It's not strictly "data" as you're accutomed to thinking about it as a bunch of ones and zeroes, but "information" in the sense of information theory--more or less another word for entropy.
The actual measurement of entropy has to do with counting the possible states that a system could be in. A computer containing a list of numbers in its memory could be in any of a large number of states depending on what you know about the list of numbers and the contents of the rest of its memory. If you instruct it to go replace the list of numbers with its sum, the number of states it could be in afterwards is decreased. So its entropy has gone down.
Thermodynamics says that the only way to reduce a system's entropy is to expend energy on it. So if you worked out a way to juggle the bits in the list of numbers around so that you would get the sum, but in such a way that you could back out the operation afterwards to recover the original list, and do it without overwriting any of the other information on the system, then you could do the operation without reducing the entropy of the computer, and wouldn't be forced to expend energy.
Now, a lot of confusion comes from the fact that Shannon decided to call mutual entropy "information" when he was working out coding theory. The concept has a lot of parallels to how we ordinarily think of information, but the correspondence isn't exact, and trying to think of mutual entropy as "information" informally will lead you to a lot of wrong conclusions. It's one of those all-too-common instances where picking a commonly understood name to stand for a subtle concept can do more harm than good.
I think that there's a big lesson to be learned in the portable electronics industry... The device that makes it big isn't the first to market, or the most advanced... it's the one that fits in your pocket.
Why did Palm kill Newton? Newton was (is) technologically superior by far, Palm wasn't substantially cheaper at the outset... but a Palm fit in your pocket.
When did cell phones become ubiquitous? When they got small enough to fit in your pocket.
Why is Gameboy Advance SP the top-selling gaming platform? It fits in your pocket.
Why does the iPod continue to outsell the Archos, Neuros, etc., when its competitors are cheaper and have more features? It fits in your pocket.
Why aren't people buying the "convergence" devices with camera, cell phone, PDA, game player, etc. combined? They don't (yet) fit in your pocket.
The problem is that there is no such thing as a perfect filter. If you dump the raw signal from a microphone onto CD then any frequencies that were present above 22 khz will alias down into audible range. So you have to set up a filter that blocks any frequencies above 22 kHz--but that filter is going to have a transition band which starts significantly below 22 khz. When you play it back from your CD player the signal gets run through another set of filters in the DAC. You wind up losing fidelity and phase linearity in the audible range.
Additionally, I can point you to several experiments that show that the presence of harmonics above the normal threshold of hearing does affect the perception of sound. Hearing thresholds are determined by listening to pure sine waves, but your ears are not linear devices. The fact that you can't hear a sine wave by itself at 30 kHz does not mean that you can't hear the difference between a 15kHz sine wave and a 15kHz square wave.
My most common use of copy and paste is copying a URL out of a terminal and into a browser. So, I drag over the URL in the terminal, which does not support Ctrl-C, Ctrl-V pasting. Then I go over to the browser. Oops! There's a URL already in the browser! Well, I have to clear it out, so I select it and press delete...but by selecting it i've borked my middle-click clipboard. So I have to go back to the terminal and select the URL AGAIN...
The problem is that dragging and selecting text is used in GUIs for operations other than direct copying and pasting, and those operations tend to clobber the clipboard. You end up having no effective control over what things go in the clipboard and what things don't.
It is not true that a continuous-time model can not be chaotic. Consider the Lorentz strange attractor which was discovered on an analog computer. The three-body problem in orbital mechanics also behaves chaotically.
What kind of psychology are you doing? The size of study groups varies a lot depending on what you're trying to measure, and what techniques you need to use.
In psychophysics it is commonplace to publish results drawn from just two subjects--one of whom is usually the author of the paper.
Works very well if you turn off the lights and, well, sensorily deprive yourself aside from the music. Need a good stereo get get the bass without distorting.
I've had honest-to-goodness hallucinations brought on by that album.
Are you talking about the IIHS crash test ratings? There is a big disclaimer on all of those saying "test results shouldn't be compared among vehicles with large weight differences."
Also crash tests are not necessarily indicative of the whole picture; it doesn't account for things like visibility and driver behavior (which is probably the MOST important factor.)
