Hubbert Curve and the World Production of Oil
on
The End of the Oil Age
·
· Score: 3, Informative
I posted this comment a few days ago on the energy poll but the poll changed before anyone had a chance to read it. Here it is again.
While googling around for information on world oil production I came across something called the Hubbert Curve.
The Hubbert Curve is a mathematical model that predicts petroleum production levels. It was developed in 1956 by M. King Hubbert, a petroleum geologist at Shell Oil.
It basically says that the rate of production of oil over the life of the reserve roughly follows a normal (ie, "bell curve") distribution. In other words, the rate of production will increase until half of the available oil has been produced, then the rate of production will begin to decline.
Here is a Hubbert curve plotted in 1996 using the latest available data at the time. The first graph shows the world output of conventional oil in millons of barrels per day over a 100 year span starting in 1950. It assumes an Ultimate Recovery (total amount of oil in the world) of 1750 Gb (gigabarrels). The plot does not include non-conventional sources such as oilsands. The full report is here
The graph predicts that global production will peak in the early 2000's and will decline steadily over the next fifty years. By 2050 production from conventional sources will have decrease by 70%. The second graph shows the Hubbert curve for conventional, non-conventional and gas liquid sources, plus the combined curve for conventional and non-conventional oil. Although production from non-conventional sources is predicted to double over the next 50 year it will not offset the predicted decline in production from conventional sources.
The graph has both its supporters and detractors. One of the inputs to calculating the curve is the Ultimate Recovery and its hard to know exactly what will be. I've found figures on the web that range from 1750 Gb to as high as 2300 Gb. However, as this article states, even if ultimate recovery is as high as 2600 Gb, the peak will only be delayed till 2019. Here is a critique of the Hubbert Curve.
What I find interesting about the curve is that oil production will not suddenly drop to zero when the oil runs out (the doomsday scenario). Rather production will steadily decline over a long period as existing sources dry up and new sources become harder and more expensive to exploit. At the same time, increasing oil prices will lead to the development of new sources of energy. As new energy production expands demand for oil will probably decrease, leading to lower oil prices. Oil production will finally stop when the cost of extracting the remaining oil exceeds market price.
Raëlians are followers of Raël, a French-born former race-car driver who has said he met a four-foot space alien atop a volcano in southern France in 1973 and went aboard his ship, where he was entertained by voluptuous female robots and learned that the first humans were created 25,000 years ago by space travelers called Elohim, who cloned themselves.
Hmmm, let's see... Volcano, check. Space ship, check. Clones, check. Short "alien", check. Fembots, check. What? Where are the sharks? I asked for sharks with friggin "lasers" on their heads.
Officials of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration have told Northwest Airlines security specialists that the agency is developing brain-monitoring devices in cooperation with a commercial firm, which it did not identify.
It turns out that the commercial firm in question is none other than this! Just look at their URL if you need proof:
http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/homepage/mlb_h om epage.jsp
That explains how this shadowy organization is able to launch its satelites. This conspiracy has, of course, been thoroughly documented.
One of the strange side effects that going metric had in Canada is that most Canadians now think of distances in terms of how long it takes to get there, rather than the actual distance in km. The switch happened around 1977. Almost overnight all distance and speed limit signs went from miles to kilometers. Suddenly the sign that used to say:
Moose Jaw 200 miles
now read
Moose Jaw 320 km
Instead of trying to convert kilometers back to miles, most people simply divided the distance by the speed limit (which stayed the same after conversion to metric) to get the approximate time to their destination. This became very simple because most highway speed limits are now 100 km/h. So 3.2 hours at 60 MPH is roughly 180+ miles. After a while most people stopped doing the second part of the conversion and simply started thinking of distances in terms of time. I'm sure most people who've visited Canada have had this strange conversation:
Non-Canadian: Excuse me, how far is it to the nearest gas station? Canadian: About ten minutes.
About ten years ago I saw Chuck Jones live at the QE Theatre in Vancouver. He brought all his best cartoons and stories with him. One of the stories he told was about a man named Ed Seltzer. Ed was one of the producers at the Warner Bros. cartoon studio. According to Chuck, Ed was a very unfunny man and completely unqualified to produce cartoons. Apparently, Ed would go up the the artists and say things like "Use lots of purple! Purple's a funny color!"
