enough" vs "Counter % 5 is OK, since this is a simple loop and a small block to be run").
Implementing one.
Documenting it (we hope).
The process is thus still there, it's just different. Some engineers need agonize over each component, while others need to crank through the components quickly. The one place where Software Engineering is significantly different from other Engineering disciplines is the relatively high number of designers as opposed to analysts. In most other disciplines, the count is about even (half making things, half analyzing data). This is especially true in Mechanical, Aerospace, and similar fields.
Short version: Software Engineering is a somewhat different kind of engineering, but it is engineering nonetheless.
We saw the interference problem coming, even before we went wireless with the network, so we thought ahead and bought a 900 MHz DSS phone (with digital answering thingy) a couple of years ago. Thus, no issues with 802.11 or even the older Proxim Symphony stuff we used to have.
I don't know if Toshiba still sells the SX-2981, but it's a great phone... Headphone jack, good range, DSS for clarity/security, etc. Answering machine is sometimes a little unclear (unsure what audio codec they use for voice recording), but it's not too bad. All in all, it's an 8/10 phone.
Being able to drag race, and drive like they're in sports cars are important to most SUV owners
No it's not. Having cargo/passenger flexibility, a higher seating position, better visibility and not looking like a friggin' dork in a minivan is what's driving SUV sales (whether these advantages are real or perceived is another question). Drag racing may be the movtivation for the Porche Cayenne buyers out there, but not for the average SUV buyers...
ObDisclaimer: My commuter car is an ancient Mercury Tracer (=Ford Escort) and the wife's is a Honda CR/V. Neither car is terribly evil on gas (high 20s for the Tracer, mid 20s for the CR/V). We got the CR/V because it was a nice compromise between a car and an SUV (reasonable mileage, good emissions, and terrific cargo and passenger flexibility).
My first job was working for a criminal defense attorney, and I can assure you that this is business as usual.
Elected officials, judges, and their ilk are quite busy, so attorneys will usually draft motions, statements, etc, and the official/judge will simply sign it. Almost every trial motion ever has been done this way, though on occasion you'll see a judge strike a sentence or paragraph (literally crossing it out and initialing it) if s/he doesn't agree with that bit.
I'm in no way pro MPAA/RIAA, but this isn't as big of a media conspiracy as you might think--it's just business as usual in the legal profession. The fact that the attorney general would agree is really the bigger deal, not who wrote the opinion.
I think this is bad. If you do not log in as Administrator, you can still run things as admin without having to log out and without compromising as much of your machine.
That's nice. In *NIX, you have su or (better) sudo. And you can setuid binaries so you don't have to give everyone root-equivalent access just to run one program (which only has an equivalent in 'doze if you buy a third-party program of dubious security that I won't mention here).
I just like to play games
That's nice, too. How about we instead have game designers write games that don't need Administrator access to run?
Actually, SM is at most 128MB, and even then isn't $1-2 (as these chips will be, at least in the ROM stages). The real question for me is performance. Will it be at least CD-ROM speed? No indication of that yet.
If it can stay that cheap and be rewritable (and be low-latency enough, unlike CDRWs), we might finally have a decent, cheap replacement for the floppy. ZIPs could never quite pull it off (too expensive), nor could CDRWs (too much latency to save anything, even in packet mode), nor could LS120 (too lame). It would take a long time to displace the floppy, but...
Student loans are also one of the few things you can't generally bankrupt your way out of (too many e.g. med students taking advantage of bankruptcy for that, so the loophole was closed). Once you sign that promissory note, you're pretty much stuck with it forever (or until it's paid off, whichever comes first).
Of course, the interest rates have gotten pretty good (they're the lowest of any of my current creditors), especially if you consolidate (though that has some ramifications, too--check with a financial professional before trying this).
So how much of this is the people driving the cars, rather than the cars themselves? Let's look at typical driver by class:
Compact Cars. Young people (who are less experienced and generally more reckless as a whole). New families (distracted by the 1,001 things that distract people--kids, food, etc.).
SUVs. The same distracted family-types, or penis compensators. The CR/V, RAV4, and Forester are exceptions, and have a wide variety of fans, but those aren't the SUVs we're worried about.
Large Cars. Older/more successful types that don't have as much of a need to be distracted.
Which types do better in accidents? The cars driven by the undistracted == larger cars. Frankly, if you're in this group, you're probably fine in any car you drive (provided it has a reasonable accoutrement of safety accessories).
The amount of steel around you is irrelevant except in extreme situations, or if you are planning to hit things. Otherwise, manuverability is more important in most cases.
