It's the difference between "Free" as in "Free Speech", and "Free" as in "Free Beer."
Basic problem is a user IQ issue. Little things like, users who are too fucking stupid to RTFM (which phrase may even pre-date His Venerable Stallman-ness).
If a planet had a significantly different ratio of base elements, such as a lot of fluoride and bromide on its surface, I assume life would make use of it
Maybe ; maybe not. Most of the complex molecules in nature are polymers of some sort, be their monomeric unit organic (carbon-based), or silicate. Linkage (covalent bonding) between the monomers is either carbon-to-carbon, or via a Si-O-Si linkage. Single-valent atoms tend to pack out around the backbones of the polymers, with significant effects on the detailed properties, but not helping much in actually lengthening the polymers, which is the main way of adding compexity. As single-valent atoms go, hydrogen is vastly more common than any of the halogens. I doubt that the halogens are going to be more important than hydrogen anywhere in the universe. Unless you get the Magratheans to build a planet to very special order (and the raw materials bill is going to be several times that for building a normal planet.
For information, Earth's crust is 46% O, 27% Si, 8% Al, 5% Fe, 3.6% Ca, 2.8% Na, 2.6% K, 2.1% Mg...
If you add in the nickel and iron in the core (and somewhat uncertain amounts of sulphur and/ or potassium), you've got a nucleosynthesis distribution there. Those are the nuclei that are formed in the energy producing processes of main sequence stars. That's not a coincidence.
In short... The only way you're going to get a significantly different base mixture of elements, it's going to be by greater or lesser additions of hydrogen and helium, forming gas giants. It's not incredible that in Jupiter-like situations, you might also get ice planets (water, CO2, NH3, with only traces of "rock"), but that doesn't really get you towards having a lot of halogens.
Sorry if the universe doesn't live up to your requests.
On the whole, these must be in equilibrium with each other, and they are able to do so pretty quickly.
"pretty quickly" being constrained by the stirring efficiency of the oceans, otherwise you only get the parts of the ocean in contact with the atmosphere in equilibrium with the atmosphere.
While we've got the ocean's thermohaline circulation going, that's a mere millennium or two per circulation. If the circulation shuts down, then until something else starts circulating the ocean basins, the system will be taking MUCH longer to approach equilibrium. (I'll leave it to Xeno whether it will ever actually get there.)
So when did making a buck off me start to take precedence over everything in the Bill of Rights?
The Bill of Rights is restricted to the USofA. Not relevant. (Unless AdBlock is coded by someone in the USofA... but with the website managed by a GmbH, that doesn't look to be much of an issue.)
Given that there's probably no place with a higher percentage of Jews than Israel,
I wouldn't be so sure of that. Depending on if you're talking about "Jews" as "followers of the Jewish religion", or "Jews" as "descendents of people who once followed the Jewish religion, are married to such followers, or have ancestors who followed the Jewish religion.
In the last few months my wife has got into contact with several friends from "the Old Country" who are now living in Israel. While they've managed to immigrate to Israel successfully on the basis of having some family connection with people who are ethnically Jewish, to a woman, they don't give a shit about the Jewish religion.
Yes, I'm sure that this is causing political and social tensions in Israel. Similarly, the increasing prevalence of Russian as a regular language in the country is probably upsetting many Hebrew speakers (certainly, when I was working there, I could frequently recognise Russian being spoken on the street, while I can't speak Hebrew, or recognise it except by elimination).
You should care about future generations because we're all in this together.
Wrong. you may be in "it" with your future generations. You are not in "it" (for all values of "it") with my future generations. So why should I give a shit about your future generations?
75 to 100% gas in air would suffocate anyone in the near area - you need approximately 12% oxygen in your air supply to survive for more than a couple of minutes. Given that there is approximately 4 times as much nitrogen in air as there is oxygen, and no easy physical method of separating the two, that would imply that anything more than about 40% gas in air (volume/volume) would suffocate people.
The combustible gas indicator that you're talking about is almost certainly calibrated in percent of Lower Explosive Limit, and is probably based on a katharometer, also known as a "thermal conductivity sensor" or "hot wire sensor". While these sensors do have issues (low sensitivity, abysmal linearity, poor stability, unpredictable response to different gas compositions), they are adequate for this sort of binary decision - "do we or don't we have a gas problem". For analytical work, I'd always prefer an FID.