After that story the next cartoon Chuck showed was the Bugs vs. the Opera Tenor (can't remember the name.). After Bugs delivers his line "You realize, of course, this means war", the scene cuts to the front of the opera house. The card by the front door reads: "Opera Tonight! Starring Giovanni Jones" or something like that, plus a list of guest stars.
However, after Chuck's story, one name name on the list stood out over the others:
"Eduardo Seltzeri"
The entire audience cracked up because we were now in on the joke.
This book reads almost like a chemistry text. It describes what ingredients do in a recipe and how they behave under different cooking conditions. The recipes in the book are there to illustrate the role of an ingredient or cooking method, rather than just telling you how to make the dish. For example, the recipe for brioche (a type of bread) gives two very different results depending on the order in which you combine the ingredients.
Most cookbooks just give you prepackaged solutions to predefined problems, much like a programming language cookbook. This book helps you come up with your own solutions, more like a language reference. For example, when I bought my pasta machine, the recipe that came with it produced terrible results. The amount of liquid called for in the recipe was nowhere near enough for the amount of flour. Then I remembered reading that the amount of liquid flour can absorb is directly related to the flour's protein content; the higher the protein content, more liquid it can absorb. I checked the protein content of the flour I was using. Then I look in the table in the book that lists protein content vs. volume of liquid absorbed. My flour's protein content was so high it was off the scale. So I fired up the spreadsheet, plugged in the numbers from the table and calculated how much flour and liquid I would need for two cups of pasta dough using the flour I had. The pasta turned out pretty good, certainly a lot better than the recipe that came with the machine.
Broadband is a tool to further our national identity.
I work for Telus (ILEC in Western Canada). About this time last year Shaw/Rogers@HOME were cleaning our clock in the broadband market. Telus had been offering ADSL for about two/three years by then, but demand far exceeded our ability to deliver. (When I ordered my ADSL I was on the waiting list for six months.) Our CEO, Darren Entwistle, sent down a simple directive: "Deliver broadband. Period". What happened then was a company wide effort to streamline the delivery of ADSL. It involved sales, marketing, IT, billing, outside plant and CO facilities all getting in on the act. I'm not sure how well we succeeded (I work in IT, not sales), but we did get a note from Darren on a job well done.
As far as Telus was concerned, it was market share and profits, not "national identity" that drove our ADSL effort.
If I were NASA czar I would...
1) privatize the lot. I think the government monopoly on manned space travel is an idea whose time has long since passed. Develop the tourism and entertainment potential of manned space flight by partnering with companies like Disney, Warner Bros, 20th Century Fox, Electronic Arts, Holiday Inn, Carnival Cruiselines, Air Miles, etc... NASAs scientific and technical research efforts would then become the R&D division of NASA Inc.
2) develop two classes of single-stage-to-orbit shuttles: a heavy lift cargo shuttle and a high capacity passenger shuttle.
3) develop long range interplanetary shuttles for routine trips between Earth and Mars.
4) push the tourism potential of the moon and Mars. The majority of permanent colonists on the moon and Mars won't be scientists. They will be waiters, tour guides and other workers in the hospitality industry.
As with all ST series I thought the first episode was pretty good. Now we'll settle in for a season or two of mediocre episodes while the series finds its groove. That's to be expected.
A few observations:
Yeah, the opening theme's gotta go.
The ship looked great. More like a real ship than the "Love Boat" that was Enterprise-D or Voyager.
I really liked the low(er) tech approach, especially the "tractor beam". No magic particles or mysterious fields. Just good old fashioned hardware. However, I didn't like the fact that they could adjust the sensors so easily. Just looks like more magic. It would be better if they had limited technology so they have to find other ways to be resourceful.
Soft core, I didn't mind too much. Did nothing for the plot, although I must admit I wasn't really paying attention to the dialog. Paramount just trying to hook the 12-24 male demographic.
They should keep the the plasma "blasters". I thought they worked better visually than the "phase pistols".
It was interesting to see the beginnings of the "Prime Directive" when T'Pol was cautioning Tucker to view alien cultures objectively. I always assumed that the Prime Directive was there to protect alien cultures from Federation interference or as an easy cop-out for the Feds when they don't want to get involved. The exchange between T'Pol and Tucker hinted that the Prime Directive is going to be there primarily to protect humans by keeping them out of trouble.
Mmmmm... beer.
Now if they could only somehow smuggle potato chips on board. As long as they're not ruffled, and they don't clog the instruments.