Not offtopic (I hope), given the original poster's minor slam on ECS.
I've been nothing but plesantly surprised by the ECS K7S5A/Athlon XP combo, because:
1. SiS used to suck as a chipset manufacturer, and 2. ECS used to have REALLY bad quality control.
The surprise? SiS has one of the most stable chipsets anywhere (not the best performing, but performance is irrelevant if the drivers are wonky). Add to that the fact that I've worked with about 10 boards (all bought at different times), and I've yet to have a single problem with them under Linux or Windows (in fact, the SiS chipset seems to perform better under kernel 2.4.x with the SiS chipset than even Via). I've standardized on that combo at home and with the boards I've replaced at work.
Summary: ECS has come a long way, and SiS even farther in the last couple of years. What the boards lack in performance, they more than make up for in stability.
Geez. I never thought I'd be an SiS advocate on/. Wow.
Single-use zoning laws have led to the vandalism of California's built environment. It has transformed her 'cites' into a vast, ugly sprawl of strip malls, gas stations and fast food drive-thrus.
This from someone who obviously has never been to, say, Dallas. Dallas is the sort of place where planners decided that large swath of land X (i.e. a few square miles) would be best suited for gas stations while swath Y would be best suited for Fast Food, etc., etc. The result: Huge traffic jams while people struggle to get gas in the only section of town that has it, then traffic getting to work (the areas of which again are concentrated), then huge traffic getting to the KFC where you grab dinner on the way home (because the traffic has kept you from having the time to cook a proper meal), then... You get the idea.
I've mostly lived in Phoenix (which is planned reasonably well, though it is in full-sprawl-mode), and in Silicon Valley, and I must say it's not that bad, considering the constraints we have. While I think it rediculous that I'm a well-paid tech worker and still don't have a prayer of owning a house here (and am not willing to live in Sacramento or Hollister and commute), it's important to remember that most techies will eventually burn out and need to do something else at some point==moving elsewhere anyway in all likelihood.
If you want a real city to live in, there's always San Francisco. Knock yourself out. In the meantime, California's got bigger problems that need fixing.
No. Because they are PHP/MySQL scripts for real estate offices. Calculate number of real estate offices in the US. Substract those that have a meaningful IT infrastructure beyond a few PCs to type and print contracts.
No kidding. The fact is that big shops will write their own (or implement a large CRM, or...), while the small shops will follow the path of least resistance (like not doing computer-based anything, or keeping it to a minimum). Your best bet would be to set up an ASP (Application Service Provider) to host their data so they can get at it over the web, or set up appliance machines to do this task (or both).
This is one case where GPLed software has little value by itself (because there's few people to implement it in its target market), but you could add lots of value by implementing it (and make money in the process).
Was plain old X11 even considered? If it was, and it didn't meet the criteria, then in what way was it found lacking? Too heavy for a 56k dialup connection? I didn't think it was any worse than Citrix there, but I could be wrong about that.
VERY wrong about that. ICA as a protocol is thin enough that you can run a session over as little as a 14.4k modem connection (I've done it) and have most apps usable, and things get almost spritely on 56k. It's VERY good at caching, optimizing, and generally being quick over low-bandwidth links. TightVNC is better than VNC over narrow links, but nobody compares to ICA afaik. I haven't tried Tarantella. Maybe someone could comment?
less than a year ago, Jim Allchin swore under oath that disclosing the Windows operating system source code could damage national security.
And aparrently, not disclosing the Windows source hurts M$'s bottom line. Guess we all know now where their priorities are (not that this surprises anyone). Wonder if we should start organizing anti-MS protests among vehement pro-American groups?
1. Getting loans, etc (fair) 2. Renting an apartment (understandable) 3. Getting a job (uh, wait a sec...) 4. Helping the government figure out if you're a terrorist or not (what?!).
While the FCRA dictates that credit reporting agencies must remove incorrect items, there's nothing that requires that creditors must report "good" items on your credit reports (though woe betide you if you piss them off!). Washington Post columnist Kenneth Hearney (sp?) wrote a column a while back that certain non-prime mortgage lenders were using that loophole to keep their better customers from refinancing their higher-interest mortgage.
The way it works is simple: You have so-so credit. We loan you money for your house. You pay us on time. We don't want to lose you as a cash cow, so we report nothing on your CR (good or bad). Your credit doesn't improve, so you can't refinance. It's just a matter of time before subprime credit cards (the Aspire Visas and whatnot of the world) do the same. Since it's new graduates, those under 25, those with a divorce in their past, and the poor who'll get hit hardest, we're looking at a divide that's way sinister than the digital one.