I have spent decades running gas analysis equipment in the oilfield. Our laboratory equipment is calibrated to read out in PPM (parts per million) for each component, as we're approaching the question from a chemist's and geologist's perspective. The rig's equipment however (which needs a calibration check every 12-hour shift ; no, seriously ! ) typically reads out in %LEL and comes from a perspective of legislation concerning mine safety. At least, that's the case in the various (7, IIRC) world-wide jurisdictions that I've worked in, including on several rigs owned and managed by American companies. I got bored with explaining this difference in readings in the late 1980s.
... or they tested a situation different to the one you encountered.
I've seen the main version of that "Myth Busters" (a follow up is mentioned above, which I don't think I've seen) : they were testing pissing on a "third rail" at ground level, by a normal male pissing from (about) a metre above and to the side. The piss stream broke up into droplets, so didn't conduct current back to the pisser.
You pissing more-or-less directly onto a fence is a different situation - the fence is going to be around pisser level, so there's a different likelihood of there being a continuous piss stream between you and the fence. Which would make both you and Myth Busters not wrong.
No, a sarcastic and spiteful comment. Which may not be nice, but is a perfectly acceptable rhetorical technique.
If you don't believe that you need to think seriously about your own personal contributions to the problem, then you rob future generations by your sloth.
Please give me one reason why I should care in the slightest about your future generations. I've taken steps to ensure that none of my descendants will suffer from your or my actions. What steps have you taken to ensure that none of your descendants will be harmed by your or my actions?
In the late 1970s I saw published papers from an analytical chemistry conference. One of the topics was the composition of cannabis residues, determined by GC-MS. THEN, the state of the art was that from a roach they could determine breed and probably location of growing for the original resin. That was over 30 years ago.
What the current detection limit is, I don't know. I work on the basis that the piss-test that we're routinely subjected to at work will detect cannabis months after use. Which is a real bummer if I'm offered a toke during my weeks of leave between jobs, because I have to refuse.
true, one presents the ones that work one that presents the ones that didn't work.
Be fair. One political party presents some ideas which work and some which don't work, while the other party presents some ideas which work and some which don't work.
Your mission, should you choose to accept it, is to differentiate the two. Or is it three?
Those "projects you might be interested in" are probably no more a promotion of those specific projects on kickstarter than Amazon's "suggested reading list" is a promotion of those specific books.
i.e. bloody irritating spam.
I understand perfectly well how the emails are generated. I loathe and detest the mentality that allows marketing twats (EN_GB : rude word) to think that they can design plastic marketing robots that I can't recognise. It does nothing but bring the brand into disrepute.
I get enough emails from Kickstarter about "projects you may be interested in ", "projects we love" etc that a lawyer has got sufficient to work on to demonstrate active, vigorous promotion.
If I didn't know that I had signed up for several KickStarter projects in the last year, it would be pushing the edge towards "spam". Certainly decidedly annoying.
What the heck would kickstarter have to do with it?
According to http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20434031, Kickstarter get a 5% (?) cut of the money pledged to $PROJECTNAME$, which seems to be sufficient involvement to satisfy enough lawyers to get them co-cited.
At 420 million years (-ish) after the big bang, only the first few very massive and short-lived stars would have formed, evolved through their main sequence lifetimes, and exploded to release "metals" (nuclei heavier than helium, formed by nucleosynthesis) into the environment. Those "metals" (oxygen, iron, silicon, magnesium...) are what you need to form solid planets.
There is a complex feedback between the metallicity ("metals" concentration) of a star-forming cloud of gas and the size of star (and thus core temperature) that assembles before it starts nuclear fusion and starts to settle down towards the main sequence. The opacity of the material to infra-red and shorter wavelengths is a limiting factor (but don't ask me to explain the maths because I don't understand it myself). If I've understood things correctly myself then this means that only large stars ignite in this time period until the metallicity of the average star-forming region has increased to the point that smaller stars can form and ignite (before they become large stars).
Quite what happens to previously-formed protostars as the metallicity of the star-forming regions increases, I don't know. I suspect that it matters how much convection there is in the protostar.