Let's see... IIRC 1000 ml = 1 liter and 1 liter of water = 1 kg. There's 2.2 lb per kg and it costs $10,000 to lift 1 lb into orbit. It costs $22,000 to lift 1 kg or 1 liter into orbit or $22.00 per ml. Add to that the cost of hauling up the homebrew equipment that is one expensive brew.
"This beer better be the best tastin' beer in the world." - Barny Gumble
It wasn't just Japanese Americans who were sent to internment camps or to prison for resisting the draft (as incredible as it sounds, the U.S. Government conscripted men from the camps for military service). German Americans were also imprisoned. German Americans have never been redressed.
came up with the idea of reviving the (largely-forgotten) notion of jihad.
I think you're right. To find another example of jihad, I think one might have to go all the way back to the Muslim defense against European crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries.
1. bin Laden is reported to be extremely wealthy.
2. bin Laden is the head of a very sophisticated terrorist organization with contacts all over the world.
3. bin Laden probably uses highly sophisticated communication equipment to keep in contact with his network
4. bin Laden has eluded caputure for the last 10 years.
5. bin Laden is the prime suspect in the greatest acts of terrorism in history.
and finally
6. bin Laden is using a public web site that even my grandmother could monitor to recruit members to his cause.
First of all, let me start by saying I am not a Muslim, nor am I particularly religious. I am interested in different religions as an academic study but I am not a practitioner in any of them. I am simply interested in facts. I do not wish to offend anyone. I apologise if I have made any mistakes.
I am getting my information out of a book called "Teach Yourself Islam", written by Ruqaiyyah Maqsood. It is a beginners guide to Islam and the Muslim way of life.
It goes back to Cain and Able if I remember my studies
Actually, I think you're thinking of Isaac and Ishmail. From TY Islam:
The cube-shaped Ka'aba temple was rebuilt by Abraham and his son Ishmail.
TY Islam regarding Jihad:
The word 'jihad' acutally means 'striving', and in the spritual sense, it is a constant battle against sin and all its aspects. A Muslim's real, daily striving is to be pure in spirit, and to resist evil.
Muslims believe that whenever a tyrant is successful, even if there is no actual fighting, there is no peace, because:
there is no security
people feel dishonored and ashamed in allowing the situation to continue
people feel frustrated and helpless, and unable to do anything about it
people feel ashamed because they think they have acted in a cowardly manner.
Islam cannot acquiesce in wrongdoing, and this is where military jihad is sometimes the only answer. It is regarded as weak adn irresponsible cowardice to ignore tyranny, or to fail to try to root it out.
'If God did not check certain people by using others, surely many monastaries, churches, synagogues and mosques would all have been pulled down. God will aid those who fight for Him.' (Surah 22:39-40)
Jihad, therefore, does not mean 3every single battle fought by any Middle-Eastern soldier, who may be anything from a Marxist to a member of a private bodyguard, and not a martyr for God. Many battles have nothing whatever to do with Islam.
The Qur'an is quite clear on the limits that define jihad:
It should be declared only:
in defence of the cause of Allah, not for conquest;
to restore peace and freedom of worship;
for freedom from tyranny;
when led by a spiritual leader (as opposed to an angry mob) [Note: bin Laden is not a sprititual leader]
It should only be fought until the enemy lays down arms.
Women, children, and the old and sick, are not to be harmed, and trees and crops are not to be damaged.
Jihad does not include:
wars of aggression or ambition;
border disputes or either national or tribal squabbles;
the intent to conquer and supress, colonise, exploit, etc;
forcing people into accepting a faith they do not believe.
Some relevenat Qur'anic teachings
'If the enemy inclines towards peace, then you must also incline towards peace' (Surah 8:61)
'The reward for an injury is an equal injury back; if a person forgives instead, and makes reconciliation, he will be rewared by God.' (Surah 42:40)
'If two sides quarrel, make peace between them. But if one trespasses beyond bounds against the other, then fight against the one that transgresses until it complies with that law of God; and if it complies, then make peace between them with justice, and be fair.' (Surah 49:9)
'And hold fast, all together, to the Rope which Allah stretches out for you; be not divided amongst yoruselves; remember with gratitude Allah's favour on you. For you were enemies, an dHe joined your hearts in love, so that by His grace you became brothers. You were on the brink of the pit of fire, and He saved you from it.' (Surah 3:103)
'Goodnes and Evil cannot be equal. Repay evil with what is better, then he who was your enemy will become your initimate friend.' (Surah 41:34)
It seems to me that the concept of jihad has been completely twisted by extremists to serve their ends. The only conflict that truely fits the description of jahad is the Afghan war against the Soviet invasion.