Let me ask you this: For those of you who rent, have you ever seen an apartment complex report anything positive on your CR? Will this (or any) employer report anything positive on your CR (like if you fulfilled your obligation to work there if you got a signing bonus)? Will the government put a positive checkmark on your CR every time you don't turn out to be a terrorist? Of course not.
These people aren't playing fair and don't deserve to invade your privacy. Every time your credit is scored (with a few exceptions), it gets worse, too. I would not submit to this kind of invasion unless I got assurances from the company that they'd submit a positive item to the CR people if all goes well. Otherwise, they're putting a mark on your (presumably) good name and not putting anything back.
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you may well be able to reuse your existing server hardware.
Duh, re-read the original post. You're really building it from the ground up, so you need servers, too. We got those, too :-)
ObDisclaimer: I work for the Linux Server Group at Sun.
I have also worked rather intimately with a few thin client technologies over the years, including SunRay, X Terminals (NCD, e.g.), and WinTerminals with WinFrame (NT 3.5) or MetaFrame (NT4/2k). I run a few SunRay servers today, and have run a 75-user cluster of Win/MetaFrame machines in the past. All of these solutions have their plusses (in fact, terminal services is the one Windows technology I like)...
There are, however, bits of your specific set of issues that point me at the SunRay for you:
If you've got some coin and are willing to spend a little on systems, I'd recommend the SunRay because:
It never ceases to amaze me how many PC techs I know complain about crawling under desks or removing 25 lbs of personal effects to fetch a system so they can swap a dead drive or similar. When I tell them that thin client technology can guarantee them never having to crawl under a desk again (barring wiring or serious catastrophe), they definitely stop worrying about nonexistant 3D performance. Thin-client is an awesome way to go--you might not spend that much less on the machines, but maintenance and client upgrade costs go to zero.
The downside is no Windows (excepting via e.g. VMWare, Wine, etc.). OTOH, even on Windows Terminal Services you have programs that aren't really written to be run by multiple users on the same machine (even Office gave us fits at times with entries in HKLM instead of HKCU). It's gotten better over the years, though...
Short version: Even if you don't go SunRay, save yourself a lot of headache and go with a thin client.
"Sofware engineering" is an oxymoron.
No, it's not. Engineering is, at its core, the process of solving problems using math and science. The real difference between a software engineer in most cases and, say, a mechanical engineer is that there are so many components to a piece of software that decisions have to be made quickly (typically a couple per line of code). A mechanical engineer also must generally worry more about efficiency and be more conscientious about each component, where a software engineer can afford to be a little more lax. A mechanical engineer might have to justify the existance of a sprocket in location X vs using a cog instead, while a software engineer need not justify using while() instead of for().
In either case, however, the engineer is still:
- Defining the problem ("I need to step down the RPMs by x5" vs "I need to run this every fifth time the loop runs").
- Brainstorming solutions ("Sprockets, Cogs,
...?" vs "Counter variable % 5, Nesting the Loop, ...?").
- Evaluating solutions ("Sprocket is cheap, and good enough" vs "Counter % 5 is OK, since this is a simple loop and a small block to be run").
- Implementing one.
- Documenting it (we hope).
The process is thus still there, it's just different. Some engineers need agonize over each component, while others need to crank through the components quickly. The one place where Software Engineering is significantly different from other Engineering disciplines is the relatively high number of designers as opposed to analysts. In most other disciplines, the count is about even (half making things, half analyzing data). This is especially true in Mechanical, Aerospace, and similar fields.Short version: Software Engineering is a somewhat different kind of engineering, but it is engineering nonetheless.
We saw the interference problem coming, even before we went wireless with the network, so we thought ahead and bought a 900 MHz DSS phone (with digital answering thingy) a couple of years ago. Thus, no issues with 802.11 or even the older Proxim Symphony stuff we used to have.
I don't know if Toshiba still sells the SX-2981, but it's a great phone... Headphone jack, good range, DSS for clarity/security, etc. Answering machine is sometimes a little unclear (unsure what audio codec they use for voice recording), but it's not too bad. All in all, it's an 8/10 phone.
Being able to drag race, and drive like they're in sports cars are important to most SUV owners
No it's not. Having cargo/passenger flexibility, a higher seating position, better visibility and not looking like a friggin' dork in a minivan is what's driving SUV sales (whether these advantages are real or perceived is another question). Drag racing may be the movtivation for the Porche Cayenne buyers out there, but not for the average SUV buyers...
