Yeah, set up a digester that takes biodegradable material and generates methane. [...] and look at the effects of input material, temperature and the like on the rate of gas pro[d]duction.
A biodigester that needs heat to keep it running... has probably already failed at it's aim of being eco-friendly. And given the economies of scale and of heat production/ heat loss, to get sufficient scale to have the digester carry on working through an Arctic winter, it would probably have to be a lot bigger than can be small plane portable.
You may have other reasons for running a digester - e.g. turning pig shit into useful fertilizer, or converting energy from one form to a more portable form - which would make the energy cost acceptable, but that would probably make the project difficult from a didactic point of view.
... another half-dozen CAs deleted from my firefox installation (on Work's Windoze machine ; my own Linux box doesn't have a network connection so I've not bothered there. But then it's 2 weeks since I last turned it on either.)
Sky hasn't fallen. Yet.
I suspect that I'll be trimming the list of trusted CAs on my own machine very drastically before I next connect it to the web.
Yeah, it's a really silly thing to say. A billion LY radius sphere contains about 125000 times the number of stars as a 20-odd LY radius sphere. The *average* location of an event occurring randomly within a unit sphere is going to be about 0.79 from the centre of the sphere.
I think they probably mean that the average range of detected supernovae is around a billion light years, which would imply that the range to which a Type 1 "standard candle" supernova can be readily detected is about 1.25 billion light years.
(I am, of course assuming use of a colonial billion, not a standard billion.)
Now, now Boris, holding him (whoever it was I've forgotten already) to your standards of evidence is acting like a scientist, not like a wisecracking retard.
This is Slashdot - wisecracking retardery seems to be the new "stuff that matters".
Jokes that some people find nervously funny because they know it happens to them, and others find nervously funny because they're afraid it'll happen to them?
And the other half of the population just find the whole subject side-splittingly hilarious.
There is an old saying that "today's noise is tomorrow's measurement and next week's calibration" ; several of the better demonstrations of that can be found in the interplay between physics, chemistry and astronomy through the last couple of centuries.
Considering that Helium (derived from the Greek name for the Sun, Helios) was first detected on the Sun and other stars well before it was found on the Earth, I would say that the ability to detect elements from an incandescent body to be rather good.
Yes, helium was initially detected in the Sun by spectroscopy, though it was a number of years before they worked out what was happening (because at that time, spectral emission/ absorption patterns were observational facts without a theoretical footing). But helium is around 25% m/m of the Sun. Lithium is a few parts per million.
Qualitative detection is relatively easy ; quantitative measurement of concentrations is considerably more difficult. It can be - and is - done on a routine basis, but it is a more complex problem than qualitative detection.
There was a recent paper about a star dusted with debris from a (putative) planetary collission discussed on Slashdot which, if you'd read the paper would have given a lot of detail about how difficult these things are.
For lithium, a complicating problem (and I haven't RTFP yet - that's my over-lunch treat) is it's possible consumption in sub-fusion reactions which can reduce it's concentration below the primordial level.
Woosh yourself, but so far you've come up with evidence that one other nationality uses DD/MM/YYYY ; here in the UK, the norm is MM/DD/YYYY (but others are commonly seen, and I default to YYYY/MM/DD until a client objects).
TTBOMK, only the Japanese use YYYY/MM/DD,, presumably because someone sat down and chose it in about 1860, rather than it developing by some randomly-seeded crystallisation as in most other cultures.
(As someone who walks past the "Scottish Samurai's" family home when I go into the office, I'm regularly reminded that the late 19th century Japanese society was taking a deliberate look at what parts of global culture it was going choose, now that their original choice of isolation had been taken away.)
[Sigh] hunts for a list , neglecting choice of separator ("it's a separator ; it's already performed it's function")... 20 big-endian countries listed at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_format_by_country ; 109 little-endian; 6 middle-endian and several in official transition.
However, since large amounts of media and culture are broadcast by some of the rump of middle-endian countries, then the recognition that what seems to be a date format might be ambiguous is a lot more widespread than the dominance of little-endian countries would suggest form that summary.
Anyway, I'll use ISO 8601 as default - and say so - until the client informs me what their standard is. And since so few clients consist of only one nationality, it's rarely an issue that's not recognised as an issue.
Hang on...
Because of that, my 20 year old Australian friend was able to drink in a bunch of bars in the US when he came for a visit.
