Basically young stars have a different kind of emission to old stars. You can essentially count up the amount of light from young stars and work out how much star formation you need to have that population.
HST images were needed to investigate the morphology - the shapes just couldn't be picked out in the original images as the galaxies are so compact. However, it looks like a number of them have complex shapes hinting that they are or have recently been involved in mergers with other galaxies. We don't have much to go on at the moment though.
It's not quite so straightforward due to the complexities of how the peas are actually selected, I think. http://arxiv.org/pdf/0907.4155v1 is the paper - section 2 and 5 might be of interest with respect to this sort of question.
It's a redshift of 0.05 - six or seven hundred million light years away. We also have spectra of the voorwerp, so we know something about the atoms that make it up. You'll see some of these spectra at http://www.galaxyzooblog.org/2008/03/20/voorwerp-fever/ with the elements emitting the lines labelled.
1) I'm against it being mandatory. I'm against stuff that can track you. So no real point to answer there.
Kids - sorry mate, they're not free citizens in the same way adults are and the parents have a responsibility to keep them safe even when the kid doesn't want to be. There's obviously limits to how far this goes, but I'd say that for a kid who needs their medical records to be available in the event of an accident then chipping with something (short range so it's not a tracking thing) is maybe not such a bad idea. Slippery slope arguments apply, but parents can already control what their kids can do, and are expected to control them, so that's a slope we're actually already on - I just think there's maybe a case for moving a very small amount further down in some very unusual cases.
And this isn't about their behaviour - this is about their safety regardless of what they do so half that stuff you go ranting on about in your trollish ways are totally irrelevant again.
2) Databases get leaked and stolen, sure. But these medical details are details that are already tied to me in a database, are already at risk of being stolen and which I don't make a particularly big secret out of - I just don't want any idiot making assumptions about me - idiots like you who think I must look like I have one foot in the grave if I have something a paramedic should know about.
And as for 'it's not like there's any embrassing, shameful medical conditions that'd require a bracelet' I suppose you're in favour of freeing up all non-embarrassing medical information to anyone who wants to know it then?
People have asked why it's not better to just have a bracelet, ID in your wallet, or whatever. Here's why I'd like one so that a paramedic or whoever can get the info they need about me.
Two reasons:
1) I cannot leave home without it. I can't go anywhere without it, and as importantly, I can go anywhere with it. I can go to the pool and if I have some medical emergency it won't matter that my wallet is in the locker or whatever. If you're a parent, your kid can't choose to leave it behind (and if you're wondering why they might want to leave their ID behind see point 2)
2) It actually preserves your privacy. Sure, someone with an RFID scanner might spot get some serial ID number, but without access to a corresponding database they don't get my medical info. There are tracking issues, but they're minor. On the other hand, anyone who sees I've got some bracelet on immediately knows I have some medical condition, and they don't need to be scanning for RFID to tell that.
The sooner some of us have the option to get these the better.
Dark matter has to be 'cold' - slow moving. If it goes too fast, like photons (or neutrinos for that matter) then structure can't form as it all gets washed out. It needs to be slow moving enough to clump. So even if photons did have a small mass that wouldn't work.
Not all matter is cold. The gas in large clusters of galaxies is sufficiently hot that it emits X-rays, for instance. In fact, in some bits of astrophysics it's quite challenging to find ways for matter to cool down.
I don't think that temperature is necessarily inconsistent with anything, but I've not read the papers yet.
The accuracy of a well-sampled survey (ie you properly randomly sample) is dependent only on the absolute numbers of people you survey, not on the size of the population you draw from. So it doesn't matter that it's 0.0033% of the population, just how many people that it has sampled.
Errr, tokamaks are a method for generating the required pressures and temperatures (and I don't know why you think radiation is necessary). You might also want to explain to all those plasma physicists why they're wrong and millions shouldn't be spent on tokamak research.
Errr... no. We don't have a clue what dark energy is (the stuff that is forcing galaxies apart). There are suggestions it might be vacuum energy but the theoretical predictions based on that are off by 1E120. Which is no small number I'm sure you'll agree.
Personally I think ZPE has about as much energy production potential as my plans for a factory that makes pre-stretched springs.
It does work with 3Gs. I'm listening to podcasts on it now, although it appears as an ordinary playlist. I assume later models get a couple of extra features or something.
No, they don't need modding up. There *was* a problem with it earlier and it *wasn't* anything to do with a particular feed. It was without a doubt a glitch in the iTMS (although possibly not a slashdotting as such).
From what I recall dry ice has a pretty low heat capacity. Even though it's cold it can't suck up that much heat per gram - not really too useful as a coolant.
Slashdot Mirror
Basically young stars have a different kind of emission to old stars. You can essentially count up the amount of light from young stars and work out how much star formation you need to have that population.
HST images were needed to investigate the morphology - the shapes just couldn't be picked out in the original images as the galaxies are so compact. However, it looks like a number of them have complex shapes hinting that they are or have recently been involved in mergers with other galaxies. We don't have much to go on at the moment though.
The peas were not named by a scientist.