ObDisclaimer: My commuter car is an ancient Mercury Tracer (=Ford Escort) and the wife's is a Honda CR/V. Neither car is terribly evil on gas (high 20s for the Tracer, mid 20s for the CR/V). We got the CR/V because it was a nice compromise between a car and an SUV (reasonable mileage, good emissions, and terrific cargo and passenger flexibility).
My first job was working for a criminal defense attorney, and I can assure you that this is business as usual.
Elected officials, judges, and their ilk are quite busy, so attorneys will usually draft motions, statements, etc, and the official/judge will simply sign it. Almost every trial motion ever has been done this way, though on occasion you'll see a judge strike a sentence or paragraph (literally crossing it out and initialing it) if s/he doesn't agree with that bit.
I'm in no way pro MPAA/RIAA, but this isn't as big of a media conspiracy as you might think--it's just business as usual in the legal profession. The fact that the attorney general would agree is really the bigger deal, not who wrote the opinion.
I think this is bad. If you do not log in as Administrator, you can still run things as admin without having to log out and without compromising as much of your machine.
That's nice. In *NIX, you have su or (better) sudo. And you can setuid binaries so you don't have to give everyone root-equivalent access just to run one program (which only has an equivalent in 'doze if you buy a third-party program of dubious security that I won't mention here).
I just like to play games
That's nice, too. How about we instead have game designers write games that don't need Administrator access to run?
Actually, SM is at most 128MB, and even then isn't $1-2 (as these chips will be, at least in the ROM stages). The real question for me is performance. Will it be at least CD-ROM speed? No indication of that yet.
If it can stay that cheap and be rewritable (and be low-latency enough, unlike CDRWs), we might finally have a decent, cheap replacement for the floppy. ZIPs could never quite pull it off (too expensive), nor could CDRWs (too much latency to save anything, even in packet mode), nor could LS120 (too lame). It would take a long time to displace the floppy, but...
Yep. This semester I bought all my books ($350 retail) for about $100 through used on Amazon. Zero complaints.
Student loans are also one of the few things you can't generally bankrupt your way out of (too many e.g. med students taking advantage of bankruptcy for that, so the loophole was closed). Once you sign that promissory note, you're pretty much stuck with it forever (or until it's paid off, whichever comes first).
Of course, the interest rates have gotten pretty good (they're the lowest of any of my current creditors), especially if you consolidate (though that has some ramifications, too--check with a financial professional before trying this).
Is this the same Ransom Love that led Caldera to sue MSFT for the DR-DOS stuff? Not that I'm pro-MS, but this guy needs to get his story straight.
safest cars are full sized
So how much of this is the people driving the cars, rather than the cars themselves? Let's look at typical driver by class:
Which types do better in accidents? The cars driven by the undistracted == larger cars. Frankly, if you're in this group, you're probably fine in any car you drive (provided it has a reasonable accoutrement of safety accessories).
The amount of steel around you is irrelevant except in extreme situations, or if you are planning to hit things. Otherwise, manuverability is more important in most cases.
Anyone have a copy of Black's Law Dictionary to confirm/deny this? A conventional dictionary is nigh useless wrt legal terms.
Not offtopic (I hope), given the original poster's minor slam on ECS.
/. Wow.
I've been nothing but plesantly surprised by the ECS K7S5A/Athlon XP combo, because:
1. SiS used to suck as a chipset manufacturer, and
2. ECS used to have REALLY bad quality control.
The surprise? SiS has one of the most stable chipsets anywhere (not the best performing, but performance is irrelevant if the drivers are wonky). Add to that the fact that I've worked with about 10 boards (all bought at different times), and I've yet to have a single problem with them under Linux or Windows (in fact, the SiS chipset seems to perform better under kernel 2.4.x with the SiS chipset than even Via). I've standardized on that combo at home and with the boards I've replaced at work.
Summary: ECS has come a long way, and SiS even farther in the last couple of years. What the boards lack in performance, they more than make up for in stability.
Geez. I never thought I'd be an SiS advocate on
The #1 demand for CO2 is for the production of Urea
Note that urea is the stuff that makes your pee stinky (synthisized some in chem class back in the day--it was a stinky lab THAT day).
Not that I'm encouraging anyone to pee on their plants to fertilize (dunno if that would work--I'm guessing not), but it is interesting.
Single-use zoning laws have led to the vandalism of California's built environment. It has transformed her 'cites' into a vast, ugly sprawl of strip malls, gas stations and fast food drive-thrus.
This from someone who obviously has never been to, say, Dallas. Dallas is the sort of place where planners decided that large swath of land X (i.e. a few square miles) would be best suited for gas stations while swath Y would be best suited for Fast Food, etc., etc. The result: Huge traffic jams while people struggle to get gas in the only section of town that has it, then traffic getting to work (the areas of which again are concentrated), then huge traffic getting to the KFC where you grab dinner on the way home (because the traffic has kept you from having the time to cook a proper meal), then ... You get the idea.