How does that become an issue? For the year number to have been ambiguous about his age... by two or more years... sorry, don't understand how that could happen. Julian/ Gregorian Calendar question? No, that would only give about 13 days error, not a couple of years. [PUZZLED]
Regarding the DNA, with this being middle America - "below the Bible Belt" you could describe it - most of them will know that because "Evilutionists" claim that DNA contains evidence of evolution, then it must all be lies anyway. So there's no problem with managing the evil-utionist technique to make sure that it produces black and white evidence of evil and good.
And of course they'll get a blessing on their Sabbat.
Or perhaps we should start executing most Americans as traitors to the republic of North Korea and/or Iran and/or China?
Excepting of course, Ms Palin, who is performing quite well in her job as a political operative for DPRK, PRC and Iran, and many other governments and people. Truly a citizen of the world! Deservedly one of the best-known of American politicians outside her own country.
Why is there any reason to apologise for premature ejaculation? It's a pretty high compliment about how hot she (or he? I don't know your choices) makes you, and as long as you didn't make stains on the blue dress, or are really short of time, there's very little to prevent you from now indulging in a good bout of intercourse.
Unless you're in one of those stupid religious sects that requires sex to only be used for procreation.
nor was windows 95 or windows 98 the "skipable" release)
Oh, so that's what I did wrong - apart from some testing on various of my spare machines, I skipped straight from Win 3.11/ DOS 6.22 to NT4, then from there to Win2k, and from there to Vista (forced by my main laptop blowing it's video card a couple of days before going to work abroad) and from there to Ubuntu. So you're saying that if I'd used one of the Win9x, I'd still be using Win7 now?
That's a filthy foreign style. McCarthy will be out soon to get you goddamn pinko "military industrial complex" preverts and stop you fiddling with our precious bodily fluids.
The distance from source to detector (you) is the sum of the distances from source to target and from target to reflector. So for a chamber that is 5units across (source to target), and a detector 30ft from the source (and 25ft from the target), your radiation intensity at the detector is 1/(6^2) of the radiation intensity at the target.
Now, this becomes more complex depending on how the initial radiation source is constructed. If it's a block of kryptonite in a block of anti-kryptonite, irradiating the target through a hole, it's nice and simple, as described above. But if you're generating your waves with something like a klystron (as per microwave oven) and spitting it out of a wave guide at the target, then the waveguide may well have a complex emission pattern with "side lobes" which don't irradiate the target themselves.
A TSA orc who fries himself by standing in the sidelobes of a radiation source, would not be the first to autodarwinate in this manner. And he probably won't be the last either. Equally, a sidelobe at 90degrees to the source-target line, which irradiates the operator at least as intensely as the reflected radiation from the target... wouldn't have to be a terribly badly designed system. Something that puts 10% of it's power into sidelobes is nothing unusual (5% on each side).
There is an additional complicating factor that not all the radiation the impinges on the target is reflected. But by the time that you're getting into that level of design, you really need to be a physicist, not someone working from understanding how to design home-made telescopes (which is where I'm working from).
The process of GETTING OFF THIS ROCK will, with very high likelihood, require an intermediate stage of keeping some people in closed environments for multiple years (e.g. at a minimum, going mining asteroids for materials for large spacecraft). By the time that we do properly understand how to do that, we'll probably have a much better handle on how environments work.
(Incidentally, to move populations onto another planet, one of the significant problems is dumping the gravitational energy that people and material acquire falling into the holes (gravity wells). But you can get people OFF THIS ROCK in adequate numbers into the asteroids without having to deal with that problem.)
Well, at 12-50 ly (4~13 or so parsecs), this is unlikely to be startlingly dim, so it should be in Hipparcos. But being red... maybe it didn't make the cut.
But why speculate. The cited Arxiv entry gives you the star's several names ; SIMBAD then gives you the rest:
Yes, we're talking about flare stars, which is right ; M5 sounds good. 6-7 mag sounds good... "distance" is given as 4pc, and the source for that is Astron. J., 132, 866-872 (2006) - 27.07.06 25.08.09 August 2006 "Identification of new M dwarfs in the solar neighborhood. "... nothing in the abstract about distance methods (for 1078 objects, including our object of interest).
[SIGH] and that says "We have estimated the distances for our stars using the absolute magnitudes derived from relations (2) and (3). The uncertainties in the distances are on the order of 37%. Nearly half of our stars lie within 50 pc. There are 41 stars that lie within 10 pc. We have the distances measured from parallax for 12 of these, 3 of which are greater than 10 pc."