Freedom of speech is protected by Section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
2. Fundamental Rights
Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms:
(a) freedom of conscience and religion;
(b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication;
However Section 33 allows both federal and provincial governments to pass legislation that ignores Section 2 and Section 7-15 of the Charter
33. (1) Parliament or the legislature of a province may expressly declare in an Act of Parliament or of the legislature, as the case may be, that the Act or a provision thereof shall operate notwithstanding a provision included in section 2 or sections 7 to 15 of this Charter.
The government uses this provision only in extreme cases (such as banning hate literature). It is not used lightly and it most certainly wouldn't be used in this case.
Mod this offtopic if you want, but I think everyone can find meaning in these words.
If
By Rudyard Kipling
If you can keep your head when all about you are losing theirs and blaming it on you;
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, but make allowances for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting, or, being lied about, don't deal in lies, or being hated don't give away to hating, and yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise;
If you can dream - and not make dreams your master;
If you can think - and not make thoughts your aim;
If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster and treat those two imposters just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools, or watch the things you gave your life to, broken, and stoop and build 'em up with worn-out tools;
If you can make one heap of all your winnings and risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss, and lose, and start again at your beginnings, and never breathe a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew to serve your turn long after they are gone, and so hold on when there is nothing in you except the Will which says to them: "Hold on!"
If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, or walk with Kings - nor lose the common touch;
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you;
If all men count with out, but none too much;
If you can fill the unforgiving minute with sixty seconds' worth of distance run, Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it.
This subject of internment is a very personal one for me. Even though I personally wasn't, members of my family were sent to camps. And as I posted, it wasn't just the Japanese. German Americans were also interned, but nobodys heard of it. It's a real shame.
Up until Tuesday, I always considered the subject of internment in the abstract. It was something that happened in the past and made for some interesting legal arguments, but that was about it. The events of the past week has really hit home how it happened and I found it very frightening. If some of my posts have sounded defensive or combative I apologise. It was not my intention.
Slashdot Mirror
I posted this comment a few days ago on the energy poll but the poll changed before anyone had a chance to read it. Here it is again.
While googling around for information on world oil production I came across something called the Hubbert Curve.
The Hubbert Curve is a mathematical model that predicts petroleum production levels. It was developed in 1956 by M. King Hubbert, a petroleum geologist at Shell Oil.
It basically says that the rate of production of oil over the life of the reserve roughly follows a normal (ie, "bell curve") distribution. In other words, the rate of production will increase until half of the available oil has been produced, then the rate of production will begin to decline.
Here is a Hubbert curve plotted in 1996 using the latest available data at the time. The first graph shows the world output of conventional oil in millons of barrels per day over a 100 year span starting in 1950. It assumes an Ultimate Recovery (total amount of oil in the world) of 1750 Gb (gigabarrels). The plot does not include non-conventional sources such as oilsands. The full report is here
The graph predicts that global production will peak in the early 2000's and will decline steadily over the next fifty years. By 2050 production from conventional sources will have decrease by 70%. The second graph shows the Hubbert curve for conventional, non-conventional and gas liquid sources, plus the combined curve for conventional and non-conventional oil. Although production from non-conventional sources is predicted to double over the next 50 year it will not offset the predicted decline in production from conventional sources.
The graph has both its supporters and detractors. One of the inputs to calculating the curve is the Ultimate Recovery and its hard to know exactly what will be. I've found figures on the web that range from 1750 Gb to as high as 2300 Gb. However, as this article states, even if ultimate recovery is as high as 2600 Gb, the peak will only be delayed till 2019. Here is a critique of the Hubbert Curve.
What I find interesting about the curve is that oil production will not suddenly drop to zero when the oil runs out (the doomsday scenario). Rather production will steadily decline over a long period as existing sources dry up and new sources become harder and more expensive to exploit. At the same time, increasing oil prices will lead to the development of new sources of energy. As new energy production expands demand for oil will probably decrease, leading to lower oil prices. Oil production will finally stop when the cost of extracting the remaining oil exceeds market price.
Hmmm, let's see...
Volcano, check.
Space ship, check.
Clones, check.
Short "alien", check.