I've mostly lived in Phoenix (which is planned reasonably well, though it is in full-sprawl-mode), and in Silicon Valley, and I must say it's not that bad, considering the constraints we have. While I think it rediculous that I'm a well-paid tech worker and still don't have a prayer of owning a house here (and am not willing to live in Sacramento or Hollister and commute), it's important to remember that most techies will eventually burn out and need to do something else at some point==moving elsewhere anyway in all likelihood.
If you want a real city to live in, there's always San Francisco. Knock yourself out. In the meantime, California's got bigger problems that need fixing.
No. Because they are PHP/MySQL scripts for real estate offices. Calculate number of real estate offices in the US. Substract those that have a meaningful IT infrastructure beyond a few PCs to type and print contracts.
No kidding. The fact is that big shops will write their own (or implement a large CRM, or...), while the small shops will follow the path of least resistance (like not doing computer-based anything, or keeping it to a minimum). Your best bet would be to set up an ASP (Application Service Provider) to host their data so they can get at it over the web, or set up appliance machines to do this task (or both).
This is one case where GPLed software has little value by itself (because there's few people to implement it in its target market), but you could add lots of value by implementing it (and make money in the process).
Was plain old X11 even considered? If it was, and it didn't meet the criteria, then in what way was it found lacking? Too heavy for a 56k dialup connection? I didn't think it was any worse than Citrix there, but I could be wrong about that.
VERY wrong about that. ICA as a protocol is thin enough that you can run a session over as little as a 14.4k modem connection (I've done it) and have most apps usable, and things get almost spritely on 56k. It's VERY good at caching, optimizing, and generally being quick over low-bandwidth links. TightVNC is better than VNC over narrow links, but nobody compares to ICA afaik. I haven't tried Tarantella. Maybe someone could comment?
less than a year ago, Jim Allchin swore under oath that disclosing the Windows operating system source code could damage national security.
And aparrently, not disclosing the Windows source hurts M$'s bottom line. Guess we all know now where their priorities are (not that this surprises anyone). Wonder if we should start organizing anti-MS protests among vehement pro-American groups?
Abort, Retry, Fail?
Phuleeeze. These are telemarketers. It'll be:
Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail?
Profile of the 108th Congress
A bit under half of the House and a bit over half of the Senate have law degrees. Both lower numbers than I expected, but there you go.
Am I the only one who has a problem with the terms "slippery slope" and "child pornography" being in the same sentence?
OK, so credit scores are now used for:
1. Getting loans, etc (fair)
2. Renting an apartment (understandable)
3. Getting a job (uh, wait a sec...)
4. Helping the government figure out if you're a terrorist or not (what?!).
While the FCRA dictates that credit reporting agencies must remove incorrect items, there's nothing that requires that creditors must report "good" items on your credit reports (though woe betide you if you piss them off!). Washington Post columnist Kenneth Hearney (sp?) wrote a column a while back that certain non-prime mortgage lenders were using that loophole to keep their better customers from refinancing their higher-interest mortgage.
The way it works is simple: You have so-so credit. We loan you money for your house. You pay us on time. We don't want to lose you as a cash cow, so we report nothing on your CR (good or bad). Your credit doesn't improve, so you can't refinance. It's just a matter of time before subprime credit cards (the Aspire Visas and whatnot of the world) do the same. Since it's new graduates, those under 25, those with a divorce in their past, and the poor who'll get hit hardest, we're looking at a divide that's way sinister than the digital one.
Let me ask you this: For those of you who rent, have you ever seen an apartment complex report anything positive on your CR? Will this (or any) employer report anything positive on your CR (like if you fulfilled your obligation to work there if you got a signing bonus)? Will the government put a positive checkmark on your CR every time you don't turn out to be a terrorist? Of course not.
These people aren't playing fair and don't deserve to invade your privacy. Every time your credit is scored (with a few exceptions), it gets worse, too. I would not submit to this kind of invasion unless I got assurances from the company that they'd submit a positive item to the CR people if all goes well. Otherwise, they're putting a mark on your (presumably) good name and not putting anything back.
--bj
One company I used to work for handed out copies of the CEO's autobiography. At least the bobble-head doll is kinda funny.
Everyone knows that every new platform needs a killer application to get any sort of platform adoption.
Fact is, there is no killer app for this "human brain." None at all. It's all a big waste of taxpayer money.