Ah, right, I see. There are a number of relationships established form a mix of theory and calibration between [various spectral characteristics] and [distance]. Various techniques, various differing estimates ; 37% variation in the estimates (for the 1000-odd set considered). Then for a sub-set, they looked at parallax data and found that only 1/4 of the subset are appreciable overestimates. So they're not terribly bad estimates. But that 37% variation should be remembered.
they'd find it was a more typical, brighter red dwarf, further away.
"brighter" means a higher absolute magnitude. Which also means either a greater surface area, or a higher surface temperature. In either case you're not talking about a red dwarf. I'm not sure how you'd detect the "greater surface area" case... but given that they're looking at flare stars, then they would probably be looking at stars with brightness variations (which would mitigate against larger stars). The "higher surface temperature" case would clearly show in the spectra, so you could reject (or "put aside for later study") those stars simply at the spectroscopy stage.
I don't know why it's not in Hipparcos. Too dim (doubtful, absolutely) ; too red (possible) ; wrong place (didn't Hipparcos have an orbital error?). But I'm sure that I could find out from the published sources. Given enough time.
I think you misunderstood me - many "bottled" waters are filled from the regular tap water supply in the place where they're bottled.
There is of course a non-trivial point ot remember:
Tap water is...
IF, and only if you have tap water at you location. Which I gather large parts of non-urban America do not have, small parts of non-urban Europe do not have, and some places (like my current locale) are not going to get within 30km of without some significant new bits of plate tectonics.
... on the linked NSFW list are pretty surprising too.
This is allegedly a filter list for a school pupils, operating form their school, So the block outbound messages that match :
6 Block to other domains Any Rule Recipient matches regex (\.aero|\.asia|\.biz|\.cat|\.com|\.coop|\.edu|\.gov|\.info|\.int|\.jobs|\.me|\.mil|\.mobi|\.museum|\.name|\.net|\.pro|\.tel|\.travel|\.tv) Bounce
I take it the US high school students are not expected
to have aspirations to study aviation,
visit or be asian,
be involved in business,
molest cats,
use commas in punctuation,
be cooperative,
do anything to do with education (well, that at least is no surprise),
be governable,
have any sort of information (no surprise either),
Oh, I've got bored. I'm not 100% sure that's a blacklist ; it might be a whitelist, in which case they're expected to be networking COMmercially or NETworkily, but not ORGanisationally, and they're still not expected to have any international contacts outside Tuvalu.
Look outside your tiny world a bit and realise that a large chunk of the world has settled on GSM for their phones.
Isn't that what the "G" in "GSM" means? "Global except for the USA and South Korea"
According ot the Wikipedia article on GSM, the system covers around 80% of the world's mobile telephone market. So would that leave the US and South Korea combined as 20% of the world as counted by mobile subscriptions? Sounds a bit high. Possibly there are some other niche countries or services too, or they're counting analogue phones as well or something.
(Slashdot seemed unhappy with it's existence earlier, but I saved my reply and will try again.)
Apology accepted. Now, where were we?
Summary of my position : Panspermia is not impossible, in the strict sense, but unnecessarily complex given that you've got to have an origin of life somewhere, and only a limited number of cycles available in a universe of finite age. So, if you want a Copernican universe ("we're nowhere unusual"), you'll still have to have lots of separate panspermia origins to put us in an average part of an average galaxy. At the very minimum, you need an origin of life in every galaxy, and really you need a lot more than that. So that's billions of origins in the observable universe.
At that number of origin of life events, it's much simpler to work on the assumption that life originated where you find it. i.e., on Earth. Fr Occam would approve.
The detailed theories about the chemistry of OOL (I'm getting tired of typing "origin of life") cover quite a wide range of chemistries, indicative of the fact that we don't really know WTF happened. But my reading is that it's not a serious problem. Chemistry can happen fast, and several of the chemical ideas are not mutually exclusive. To my mind, the most interesting likely result of penetrating the ice on Europa or the lakes of Titan is going to be giving us a better idea of what chemistries were actually plausible, even if these places didn't ever generate life. Or maybe some people's buckets will start generating bugs. It's worth watching.