I linked to actual death rates from vehicles on the road, which I think is a pretty good indicator. Under 4000 pounds the SUVs appear to be safer even than sedans of the same mass.
I do get pissed of at "damn yuppies" driving big spotless trucks they don't need, and I think other people feel the same way. But a lot of times this class envy gets expressed as a hate for the truck itself. So economic liberals want to regulate SUVs and big trucks, which is only going to backfire on blue-collar people who work for a living and haul around materials in trucks daily--and who the economic liberals claim to support.
5) I drive a large (Dodge Ram 1500) truck specifically because I'd prefer to be the stronger car in an accident. I don't wanna die unless I have to. so sue me:)
Please, please, read the statistics, you're more than twice as likely to die in a Dodge Ram 1500 as in a safe 4-door sedan. The safety record on pickups is simply atrocious.
and they need to be insured. I've run the numbers, and the insurance alone on keeping second vehicle costs more than I could possibly save on gas. Not to mention additional maintenance, registration, and the cost of the second vehicle itself.
Have you ever run the numbers on what's actually cheaper: Making payments on, maintaining, insuring, using and commuting in an SUV,
or making payments on an SUV and a small car, insuring an SUV and a small car, maintaining an SUV and a small car, and using the SUV some times while commuting in a small car other times?
Hint: It's not the option where you have to have two vehicles.
Heck, insurance ALONE costs me more than gas, even at $2/gallon, and I have a perfect driving record.
Some people they're smart because they once read a book on middle-school level physics. They write things like "More mass = more kinetic energy = more damage. More mass higher = higher center of gravity = more likely to flip." and thus, think they've settled the issue. But when you actually look at data instead of gesticulating madly, you find the issue is a lot more complicated. You find there are other issues than science you half-remembered from school.
Unless you were the database admin, the HMO you worked for is likely in serious breach of 21 CFR Part 11 among other regulations. Unfortunately this tends to be the rule rather than the exception, due to the lack of guidance from the FDA and other agencies.
Heh. A lot of people with 1st generation ipods were sure that Apple would release a firmware update with playlist editing, alarm clock, custom menus, and all the things that newer iPods have.
Yeah, Apple will write support for recording eventually, but you WILL have to get a new iPod for it. If you're going to base a purchasing decision on features that have not been announced, well, that's pretty dumb. This is not the customer-friendly Apple of 1990 or so. Today's Apple has fully embraced planned obsolescence.
A "vocoder" is an algorithm which is designed to vork on a voice signal. It's not a very specific term.
The first thing you described, using a fixed modulated carrier, is indeed a type of vocoder. The second technique you described as "pitch correction," using FFTs to estimate and shift pitches, is usually called a phase vocoder (look it up). Which is obsolete anyway. Modern pitch correction techniques use wavelet transforms to analyze and resynthesize signals... but they're vocoders too.
None of those do street mapping or route finding, which is what most people need.
Of the handheld street mapping software that exists, Delorme's Street Atlas USA Handheld requires you to download its maps to the handheld from a Windows PC. As does Rand McNally's TripFinder software. Mapopolis is thankfully not dependent on the host PC, but is slow and buggy as shit (at least on the Palm).
I can see how you got the 10.079 figure by extrapolating from "+3 dB is twice the power," but that statement is wrong. There's no difference between "acoustic" and "real" dB. +10 dB is ten times the power, no matter what dB scale you're using. People just say "3 dB is twice the power" because it's easier to remember than "3.0103 dB is twice the power" which is actually true.
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You must not have read the parent post, because with ten fingers you can count to 2047.
I think you mean "Anyone who is familiar with all those items has spent more on software than God himself."
It's not strictly "data" as you're accutomed to thinking about it as a bunch of ones and zeroes, but "information" in the sense of information theory--more or less another word for entropy.
The actual measurement of entropy has to do with counting the possible states that a system could be in. A computer containing a list of numbers in its memory could be in any of a large number of states depending on what you know about the list of numbers and the contents of the rest of its memory. If you instruct it to go replace the list of numbers with its sum, the number of states it could be in afterwards is decreased. So its entropy has gone down.