Fembots, check.
What? Where are the sharks? I asked for sharks with friggin "lasers" on their heads.
the CD player knows too much...
http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/homepage/mlb_
That explains how this shadowy organization is able to launch its satelites. This conspiracy has, of course, been thoroughly documented.
Here you go.
One of the strange side effects that going metric had in Canada is that most Canadians now think of distances in terms of how long it takes to get there, rather than the actual distance in km. The switch happened around 1977. Almost overnight all distance and speed limit signs went from miles to kilometers. Suddenly the sign that used to say:
Moose Jaw 200 miles
now read
Moose Jaw 320 km
Instead of trying to convert kilometers back to miles, most people simply divided the distance by the speed limit (which stayed the same after conversion to metric) to get the approximate time to their destination. This became very simple because most highway speed limits are now 100 km/h. So 3.2 hours at 60 MPH is roughly 180+ miles. After a while most people stopped doing the second part of the conversion and simply started thinking of distances in terms of time. I'm sure most people who've visited Canada have had this strange conversation:
Non-Canadian: Excuse me, how far is it to the nearest gas station?
Canadian: About ten minutes.
What kind of an "evil supplies" store doesn't sell weather machines or germ warfare labs? You'd think they'd at least stock business hammocks.
About ten years ago I saw Chuck Jones live at the QE Theatre in Vancouver. He brought all his best cartoons and stories with him. One of the stories he told was about a man named Ed Seltzer. Ed was one of the producers at the Warner Bros. cartoon studio. According to Chuck, Ed was a very unfunny man and completely unqualified to produce cartoons. Apparently, Ed would go up the the artists and say things like "Use lots of purple! Purple's a funny color!"
After that story the next cartoon Chuck showed was the Bugs vs. the Opera Tenor (can't remember the name.). After Bugs delivers his line "You realize, of course, this means war", the scene cuts to the front of the opera house. The card by the front door reads: "Opera Tonight! Starring Giovanni Jones" or something like that, plus a list of guest stars.
However, after Chuck's story, one name name on the list stood out over the others:
"Eduardo Seltzeri"
The entire audience cracked up because we were now in on the joke.
Thanks Chuck.
Fans of Good Eats should check out this cookbook.
This book reads almost like a chemistry text. It describes what ingredients do in a recipe and how they behave under different cooking conditions. The recipes in the book are there to illustrate the role of an ingredient or cooking method, rather than just telling you how to make the dish. For example, the recipe for brioche (a type of bread) gives two very different results depending on the order in which you combine the ingredients.
Most cookbooks just give you prepackaged solutions to predefined problems, much like a programming language cookbook. This book helps you come up with your own solutions, more like a language reference. For example, when I bought my pasta machine, the recipe that came with it produced terrible results. The amount of liquid called for in the recipe was nowhere near enough for the amount of flour. Then I remembered reading that the amount of liquid flour can absorb is directly related to the flour's protein content; the higher the protein content, more liquid it can absorb. I checked the protein content of the flour I was using. Then I look in the table in the book that lists protein content vs. volume of liquid absorbed. My flour's protein content was so high it was off the scale. So I fired up the spreadsheet, plugged in the numbers from the table and calculated how much flour and liquid I would need for two cups of pasta dough using the flour I had. The pasta turned out pretty good, certainly a lot better than the recipe that came with the machine.
Check out the Rational web site. They have tutorials and free downloads.
"to boldly go where no man has gone before..."
For the halibut?
I work for Telus (ILEC in Western Canada). About this time last year Shaw/Rogers@HOME were cleaning our clock in the broadband market. Telus had been offering ADSL for about two/three years by then, but demand far exceeded our ability to deliver. (When I ordered my ADSL I was on the waiting list for six months.) Our CEO, Darren Entwistle, sent down a simple directive: "Deliver broadband. Period". What happened then was a company wide effort to streamline the delivery of ADSL. It involved sales, marketing, IT, billing, outside plant and CO facilities all getting in on the act. I'm not sure how well we succeeded (I work in IT, not sales), but we did get a note from Darren on a job well done.
As far as Telus was concerned, it was market share and profits, not "national identity" that drove our ADSL effort.
Cool.
My car is The Pod.
My garage is the pod bay.
My garage door is the pod bay door.
My garage door opener is Hal.
If I were NASA czar I would...