I was forgetting that I (intermittently) have access to "the literature" through a formal library. I don't at the moment, so I'm only seeing marginal access to Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres but I recall finding it very interesting when I browsed it. I just checked, and I'd downloaded volumes 39 to 30, averaging 42 articles per issue. (Obviously, it's an incomplete project ; I'll get back to it one day.) Hmm, "panspermia" gets 6 mentions in volume 33 (after a conference?) pllus the TOC, and 3 more in volume 34 (but not the TOC, comments and references?), 1 in vol 35, 3 more plus a TOC in vol 37, five in vol 38 and a couple in vol 39. Two points from that : "panspermia" is not ignored by the scientific community (30 items in 10 years) but it isn't considered terribly important or interesting (7% of a relevant sample of papers mention it, and many of them will be tangential).
That's a 12MB zip file.
Annoyingly, I haven't got round to titling the PDFs with the title of each paper, so I'd have to read or at least scan each paper. Which I may do, but not today. (I had a quick scan, dumped about 1/5 of the files that contained book reviews etc. But the general picture doesn't much change.)
Slashdot Mirror
A biodigester that needs heat to keep it running ... has probably already failed at it's aim of being eco-friendly. And given the economies of scale and of heat production/ heat loss, to get sufficient scale to have the digester carry on working through an Arctic winter, it would probably have to be a lot bigger than can be small plane portable.
You may have other reasons for running a digester - e.g. turning pig shit into useful fertilizer, or converting energy from one form to a more portable form - which would make the energy cost acceptable, but that would probably make the project difficult from a didactic point of view.
Sky hasn't fallen. Yet. I suspect that I'll be trimming the list of trusted CAs on my own machine very drastically before I next connect it to the web.
I think they probably mean that the average range of detected supernovae is around a billion light years, which would imply that the range to which a Type 1 "standard candle" supernova can be readily detected is about 1.25 billion light years.
(I am, of course assuming use of a colonial billion, not a standard billion.)
This is Slashdot - wisecracking retardery seems to be the new "stuff that matters".
And the other half of the population just find the whole subject side-splittingly hilarious.
There is an old saying that "today's noise is tomorrow's measurement and next week's calibration" ; several of the better demonstrations of that can be found in the interplay between physics, chemistry and astronomy through the last couple of centuries.
Yes, helium was initially detected in the Sun by spectroscopy, though it was a number of years before they worked out what was happening (because at that time, spectral emission/ absorption patterns were observational facts without a theoretical footing). But helium is around 25% m/m of the Sun. Lithium is a few parts per million.
Qualitative detection is relatively easy ; quantitative measurement of concentrations is considerably more difficult. It can be - and is - done on a routine basis, but it is a more complex problem than qualitative detection.
There was a recent paper about a star dusted with debris from a (putative) planetary collission discussed on Slashdot which, if you'd read the paper would have given a lot of detail about how difficult these things are.
For lithium, a complicating problem (and I haven't RTFP yet - that's my over-lunch treat) is it's possible consumption in sub-fusion reactions which can reduce it's concentration below the primordial level.
TTBOMK, only the Japanese use YYYY/MM/DD,, presumably because someone sat down and chose it in about 1860, rather than it developing by some randomly-seeded crystallisation as in most other cultures.
(As someone who walks past the "Scottish Samurai's" family home when I go into the office, I'm regularly reminded that the late 19th century Japanese society was taking a deliberate look at what parts of global culture it was going choose, now that their original choice of isolation had been taken away.)
[Sigh] hunts for a list , neglecting choice of separator ("it's a separator ; it's already performed it's function")... 20 big-endian countries listed at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_format_by_country ; 109 little-endian; 6 middle-endian and several in official transition.
However, since large amounts of media and culture are broadcast by some of the rump of middle-endian countries, then the recognition that what seems to be a date format might be ambiguous is a lot more widespread than the dominance of little-endian countries would suggest form that summary.
Anyway, I'll use ISO 8601 as default - and say so - until the client informs me what their standard is. And since so few clients consist of only one nationality, it's rarely an issue that's not recognised as an issue.
Hang on ...
How does that become an issue? For the year number to have been ambiguous about his age ... by two or more years ... sorry, don't understand how that could happen. Julian/ Gregorian Calendar question? No, that would only give about 13 days error, not a couple of years. [PUZZLED]
And of course they'll get a blessing on their Sabbat.