Why does your preparation for the "next storm surge" not start with moving to higher ground?
(How much higher is a question for you to assess in yourlocal conditions. For my local conditions when we moved, a minimum of 35m above MSL was mandatory along with at least 2deg of surface slope. YMMV.)
If the person doing the searching has any common sense at all, then s/he'll have realised that one of the first things that a racist adult would do when preparing to post racist drivel, is to prepare a fake online persona making them appear to be a minor. This is a transparently obvious ploy to prevent further investigation. Therefore the ones who appear to be minors should particularly be outed, so that the deception can be exposed and (quite likely) the actual adult posing as the minor will be revealed.
These adults are likely posing as minors with the intention of indulging in a bit of child-molestation - it goes with being a racist - so it's triply important to expose these fake minors.
Well, that all seems pretty obvious to me. If it's that obvious, then the searching-and-exposing person has a pretty strong defence. Enough that the local procurator is quite likely to not consider a prosecution to be in the public interest. Job done.
N.B. 1) In the procedure above step 2 must use two factor authentication and you want to consider whether the user may be acting under duress. Normally a user should be required to actually physically come to the office to have their decryption password changed.
That would probably be ideal, but we both know that the one circumstance we can't predict is an unpredictable circumstance. Then again... it's "personal" data that's at stake, which is most likely to be personnel or payroll data. So fuck it - if the system can't handle losing track of some data for a few hours... then it's overly sensitive for bean-counters to be trusted with. So, people who do science work will have systems that they can bodge and fondle as appropriate in the timescale available (laptop fried ; pull hard drive and drop into another machine ; boot from USB and continue ?) while bean-countery stuff can wait until you get beck to the office.
Which also deals with point (2) of yours : bring it into IT and explain just what you did. Expect the Spanish Inquisition to be waiting for your tattered remains after the Nerdish Inquisition have had their fun.
The foetus generates the umbilical cord (as you realise), AND the placenta, and the associated pumps and plumbing.
The artificial womb will need to (1) interface with the growing placenta ; (2) provide nutrients (including oxygen) and (3) remove wastes (including carbon dioxide) . Plumbing and pumps would be needed on this side too, but there's no practical limit to the space available for this, it being outside the foetus.
Pumps - peristaltic pumps are well-established.
Plumbing : 6-10mm soft wall medical grade polypropylene ; around a dollar per metre ; sterilize before use.
Removing wastes : see "kidney dialysis", with a side chapter on "heart-lung machines".
Supplying nutrients : see "heart-lung machines" and a catalogue from a decent chemical supply house.
The task is not to replicate the female's body - it's to rear a foetus to birth-ready. Incidentally, you don't even need to replicate "blood", just it's important functions. So, per-chlorofluorucarbons may give enough gas transport even if you don't give a hoot about supplying immune services (just keep the system sterile).
And now they pretend to be surprised that they find radioactive contamination in the water. This whole ocean is a mess! And it will continue to be so for generations! This should be clear to any sane person.
The ocean has never recovered since the core of the Oklo reactor went "hot" in unrestricted seawater. Poor Gaia!
Slashdot Mirror
Basic problem is a user IQ issue. Little things like, users who are too fucking stupid to RTFM (which phrase may even pre-date His Venerable Stallman-ness).
I doubt that your tongue, or the nerve cells in your taste buds, would survive the experience.
Maybe ; maybe not. Most of the complex molecules in nature are polymers of some sort, be their monomeric unit organic (carbon-based), or silicate. Linkage (covalent bonding) between the monomers is either carbon-to-carbon, or via a Si-O-Si linkage. Single-valent atoms tend to pack out around the backbones of the polymers, with significant effects on the detailed properties, but not helping much in actually lengthening the polymers, which is the main way of adding compexity. As single-valent atoms go, hydrogen is vastly more common than any of the halogens. I doubt that the halogens are going to be more important than hydrogen anywhere in the universe. Unless you get the Magratheans to build a planet to very special order (and the raw materials bill is going to be several times that for building a normal planet.
If you add in the nickel and iron in the core (and somewhat uncertain amounts of sulphur and/ or potassium), you've got a nucleosynthesis distribution there. Those are the nuclei that are formed in the energy producing processes of main sequence stars. That's not a coincidence.