Thermodynamics says that the only way to reduce a system's entropy is to expend energy on it. So if you worked out a way to juggle the bits in the list of numbers around so that you would get the sum, but in such a way that you could back out the operation afterwards to recover the original list, and do it without overwriting any of the other information on the system, then you could do the operation without reducing the entropy of the computer, and wouldn't be forced to expend energy.
Now, a lot of confusion comes from the fact that Shannon decided to call mutual entropy "information" when he was working out coding theory. The concept has a lot of parallels to how we ordinarily think of information, but the correspondence isn't exact, and trying to think of mutual entropy as "information" informally will lead you to a lot of wrong conclusions. It's one of those all-too-common instances where picking a commonly understood name to stand for a subtle concept can do more harm than good.
I think that there's a big lesson to be learned in the portable electronics industry... The device that makes it big isn't the first to market, or the most advanced... it's the one that fits in your pocket.
Why did Palm kill Newton? Newton was (is) technologically superior by far, Palm wasn't substantially cheaper at the outset... but a Palm fit in your pocket.
When did cell phones become ubiquitous? When they got small enough to fit in your pocket.
Why is Gameboy Advance SP the top-selling gaming platform? It fits in your pocket.
Why does the iPod continue to outsell the Archos, Neuros, etc., when its competitors are cheaper and have more features? It fits in your pocket.
Why aren't people buying the "convergence" devices with camera, cell phone, PDA, game player, etc. combined? They don't (yet) fit in your pocket.
The problem is that there is no such thing as a perfect filter. If you dump the raw signal from a microphone onto CD then any frequencies that were present above 22 khz will alias down into audible range. So you have to set up a filter that blocks any frequencies above 22 kHz--but that filter is going to have a transition band which starts significantly below 22 khz. When you play it back from your CD player the signal gets run through another set of filters in the DAC. You wind up losing fidelity and phase linearity in the audible range.
Additionally, I can point you to several experiments that show that the presence of harmonics above the normal threshold of hearing does affect the perception of sound. Hearing thresholds are determined by listening to pure sine waves, but your ears are not linear devices. The fact that you can't hear a sine wave by itself at 30 kHz does not mean that you can't hear the difference between a 15kHz sine wave and a 15kHz square wave.
er, in any sort of terminal, Ctrl-c sends a SIGINT to the running program. Wouldn't be a very useful terminal if it didn't.
My most common use of copy and paste is copying a URL out of a terminal and into a browser. So, I drag over the URL in the terminal, which does not support Ctrl-C, Ctrl-V pasting. Then I go over to the browser. Oops! There's a URL already in the browser! Well, I have to clear it out, so I select it and press delete...but by selecting it i've borked my middle-click clipboard. So I have to go back to the terminal and select the URL AGAIN...
The problem is that dragging and selecting text is used in GUIs for operations other than direct copying and pasting, and those operations tend to clobber the clipboard. You end up having no effective control over what things go in the clipboard and what things don't.
It is not true that a continuous-time model can not be chaotic. Consider the Lorentz strange attractor which was discovered on an analog computer. The three-body problem in orbital mechanics also behaves chaotically.
BUY A F*CKING AD.
What kind of psychology are you doing? The size of study groups varies a lot depending on what you're trying to measure, and what techniques you need to use.
In psychophysics it is commonplace to publish results drawn from just two subjects--one of whom is usually the author of the paper.
Consumed by Plastikman.
Works very well if you turn off the lights and, well, sensorily deprive yourself aside from the music. Need a good stereo get get the bass without distorting.
I've had honest-to-goodness hallucinations brought on by that album.
Are you talking about the IIHS crash test ratings? There is a big disclaimer on all of those saying "test results shouldn't be compared among vehicles with large weight differences."
Also crash tests are not necessarily indicative of the whole picture; it doesn't account for things like visibility and driver behavior (which is probably the MOST important factor.)
I linked to actual death rates from vehicles on the road, which I think is a pretty good indicator. Under 4000 pounds the SUVs appear to be safer even than sedans of the same mass.