Excepting of course, Ms Palin, who is performing quite well in her job as a political operative for DPRK, PRC and Iran, and many other governments and people. Truly a citizen of the world!
Deservedly one of the best-known of American politicians outside her own country.
Why is there any reason to apologise for premature ejaculation? It's a pretty high compliment about how hot she (or he? I don't know your choices) makes you, and as long as you didn't make stains on the blue dress, or are really short of time, there's very little to prevent you from now indulging in a good bout of intercourse.
Unless you're in one of those stupid religious sects that requires sex to only be used for procreation.
Please spell and grammar check your dial-a-wank scripts before posting them. "Reign in my orgasm" indeed!
I suppose it's moderately appropriate that I'm listening to "The Miller's Tale" as I waste my time on this crap.
Oh, so that's what I did wrong - apart from some testing on various of my spare machines, I skipped straight from Win 3.11/ DOS 6.22 to NT4, then from there to Win2k, and from there to Vista (forced by my main laptop blowing it's video card a couple of days before going to work abroad) and from there to Ubuntu. So you're saying that if I'd used one of the Win9x, I'd still be using Win7 now?
Riiiight.
Must have been using a Pentium processor to keep track of the allegations.
The question has to be asked : were sequential, or simultaneous harassments?
That's a filthy foreign style. McCarthy will be out soon to get you goddamn pinko "military industrial complex" preverts and stop you fiddling with our precious bodily fluids.
The distance from source to detector (you) is the sum of the distances from source to target and from target to reflector. So for a chamber that is 5units across (source to target), and a detector 30ft from the source (and 25ft from the target), your radiation intensity at the detector is 1/(6^2) of the radiation intensity at the target.
Now, this becomes more complex depending on how the initial radiation source is constructed. If it's a block of kryptonite in a block of anti-kryptonite, irradiating the target through a hole, it's nice and simple, as described above. But if you're generating your waves with something like a klystron (as per microwave oven) and spitting it out of a wave guide at the target, then the waveguide may well have a complex emission pattern with "side lobes" which don't irradiate the target themselves.
A TSA orc who fries himself by standing in the sidelobes of a radiation source, would not be the first to autodarwinate in this manner. And he probably won't be the last either. Equally, a sidelobe at 90degrees to the source-target line, which irradiates the operator at least as intensely as the reflected radiation from the target ... wouldn't have to be a terribly badly designed system. Something that puts 10% of it's power into sidelobes is nothing unusual (5% on each side).
There is an additional complicating factor that not all the radiation the impinges on the target is reflected. But by the time that you're getting into that level of design, you really need to be a physicist, not someone working from understanding how to design home-made telescopes (which is where I'm working from).
The process of GETTING OFF THIS ROCK will, with very high likelihood, require an intermediate stage of keeping some people in closed environments for multiple years (e.g. at a minimum, going mining asteroids for materials for large spacecraft). By the time that we do properly understand how to do that, we'll probably have a much better handle on how environments work. (Incidentally, to move populations onto another planet, one of the significant problems is dumping the gravitational energy that people and material acquire falling into the holes (gravity wells). But you can get people OFF THIS ROCK in adequate numbers into the asteroids without having to deal with that problem.)
But why speculate. The cited Arxiv entry gives you the star's several names ; SIMBAD then gives you the rest: ... "distance" is given as 4pc, and the source for that is Astron. J., 132, 866-872 (2006) - 27.07.06 25.08.09 August 2006 "Identification of new M dwarfs in the solar neighborhood. " ... nothing in the abstract about distance methods (for 1078 objects, including our object of interest).
Yes, we're talking about flare stars, which is right ; M5 sounds good. 6-7 mag sounds good
[SIGH] and that says "We have estimated the distances for our stars using the absolute magnitudes derived from relations (2) and (3). The uncertainties in the distances are on the order of 37%. Nearly half of our stars lie within 50 pc. There are 41 stars that lie within 10 pc. We have the distances measured from parallax for 12 of these, 3 of which are greater than 10 pc."
Ah, right, I see.
There are a number of relationships established form a mix of theory and calibration between [various spectral characteristics] and [distance]. Various techniques, various differing estimates ; 37% variation in the estimates (for the 1000-odd set considered). Then for a sub-set, they looked at parallax data and found that only 1/4 of the subset are appreciable overestimates. So they're not terribly bad estimates. But that 37% variation should be remembered.