1) privatize the lot. I think the government monopoly on manned space travel is an idea whose time has long since passed. Develop the tourism and entertainment potential of manned space flight by partnering with companies like Disney, Warner Bros, 20th Century Fox, Electronic Arts, Holiday Inn, Carnival Cruiselines, Air Miles, etc... NASAs scientific and technical research efforts would then become the R&D division of NASA Inc.
2) develop two classes of single-stage-to-orbit shuttles: a heavy lift cargo shuttle and a high capacity passenger shuttle.
3) develop long range interplanetary shuttles for routine trips between Earth and Mars.
4) push the tourism potential of the moon and Mars. The majority of permanent colonists on the moon and Mars won't be scientists. They will be waiters, tour guides and other workers in the hospitality industry.
A few observations:
Yeah, the opening theme's gotta go.
The ship looked great. More like a real ship than the "Love Boat" that was Enterprise-D or Voyager.
I really liked the low(er) tech approach, especially the "tractor beam". No magic particles or mysterious fields. Just good old fashioned hardware. However, I didn't like the fact that they could adjust the sensors so easily. Just looks like more magic. It would be better if they had limited technology so they have to find other ways to be resourceful.
Soft core, I didn't mind too much. Did nothing for the plot, although I must admit I wasn't really paying attention to the dialog. Paramount just trying to hook the 12-24 male demographic.
They should keep the the plasma "blasters". I thought they worked better visually than the "phase pistols".
It was interesting to see the beginnings of the "Prime Directive" when T'Pol was cautioning Tucker to view alien cultures objectively. I always assumed that the Prime Directive was there to protect alien cultures from Federation interference or as an easy cop-out for the Feds when they don't want to get involved. The exchange between T'Pol and Tucker hinted that the Prime Directive is going to be there primarily to protect humans by keeping them out of trouble.
Mmmmm... beer.
Now if they could only somehow smuggle potato chips on board. As long as they're not ruffled, and they don't clog the instruments.
Let's see... IIRC 1000 ml = 1 liter and 1 liter of water = 1 kg. There's 2.2 lb per kg and it costs $10,000 to lift 1 lb into orbit. It costs $22,000 to lift 1 kg or 1 liter into orbit or $22.00 per ml. Add to that the cost of hauling up the homebrew equipment that is one expensive brew.
"This beer better be the best tastin' beer in the world." - Barny Gumble
It wasn't just Japanese Americans who were sent to internment camps or to prison for resisting the draft (as incredible as it sounds, the U.S. Government conscripted men from the camps for military service). German Americans were also imprisoned. German Americans have never been redressed.
I think you're right. To find another example of jihad, I think one might have to go all the way back to the Muslim defense against European crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries.
1. bin Laden is reported to be extremely wealthy.
2. bin Laden is the head of a very sophisticated terrorist organization with contacts all over the world.
3. bin Laden probably uses highly sophisticated communication equipment to keep in contact with his network
4. bin Laden has eluded caputure for the last 10 years.
5. bin Laden is the prime suspect in the greatest acts of terrorism in history.
and finally
6. bin Laden is using a public web site that even my grandmother could monitor to recruit members to his cause.
Point 6 doesn't quit fit.
I am getting my information out of a book called "Teach Yourself Islam", written by Ruqaiyyah Maqsood. It is a beginners guide to Islam and the Muslim way of life.
Actually, I think you're thinking of Isaac and Ishmail. From TY Islam:
TY Islam regarding Jihad:
It seems to me that the concept of jihad has been completely twisted by extremists to serve their ends. The only conflict that truely fits the description of jahad is the Afghan war against the Soviet invasion.
However Section 33 allows both federal and provincial governments to pass legislation that ignores Section 2 and Section 7-15 of the Charter
The government uses this provision only in extreme cases (such as banning hate literature). It is not used lightly and it most certainly wouldn't be used in this case.
If
By Rudyard Kipling
HOW could that possibly be considered a troll?
Thanks.
This subject of internment is a very personal one for me. Even though I personally wasn't, members of my family were sent to camps. And as I posted, it wasn't just the Japanese. German Americans were also interned, but nobodys heard of it. It's a real shame.
Up until Tuesday, I always considered the subject of internment in the abstract. It was something that happened in the past and made for some interesting legal arguments, but that was about it. The events of the past week has really hit home how it happened and I found it very frightening. If some of my posts have sounded defensive or combative I apologise. It was not my intention.
If you think that this type of thing only happens to visible minorities think again.