It's not quite so straightforward due to the complexities of how the peas are actually selected, I think. http://arxiv.org/pdf/0907.4155v1 is the paper - section 2 and 5 might be of interest with respect to this sort of question.
It's a redshift of 0.05 - six or seven hundred million light years away. We also have spectra of the voorwerp, so we know something about the atoms that make it up. You'll see some of these spectra at http://www.galaxyzooblog.org/2008/03/20/voorwerp-fever/ with the elements emitting the lines labelled.
It's a name that kind of stuck rather than being chosen by a large committee discussing all the details, to be honest!
Last stats I saw had them going at 10Hz overall. It's probably dropped off since that peak however.
1) I'm against it being mandatory. I'm against stuff that can track you. So no real point to answer there.
Kids - sorry mate, they're not free citizens in the same way adults are and the parents have a responsibility to keep them safe even when the kid doesn't want to be. There's obviously limits to how far this goes, but I'd say that for a kid who needs their medical records to be available in the event of an accident then chipping with something (short range so it's not a tracking thing) is maybe not such a bad idea. Slippery slope arguments apply, but parents can already control what their kids can do, and are expected to control them, so that's a slope we're actually already on - I just think there's maybe a case for moving a very small amount further down in some very unusual cases.
And this isn't about their behaviour - this is about their safety regardless of what they do so half that stuff you go ranting on about in your trollish ways are totally irrelevant again.
2) Databases get leaked and stolen, sure. But these medical details are details that are already tied to me in a database, are already at risk of being stolen and which I don't make a particularly big secret out of - I just don't want any idiot making assumptions about me - idiots like you who think I must look like I have one foot in the grave if I have something a paramedic should know about.
And as for 'it's not like there's any embrassing, shameful medical conditions that'd require a bracelet' I suppose you're in favour of freeing up all non-embarrassing medical information to anyone who wants to know it then?
I'm not in the US.
The problem isn't with chipping, it's with your healthcare.
Two reasons:
1) I cannot leave home without it. I can't go anywhere without it, and as importantly, I can go anywhere with it. I can go to the pool and if I have some medical emergency it won't matter that my wallet is in the locker or whatever. If you're a parent, your kid can't choose to leave it behind (and if you're wondering why they might want to leave their ID behind see point 2)
2) It actually preserves your privacy. Sure, someone with an RFID scanner might spot get some serial ID number, but without access to a corresponding database they don't get my medical info. There are tracking issues, but they're minor. On the other hand, anyone who sees I've got some bracelet on immediately knows I have some medical condition, and they don't need to be scanning for RFID to tell that.
The sooner some of us have the option to get these the better.
Perhaps the fact that the default OS X emacs doesn't have a gui? So clicking isn't going to get you anywhere.
Not that the OP wasn't a clueless troll.
Dark matter has to be 'cold' - slow moving. If it goes too fast, like photons (or neutrinos for that matter) then structure can't form as it all gets washed out. It needs to be slow moving enough to clump. So even if photons did have a small mass that wouldn't work.
Not all matter is cold. The gas in large clusters of galaxies is sufficiently hot that it emits X-rays, for instance. In fact, in some bits of astrophysics it's quite challenging to find ways for matter to cool down.
I don't think that temperature is necessarily inconsistent with anything, but I've not read the papers yet.
The accuracy of a well-sampled survey (ie you properly randomly sample) is dependent only on the absolute numbers of people you survey, not on the size of the population you draw from. So it doesn't matter that it's 0.0033% of the population, just how many people that it has sampled.
Errr, tokamaks are a method for generating the required pressures and temperatures (and I don't know why you think radiation is necessary). You might also want to explain to all those plasma physicists why they're wrong and millions shouldn't be spent on tokamak research.
If you think cosmology can't be observationally tested you're very much wrong.
Now and again there might be conjectures which can't be tested but these are not the bulk of the work in the field.
The acceleration of the universe is due to dark energy, not dark matter. Totally different weird stuff.
Could the moderators check the grammar before submitting?
20 20 sounds like the results of an eyesight test, and ' found that for 19 of them, they found,' - what?
You can call any application from the command line... 'open -a Inkscape' f'example.
Errr... no. We don't have a clue what dark energy is (the stuff that is forcing galaxies apart). There are suggestions it might be vacuum energy but the theoretical predictions based on that are off by 1E120. Which is no small number I'm sure you'll agree.
Personally I think ZPE has about as much energy production potential as my plans for a factory that makes pre-stretched springs.
I guess I was just imagining all those podcasts I've been listening to then. Hohum.
3G's can play the podcasts easily - it just might not be as nicely integrated as on later models. No need to panic if you have a 3G.
It does work with 3Gs. I'm listening to podcasts on it now, although it appears as an ordinary playlist. I assume later models get a couple of extra features or something.
No, they don't need modding up. There *was* a problem with it earlier and it *wasn't* anything to do with a particular feed. It was without a doubt a glitch in the iTMS (although possibly not a slashdotting as such).
From what I recall dry ice has a pretty low heat capacity. Even though it's cold it can't suck up that much heat per gram - not really too useful as a coolant.