"brighter" means a higher absolute magnitude. Which also means either a greater surface area, or a higher surface temperature. In either case you're not talking about a red dwarf. I'm not sure how you'd detect the "greater surface area" case ... but given that they're looking at flare stars, then they would probably be looking at stars with brightness variations (which would mitigate against larger stars). The "higher surface temperature" case would clearly show in the spectra, so you could reject (or "put aside for later study") those stars simply at the spectroscopy stage.
I don't know why it's not in Hipparcos. Too dim (doubtful, absolutely) ; too red (possible) ; wrong place (didn't Hipparcos have an orbital error?). But I'm sure that I could find out from the published sources. Given enough time.
There is of course a non-trivial point ot remember :
IF, and only if you have tap water at you location. Which I gather large parts of non-urban America do not have, small parts of non-urban Europe do not have, and some places (like my current locale) are not going to get within 30km of without some significant new bits of plate tectonics.
Damn - they sank the water boat this high-tide.
Which may explain why the canteen's beef stew has been tough, hairy and smelly for the last few weeks.
Sky/Fox News will be picking this story up any minute now.
This is allegedly a filter list for a school pupils, operating form their school, So the block outbound messages that match : 6 Block to other domains Any Rule Recipient matches regex (\.aero|\.asia|\.biz|\.cat|\.com|\.coop|\.edu|\.gov|\.info|\.int|\.jobs|\.me|\.mil|\.mobi|\.museum|\.name|\.net|\.pro|\.tel|\.travel|\.tv) Bounce
I take it the US high school students are not expected
Oh, I've got bored. I'm not 100% sure that's a blacklist ; it might be a whitelist, in which case they're expected to be networking COMmercially or NETworkily, but not ORGanisationally, and they're still not expected to have any international contacts outside Tuvalu.
Madness!
Isn't that what the "G" in "GSM" means? "Global except for the USA and South Korea"
According ot the Wikipedia article on GSM, the system covers around 80% of the world's mobile telephone market. So would that leave the US and South Korea combined as 20% of the world as counted by mobile subscriptions? Sounds a bit high. Possibly there are some other niche countries or services too, or they're counting analogue phones as well or something.
Apology accepted. Now, where were we?
Summary of my position : Panspermia is not impossible, in the strict sense, but unnecessarily complex given that you've got to have an origin of life somewhere, and only a limited number of cycles available in a universe of finite age. So, if you want a Copernican universe ("we're nowhere unusual"), you'll still have to have lots of separate panspermia origins to put us in an average part of an average galaxy. At the very minimum, you need an origin of life in every galaxy, and really you need a lot more than that. So that's billions of origins in the observable universe.
At that number of origin of life events, it's much simpler to work on the assumption that life originated where you find it. i.e., on Earth. Fr Occam would approve.
The detailed theories about the chemistry of OOL (I'm getting tired of typing "origin of life") cover quite a wide range of chemistries, indicative of the fact that we don't really know WTF happened. But my reading is that it's not a serious problem. Chemistry can happen fast, and several of the chemical ideas are not mutually exclusive. To my mind, the most interesting likely result of penetrating the ice on Europa or the lakes of Titan is going to be giving us a better idea of what chemistries were actually plausible, even if these places didn't ever generate life. Or maybe some people's buckets will start generating bugs. It's worth watching.
I was forgetting that I (intermittently) have access to "the literature" through a formal library. I don't at the moment, so I'm only seeing marginal access to Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres but I recall finding it very interesting when I browsed it. I just checked, and I'd downloaded volumes 39 to 30, averaging 42 articles per issue. (Obviously, it's an incomplete project ; I'll get back to it one day.) Hmm, "panspermia" gets 6 mentions in volume 33 (after a conference?) pllus the TOC, and 3 more in volume 34 (but not the TOC, comments and references?), 1 in vol 35, 3 more plus a TOC in vol 37, five in vol 38 and a couple in vol 39. Two points from that : "panspermia" is not ignored by the scientific community (30 items in 10 years) but it isn't considered terribly important or interesting (7% of a relevant sample of papers mention it, and many of them will be tangential).
That's a 12MB zip file.
Annoyingly, I haven't got round to titling the PDFs with the title of each paper, so I'd have to read or at least scan each paper. Which I may do, but not today. (I had a quick scan, dumped about 1/5 of the files that contained book reviews etc. But the general picture doesn't much change.)
and it's stupid to try.
There is a difference?