I do get pissed of at "damn yuppies" driving big spotless trucks they don't need, and I think other people feel the same way. But a lot of times this class envy gets expressed as a hate for the truck itself. So economic liberals want to regulate SUVs and big trucks, which is only going to backfire on blue-collar people who work for a living and haul around materials in trucks daily--and who the economic liberals claim to support.
5) I drive a large (Dodge Ram 1500) truck specifically because I'd prefer to be the stronger car in an accident. I don't wanna die unless I have to. so sue me :)
Please, please, read the statistics, you're more than twice as likely to die in a Dodge Ram 1500 as in a safe 4-door sedan. The safety record on pickups is simply atrocious.
and they need to be insured. I've run the numbers, and the insurance alone on keeping second vehicle costs more than I could possibly save on gas. Not to mention additional maintenance, registration, and the cost of the second vehicle itself.
Have you ever run the numbers on what's actually cheaper: Making payments on, maintaining, insuring, using and commuting in an SUV,
or making payments on an SUV and a small car, insuring an SUV and a small car, maintaining an SUV and a small car, and using the SUV some times while commuting in a small car other times?
Hint: It's not the option where you have to have two vehicles.
Heck, insurance ALONE costs me more than gas, even at $2/gallon, and I have a perfect driving record.
It's true.
Some people they're smart because they once read a book on middle-school level physics. They write things like "More mass = more kinetic energy = more damage. More mass higher = higher center of gravity = more likely to flip." and thus, think they've settled the issue. But when you actually look at data instead of gesticulating madly, you find the issue is a lot more complicated. You find there are other issues than science you half-remembered from school.
Unless you were the database admin, the HMO you worked for is likely in serious breach of 21 CFR Part 11 among other regulations. Unfortunately this tends to be the rule rather than the exception, due to the lack of guidance from the FDA and other agencies.
Heh. A lot of people with 1st generation ipods were sure that Apple would release a firmware update with playlist editing, alarm clock, custom menus, and all the things that newer iPods have.
Yeah, Apple will write support for recording eventually, but you WILL have to get a new iPod for it. If you're going to base a purchasing decision on features that have not been announced, well, that's pretty dumb. This is not the customer-friendly Apple of 1990 or so. Today's Apple has fully embraced planned obsolescence.
A "vocoder" is an algorithm which is designed to vork on a voice signal. It's not a very specific term.
The first thing you described, using a fixed modulated carrier, is indeed a type of vocoder. The second technique you described as "pitch correction," using FFTs to estimate and shift pitches, is usually called a phase vocoder (look it up). Which is obsolete anyway. Modern pitch correction techniques use wavelet transforms to analyze and resynthesize signals... but they're vocoders too.
Um, no. You just pick a single reference frame and do things with respect to that basis.
The headline says the opposite of what the article says.
Let me guess, we have people who are PAID to edit here?
The lead character in Memento does have amnesia. He has precisely the symptoms of what neuropsychologists call classical amnesia.
Well, it's actually how CCD sensors work. Each pixel senses only one color, and they are usually laid out like
G BGBGBG
GRGRGRGRGRGR
BGBGBGBGBGBG
GRGRGRGRGRGR
BGBGB
GRGRGRGRGRGR
BGBGBGBGBGBG
The red, green and blue channels are later interpolated by software.
When a camera manufacturer says their sensor is "6 megapixels" it usually means 6 million sensors, not 6 million RGB triplets.
None of those do street mapping or route finding, which is what most people need.
Of the handheld street mapping software that exists, Delorme's Street Atlas USA Handheld requires you to download its maps to the handheld from a Windows PC. As does Rand McNally's TripFinder software. Mapopolis is thankfully not dependent on the host PC, but is slow and buggy as shit (at least on the Palm).
I can see how you got the 10.079 figure by extrapolating from "+3 dB is twice the power," but that statement is wrong. There's no difference between "acoustic" and "real" dB. +10 dB is ten times the power, no matter what dB scale you're using. People just say "3 dB is twice the power" because it's easier to remember than "3.0103 dB is twice the power" which is actually true.