In short ... The only way you're going to get a significantly different base mixture of elements, it's going to be by greater or lesser additions of hydrogen and helium, forming gas giants. It's not incredible that in Jupiter-like situations, you might also get ice planets (water, CO2, NH3, with only traces of "rock"), but that doesn't really get you towards having a lot of halogens.
Sorry if the universe doesn't live up to your requests.
"pretty quickly" being constrained by the stirring efficiency of the oceans, otherwise you only get the parts of the ocean in contact with the atmosphere in equilibrium with the atmosphere.
While we've got the ocean's thermohaline circulation going, that's a mere millennium or two per circulation. If the circulation shuts down, then until something else starts circulating the ocean basins, the system will be taking MUCH longer to approach equilibrium. (I'll leave it to Xeno whether it will ever actually get there.)
It hurt. This is not recommended.
The Bill of Rights is restricted to the USofA. Not relevant. (Unless AdBlock is coded by someone in the USofA ... but with the website managed by a GmbH, that doesn't look to be much of an issue.)
FTFY.
I wouldn't be so sure of that. Depending on if you're talking about "Jews" as "followers of the Jewish religion", or "Jews" as "descendents of people who once followed the Jewish religion, are married to such followers, or have ancestors who followed the Jewish religion.
In the last few months my wife has got into contact with several friends from "the Old Country" who are now living in Israel. While they've managed to immigrate to Israel successfully on the basis of having some family connection with people who are ethnically Jewish, to a woman, they don't give a shit about the Jewish religion.
Yes, I'm sure that this is causing political and social tensions in Israel. Similarly, the increasing prevalence of Russian as a regular language in the country is probably upsetting many Hebrew speakers (certainly, when I was working there, I could frequently recognise Russian being spoken on the street, while I can't speak Hebrew, or recognise it except by elimination).
Wrong. you may be in "it" with your future generations. You are not in "it" (for all values of "it") with my future generations. So why should I give a shit about your future generations?
The combustible gas indicator that you're talking about is almost certainly calibrated in percent of Lower Explosive Limit, and is probably based on a katharometer, also known as a "thermal conductivity sensor" or "hot wire sensor". While these sensors do have issues (low sensitivity, abysmal linearity, poor stability, unpredictable response to different gas compositions), they are adequate for this sort of binary decision - "do we or don't we have a gas problem". For analytical work, I'd always prefer an FID.
I have spent decades running gas analysis equipment in the oilfield. Our laboratory equipment is calibrated to read out in PPM (parts per million) for each component, as we're approaching the question from a chemist's and geologist's perspective. The rig's equipment however (which needs a calibration check every 12-hour shift ; no, seriously ! ) typically reads out in %LEL and comes from a perspective of legislation concerning mine safety. At least, that's the case in the various (7, IIRC) world-wide jurisdictions that I've worked in, including on several rigs owned and managed by American companies. I got bored with explaining this difference in readings in the late 1980s.
Oh ... it's 8 jurisdictions. I forgot Israel.
I've seen the main version of that "Myth Busters" (a follow up is mentioned above, which I don't think I've seen) : they were testing pissing on a "third rail" at ground level, by a normal male pissing from (about) a metre above and to the side. The piss stream broke up into droplets, so didn't conduct current back to the pisser.
You pissing more-or-less directly onto a fence is a different situation - the fence is going to be around pisser level, so there's a different likelihood of there being a continuous piss stream between you and the fence. Which would make both you and Myth Busters not wrong.
No, a sarcastic and spiteful comment. Which may not be nice, but is a perfectly acceptable rhetorical technique.
Please give me one reason why I should care in the slightest about your future generations. I've taken steps to ensure that none of my descendants will suffer from your or my actions. What steps have you taken to ensure that none of your descendants will be harmed by your or my actions?
What the current detection limit is, I don't know. I work on the basis that the piss-test that we're routinely subjected to at work will detect cannabis months after use. Which is a real bummer if I'm offered a toke during my weeks of leave between jobs, because I have to refuse.
Be fair. One political party presents some ideas which work and some which don't work, while the other party presents some ideas which work and some which don't work.
Your mission, should you choose to accept it, is to differentiate the two. Or is it three?
i.e. bloody irritating spam.
I understand perfectly well how the emails are generated. I loathe and detest the mentality that allows marketing twats (EN_GB : rude word) to think that they can design plastic marketing robots that I can't recognise. It does nothing but bring the brand into disrepute.
If I didn't know that I had signed up for several KickStarter projects in the last year, it would be pushing the edge towards "spam". Certainly decidedly annoying.
According to http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20434031, Kickstarter get a 5% (?) cut of the money pledged to $PROJECTNAME$, which seems to be sufficient involvement to satisfy enough lawyers to get them co-cited.
Whether it sticks ... is another question.
At 420 million years (-ish) after the big bang, only the first few very massive and short-lived stars would have formed, evolved through their main sequence lifetimes, and exploded to release "metals" (nuclei heavier than helium, formed by nucleosynthesis) into the environment. Those "metals" (oxygen, iron, silicon, magnesium ...) are what you need to form solid planets.
There is a complex feedback between the metallicity ("metals" concentration) of a star-forming cloud of gas and the size of star (and thus core temperature) that assembles before it starts nuclear fusion and starts to settle down towards the main sequence. The opacity of the material to infra-red and shorter wavelengths is a limiting factor (but don't ask me to explain the maths because I don't understand it myself). If I've understood things correctly myself then this means that only large stars ignite in this time period until the metallicity of the average star-forming region has increased to the point that smaller stars can form and ignite (before they become large stars).
Quite what happens to previously-formed protostars as the metallicity of the star-forming regions increases, I don't know. I suspect that it matters how much convection there is in the protostar.
and you makes 6.
(How much higher is a question for you to assess in your local conditions. For my local conditions when we moved, a minimum of 35m above MSL was mandatory along with at least 2deg of surface slope. YMMV.)
FTFY
If the person doing the searching has any common sense at all, then s/he'll have realised that one of the first things that a racist adult would do when preparing to post racist drivel, is to prepare a fake online persona making them appear to be a minor. This is a transparently obvious ploy to prevent further investigation. Therefore the ones who appear to be minors should particularly be outed, so that the deception can be exposed and (quite likely) the actual adult posing as the minor will be revealed.
These adults are likely posing as minors with the intention of indulging in a bit of child-molestation - it goes with being a racist - so it's triply important to expose these fake minors.
Well, that all seems pretty obvious to me. If it's that obvious, then the searching-and-exposing person has a pretty strong defence. Enough that the local procurator is quite likely to not consider a prosecution to be in the public interest. Job done.
That would probably be ideal, but we both know that the one circumstance we can't predict is an unpredictable circumstance. Then again ... it's "personal" data that's at stake, which is most likely to be personnel or payroll data. So fuck it - if the system can't handle losing track of some data for a few hours ... then it's overly sensitive for bean-counters to be trusted with. So, people who do science work will have systems that they can bodge and fondle as appropriate in the timescale available (laptop fried ; pull hard drive and drop into another machine ; boot from USB and continue ?) while bean-countery stuff can wait until you get beck to the office.
Which also deals with point (2) of yours : bring it into IT and explain just what you did. Expect the Spanish Inquisition to be waiting for your tattered remains after the Nerdish Inquisition have had their fun.
The artificial womb will need to (1) interface with the growing placenta ; (2) provide nutrients (including oxygen) and (3) remove wastes (including carbon dioxide) . Plumbing and pumps would be needed on this side too, but there's no practical limit to the space available for this, it being outside the foetus.
Pumps - peristaltic pumps are well-established.
Plumbing : 6-10mm soft wall medical grade polypropylene ; around a dollar per metre ; sterilize before use.
Removing wastes : see "kidney dialysis", with a side chapter on "heart-lung machines".
Supplying nutrients : see "heart-lung machines" and a catalogue from a decent chemical supply house.
The task is not to replicate the female's body - it's to rear a foetus to birth-ready. Incidentally, you don't even need to replicate "blood", just it's important functions. So, per-chlorofluorucarbons may give enough gas transport even if you don't give a hoot about supplying immune services (just keep the system sterile).
The ocean has never recovered since the core of the Oklo reactor went "hot" in unrestricted seawater. Poor Gaia!